The Use of Infrared-Triggered Cameras for Surveying Phasianids in Sichuan Province, China
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Ibis (2010), 152, 299–309 The use of infrared-triggered cameras for surveying phasianids in Sichuan Province, China SHENG LI,1* WILLIAM J. MCSHEA,2 DAJUN WANG,1 LIANGKUN SHAO3 &XIAOGANGSHI4 1Center for Nature and Society, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China 2Conservation and Research Center, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA 3Wanglang National Nature Reserve, Pingwu County, Sichuan Province, 622550, China 4Wolong National Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province, 623006, China We report on the use of infrared-triggered cameras as an effective tool to survey phasia- nid populations in Wanglang and Wolong Nature Reserves, China. Surveys at 183 camera-trapping sites recorded 30 bird species, including nine phasianids (one grouse and eight pheasant species). Blood Pheasant Ithaginis cruentus and Temminck’s Tragopan Tragopan temminckii were the phasianids most often detected at both reserves and were found within the mid-elevation range (2400–3600 m asl). The occupancy rate and detec- tion probability of both species were examined using an occupancy model relative to eight sampling covariates and three detection covariates. The model estimates of occupancy for Blood Pheasant (0.30) and Temminck’s Tragopan (0.14) are close to the naïve estimates based on camera detections (0.27 and 0.13, respectively). The estimated detection probability during a 5-day period was 0.36 for Blood Pheasant and 0.30 for Temminck’s Tragopan. The daily activity patterns for these two species were assessed from the time ⁄ date stamps on the photographs and sex ratios calculated for Blood Pheasant (152M : 72F) and Temminck’s Tragopan (48M : 21F). Infrared cameras are valuable for surveying these reclusive species and our protocol is applicable to research or monitoring of phasianids. Keywords: adult sex ratio, daily activity pattern, detection probability, occupancy model, temperate forest. Of the 179 species of phasianid (Gill & Wright China are located within heavily forested habitats 2006), 63 occur in China (Zheng 2000, Zheng (Li 1996, Zhang 1999, Zheng 2005) or open 2005). Although these large and mainly terrestrial habitats at higher elevations, such as sub-alpine birds have been closely associated with humans for rhododendron scrub, alpine meadow and grass- centuries in China, they are currently suffering land (Long et al. 1998, BirdLife International increasing threats from habitat loss, hunting, 2001). Complex terrain, steep topography and human disturbance and hybridization with released dense vegetation impede field research and moni- stock. Therefore, research, monitoring and conser- toring activities. Traditional field survey methods vation of phasianids in China is becoming increas- based on direct observation, such as transect ingly important to the global conservation efforts counts and behavioural observations, are difficult focused on this group (Fuller & Garson 2000, to undertake due to the inaccessibility of remote Zhang et al. 2003). areas, lack of visibility in dense vegetation and Information on the basic ecology and distribu- the birds’ extreme sensitivity to human distur- tion of most phasianids in China is poor (Fuller bance (Lu et al. 2003). Other methods based on & Garson 2000). Most species in southwestern physical capture, such as radiotelemetry and mark–recapture, can provide robust data for the *Corresponding author. study of habitat selection, home-range and popu- Email: [email protected] lation parameters of phasianids (Sun et al. 2003, ª 2009 The Authors Journal compilation ª 2009 British Ornithologists’ Union 300 S. Li et al. Jia et al. 2004, Ji et al. 2005) but are relatively have been used (Pei 1998, Chan et al. 2005, Lu time consuming, costly and potentially harmful et al. 2005). to the individuals (Long et al. 1998, Cutler & We analysed photographs of phasianids obtained Swann 1999). The most common indirect survey during two large mammal surveys within nature methods for phasianids in China include calling reserves in Sichuan Province, southwestern China, counts and counts of moulted feathers (Lu & with the intent of determining the suitability of Zheng 2001, Lu et al. 2007), but these are usu- this tool for the detection of large, terrestrial bird ally season-dependent (Conroy & Carroll 2000, species, and to highlight ecological and behavioural Lu & Zheng 2001, Lu et al. 2003). For example, information that can be obtained using infrared- as with many avian species, the White Eared triggered cameras. Pheasant Crossoptilon crossoptilon only undergoes a complete moult after breeding, in this case METHODS between late July and early September (Lu & Zheng 2001, Lu et al. 2003). Phasianids can be Study area potential indicators of habitat quality and human pressure on the environment (Fuller & Garson The work was undertaken in two national reserves 2000), and there is clearly a need for a method- (Wanglang Nature Reserve and Wolong Nature ology that can effectively detect these reclusive Reserve) in Sichuan Province, southwestern China birds with little disturbance and monitor the (Fig. 1), from September 2004 to June 2007. trends in population dynamics (Conroy & Carroll Wanglang National Nature Reserve (104°3¢E, 2000). 