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Home , Carolann Page, David Del Tredici, Earl Kim, Sanford Sylvan, The Death of Klinghoffer

The Wound-Dresser, for Voice and Orchestra

es, John Adams started out as a minimal- involves personal transformations and moral Yist — but wait! It has been a long time since choices, and his most recent , Girls of the he graduated from that description to become Golden West (2017), found inspiration in the one of America’s most widely performed Gold Rush. In some of these scores, of concert music, a distinction as in many of his instrumental compositions, he achieved thanks to a style in which mu- one finds the confluence of popular and clas- sical richness and stylistic variety are deep- sical styles, the mixing of “high” and “low” ly connected to the mainstream impetuses that reflects the breadth of Adams’s catholic of classical music. He grew up studying inspiration and comprehensive language. clarinet and became so accomplished that From 2003 to 2007 Adams succeeded Pierre he performed occasionally with the Boston Boulez as -in-residence at Carne- Symphony Orchestra. At Harvard he studied gie Hall, and since 2009 he has been creative composition with a starry list of teachers that chair of the Philharmonic. In included , , Roger Ses- addition to his activities as a composer, sions, Harold Shapero, and . Adams has grown increasingly involved in Then, armed with a copy of John Cage’s book conducting, and has led many of the world’s Silence (a graduation gift from his parents), he most distinguished ensembles in programs left the “Eastern establishment” for the rel- ative aesthetic liberation of the West Coast. He arrived in California in 1971 and has been IN SHORT based in the Bay Area ever since. During Born: February 15, 1947, in Worcester, his first decade there Adams explored an evolving fascination with the repetitive mo- mentum of minimalism, but by 1981 he was Resides: in Berkeley, California describing himself as “a minimalist who is Work composed: 1988, on a commission by bored with minimalism.” Carillon Importers on behalf of Absolut Vodka, Among Adams’s most internationally ac- with assistance from The Saint Paul Chamber claimed works are his , which char- Orchestra through a gift from Daniel and Constance Kunin acteristically address the personal stories behind momentous political or historical World premiere: February 24, 1989, at events: (1987, which considers Ordway Music Theater in St. Paul, Minnesota, Richard Nixon’s historic 1972 meeting with by baritone and The Saint Mao Zedong), (1990, Paul Chamber Orchestra, with the composer conducting inspired by the hijacking, five years earlier, of the cruise ship Achille Lauro), I Was Look- premiere: January ing At The Ceiling And Then I Saw The Sky 14, 2010, Alan Gilbert, conductor, Thomas (1995, a “song play” set in the aftermath of Hampson, baritone the 1994 Los Angeles earthquake), and Doc- Most recent New York Philharmonic tor Atomic (premiered in 2005, involving the performance: February 4, 2010, at the testing of the first atomic bomb). A Flowering Barbican Centre in London, England, Alan Tree (2006), returned to more classic operatic Gilbert, conductor, Thomas Hampson, soloist territory, setting a South Indian folktale that Estimated duration: ca. 21 minutes

MARCH 2019 | 27 that mix his own works with compositions by Recording, Best Orchestral Performance, figures as diverse as Debussy, Stravinsky, Rav- and Best Classical Contemporary Composi- el, Zappa, Ives, Reich, Glass, and Ellington. tion, and the work garnered a Pulitzer Prize The New York Philharmonic spotlighted him for its composer. Adams will return — as in a Composer’s Week dedicated to his mu- composer and conductor —­ at the end of the sic in 1997, but for many listeners his most Philharmonic’s 2018–19 season. memorable connection with the Orchestra In 2008 Adams published Hallelujah Junc- was the unveiling of his On the Transmigra- tion, a compelling book of memoirs and com- tion of Souls, a meditation on the attacks of mentary on American musical life. In it he September 11, 2001, which was premiered shares that The Wound-Dresser “began as at the outset of the 2002 season. The re- a plan to set prose cameos from Walt Whit- cording, on the Nonesuch label, was hon- man’s account of his Civil War days in [his ored with Grammy awards for Best Classical prose collection] Specimen Days.” Adams

In the Composer’s Words

Walt Whitman spent the better part of the Civil War years in Washington, DC, living in a series of small, unfur- nished rooms, all the time supported by the meager salary of a federal clerkship. His sole, consuming passion was his self-appointed task of minis- tering to the tens of thousands of sick and maimed soldiers who crowded the hospitals in the surrounding area, many of them little more than unheat- Ward K of the Armory Square Hospital in Washington, DC, ed and unventilated canvas tents hur- during the Civil War riedly constructed by the unprepared Army of the Potomac. Virtually every day, barring his own illness or ever-increasing exhaustion, Whitman rose early and went to the hospitals, going from ward to ward to visit with the sick and wounded young men. For those who were unable to do so, he wrote letters home. For others he provided small gifts of fruit, candy or tobacco. He dressed the wounds of the maimed and the amputees and often sat up throughout the night with the most agonizing cases, almost all of whom he knew on a first-name basis. It was surely no poetic exaggeration when he later said that during these years many a young soldier had died in his, Walt Whitman’s, arms. … The Wound-Dresser is a setting for baritone voice and orchestra of a fragment from the poem of the same name. As always with Whitman, it is in the first person, and it is the most intimate, most graphic and most profoundly affecting evocation of the act of nursing the sick and the dy- ing that I know of. It is also astonishingly free of any kind of hyperbole or amplified emotion, yet the detail of the imagery is of a precision that could only be attained by one who had been there. The Wound-Dresser is not just about the Civil War; nor is it just about young men dying (al- though it is locally about both). It strikes me as a statement about human compassion of the kind that is acted out on a daily basis, quietly and unobtrusively and unselfishly and unfailingly. Another poem in the same volume states its theme in other words: “Those who love each other shall become invincible …” ©John Adams, 1988 28 | NEW YORK PHILHARMONIC added that the texts, which involved Whit- Days, he chose “The Wound-Dresser,” a poem man’s service in military hospitals, “made “that is both graphic and tender, perhaps the me think of the stories I had heard from most intimate recollection of what Whitman San Francisco friends, many of them gay, experienced in his years of selfless work as a who had lost partners and loved ones to nurse and caregiver in the hospitals that sur- the plague of AIDS that, in 1989, was still rounded wartime Washington.” devastating the country.” They also related to “the memory of a more personal story, Instrumentation: two flutes (one doubling that of the long, slow decline of my father piccolo), two oboes, clarinet and bass clarinet, from Alzheimer’s disease” and “my moth- two bassoons, two horns, trumpet (doubling er’s struggle and the devotion with which piccolo trumpet), timpani, synthesizer, and she nursed him.” Instead of setting Specimen strings, in addition to the baritone soloist.

Remembering a Muse

Baritone Sanford Sylvan, who performed the World Premiere of The Wound-Dresser, died on Jan- uary 26, at the age of 65. John Adams, who described Sylvan to in its obitu- ary as his muse, shares this remembrance of the singer:

I met Sanford (Sandy) Sylvan in Brooklyn some time in 1985. He came down from Boston to sing for me at the recommendation of [director] , who was certain he was the ideal person to create the role of Chou En-lai in Nixon in China, which I was just beginning. There was no way of disguising the fact that it was an “audition” — quite possibly the one and only time Sandy submitted to such ignominy — but he handled it with great dignity and generosity. I knew intuitively after the first few seconds that what I was hearing was absolutely unique: a voice of pure, unforced resonance, liquid and luminous. “Luminous” — can a voice project light? It seems that his could. And then there was his way with words, especially with the way we Americans speak. It was exactly what I was looking for because, to my mind, if there were to be a genuinely “American” opera, it would have to inhabit the peculiar rhythms and cadences and inflections we hear daily. No trilling Handelian “r”s, and no pompous extruding of vowels or lip-splitting exag- geration of consonants. And all this so he could be a Chinese premier! So moving was his Chou En-lai that it seemed natural that a Whitman text would follow, and The Wound-Dresser was the result. Here — in Whit- man’s frozen-in-time vision of caregiving, of suffering, mer- cy and love — not just Sandy’s voice, but his deep, complex soul came to the fore. No greater Baritone Sanford Sylvan (second from left) and John Adams privilege could a composer receive. (seated at piano), with members of the original Nixon in China cast in 1987: soprano Trudy Ellen Craney (Madam Mao), John Duykers (Mao), and soprano Carolann Page (Pat Nixon)

MARCH 2019 | 29 Text John Adams’s The Wound-Dresser from the poem by Walt Whitman (1819–92)

Bearing the bandages, water, and sponge, Straight and swift to my wounded I go, Where they lie on the ground after the battle brought in, Where their priceless blood reddens the grass, the ground, Or to the rows of the hospital tent, or under the roof’d hospital, To the long rows of cots up and down each side I return, To each and all one after another I draw near, not one do I miss, An attendant follows holding a tray, he carries a refuse pail, Soon to be fill’d with clotted rags and blood, emptied, and fill’d again.

I onward go, I stop, With hinged knees and steady hand to dress wounds, I am firm with each, the pangs are sharp yet unavoidable, One turns to me his appealing eyes — poor boy! I never knew you, Yet I think I could not refuse this moment to die for you, if that would save you.

On, on I go (open doors of time! open hospital doors!), The crush’d head I dress (poor crazed hand tear not the bandage away), The neck of the cavalry-man with the bullet through and through I examine, Hard the breathing rattles, quite glazed already the eye, yet life struggles hard. (Come sweet death! be persuaded O beautiful death! In mercy come quickly.) From the stump of the arm, the amputated hand, I undo the clotted lint, remove the slough, wash off the matter and blood, Back on his pillow the soldier bends with curv’d neck and side falling head, His eyes are closed, his face is pale, he dares not look on the bloody stump, And has not yet look’d on it.

I dress a wound in the side, deep, deep, But a day or two more, for see the frame all wasted and sinking, And the yellow-blue countenance see. I dress the perforated shoulder, the foot with the bullet-wound, Cleanse the one with a gnawing and putrid gangrene, so sickening, so offensive, While the attendant stands behind aside me holding the tray and pail. I am faithful, I do not give out, The fractur’d thigh, the knee, the wound in the abdomen, These and more I dress with impassive hand (yet deep in my breast a fire, a burning flame).

Thus in silence in dreams’ projections, Returning, resuming, I thread my way through the hospitals, The hurt and wounded I pacify with soothing hand, I sit by the restless all the dark night, some are so young, Some suffer so much, I recall the experience sweet and sad. (Many a soldier’s loving arms about this neck have cross’d and rested, Many a soldier’s kiss dwells on these bearded lips.)

30 | NEW YORK PHILHARMONIC