32°56¢N) is a 320-km2 protected area established Infrared-triggered cameras, in which a passive in 1965 in the Min Mountains, 380 km northwest infrared sensor is triggered by an abrupt change in of Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan Province. temperature across a fan-shaped area in front of Wolong National Nature Reserve (103°8¢E, the unit, activating an autofocus camera (Swann 31°6¢N) is a 2000-km2 protected area established et al. 2004), have proved to be an effective tool for in 1963 in the Qionglai Mountains, 160 km west wildlife research and have been applied success- of Chengdu. Both reserves were created to con- fully to studies of numerous terrestrial mammals serve Giant Panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca, Takin (Karanth & Nichols 1998, Cutler & Swann 1999, Budorcas taxicolor and Golden Monkey Rhinopithe- Moruzzi et al. 2002, Numata et al. 2005, Wang cus roxellarae. The elevational range of Wanglang et al. 2006). Infrared cameras have been used as Nature Reserve is 2400–4980 m and major vege- nest monitors to study the breeding behaviour and tation types are deciduous forest, conifer–decidu- nest predation of numerous birds (Cutler & Swann ous mixed forest, conifer forest, sub-alpine scrub 1999) and to estimate the population demograph- and alpine meadow. Wolong Nature Reserve has a ics, habitat selection, occupied habitat proportion greater elevational range (1200–6250 m) and and activity pattern of a number of terrestrial comprises evergreen forest, evergreen–deciduous species (Pei 1998, Jeganathan et al. 2002, Dinata mixed forest, deciduous forest, conifer–deciduous et al. 2008, Winarni et al. 2009). Infrared-triggered mixed forest, conifer forest, sub-alpine scrub and cameras can fail to detect animals due to faulty alpine meadow (Wolong National Nature Reserve settings, low battery power, electrical malfunction 1987). or short detection ranges (Swann et al. 2004), but BirdLife International has identified both these problems are not influenced by habitat if the reserves as Important Bird Areas (IBA Code: unit is properly deployed. Camera units work CN194 for Wolong, CN188 for Wanglang), and 24 h ⁄ day with little if any disturbance to wildlife, they fall within an Endemic Bird Area (EBA138) making the technique suitable to record and moni- because they host globally threatened and range- tor cryptic and reclusive terrestrial animals restricted avian species including Chinese Monal (Carbone et al. 2001, Silveira et al. 2003, Karanth Lophophorus lhuysii (BirdLife International 2004). et al. 2004). Standard methodologies for study- ing phasianids (Bibby et al. 1992, Conroy & Survey design Carroll 2000) do not include infrared-triggered cameras, although phasianids have been detected Trained staff in each reserve used two models of during mammal surveys in which these cameras infrared-triggered camera units: DeerCamÔ (Non ª 2009 The Authors Journal compilation ª 2009 British Ornithologists’ Union Infrared camera phasianid survey 301 Figure 1. Location of sample sites within Wanglang National Nature Reserve (upper left) and Wolong National Nature Reserve (lower left), China. Typical, Inc., Park Falls, WI, USA) and cameras point where animal movement might be manufactured by project staff to similar specifica- expected. A time ⁄ date stamp accompanied each tions; both models had similar performance in tests photograph and at each sample site we recorded of sensor sensitivity and detection range. Ten Deer- GPS location, elevation, slope, aspect and habitat, CamÔ and 20 self-manufactured camera units including forest type, canopy and shrub cover were deployed in Wanglang and 20 self-manufac- and average diameter at breast height (DBH) of tured camera units were deployed in Wolong. trees. Field staff classified the habitat of the sam- Camera units were positioned to minimize detec- ple point into one of six forest types based on tion distances, with none exceeding 5 m. The tree species composition. At the end of each detection range of the sensors varies with the body monitoring session, the units were tested to con- size of animals (Swann et al. 2004); for large ani- firm that they were still operational and had mals, such as Takin and Giant Panda, the sensor unexposed frames; if not, the date on the last can be triggered at distances over 20 m, while for photograph was taken as the last operational small animals, such as Blood Pheasant and Snow date. Partridge Lerwa lerwa, the maximum trigger dis- The reserves were divided into 1-km2 blocks tance is approximately 6 m. The reaction time for within a Geographic Information System (GIS) both camera units (i.e. time taken between the (ARC VIEW 3.2 and ARC GIS 9.0). One camera unit trigger of heat sensor and activation of the camera) was placed in each block for 1 month, and was was 0.5–1 s. All the camera units were loaded with then moved to an adjacent block. Due to difficult 400 ISO film and were set with a 2–3-min delay navigation in the field, two camera units were between photographs, and set for 24-h monitoring.