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Compaq/Conner CP341 IDE/ATA Drive
Compaq/Conner CP341 IDE/ATA Drive 1987 Compaq/Conner CP341 IDE/ATA Drive Emergence of IDE/ATA as widely used interface. Why it's important The IDE/ATA (Integrated Drive Electronics/AT Attachment) interface, now known as PATA (Parallel ATA) and SATA (Serial ATA), became the dominant hard disk drive (HDD) interface for IBM compatible PCs, initially because of its low cost and simplicity of integration. Today it is supported by most operating systems and hardware platforms and is incorporated into several other peripheral devices in addition to HDDs. As an intelligent drive interface universally adopted on personal computers, IDE/ATA was an enabler of the acceleration of disk drive capacity that began in the early 1990s. Discussion: The IDE interface development was initially conceived by Bill Frank of Western Digital (WD) in the fall of 1984 as a means of combining the disk controller and disk drive electronics, while maintaining compatibility with the AT and XT controller attachments to a PC without changes to the BIOS or drivers. WD floated that idea by its largest customers, IBM, DEC, and Compaq in the winter and spring of 1985. Compaq showed interest, so Bill Frank collaborated with Ralph Perry and Ken Bush of Compaq to develop the initial specification. WD formed a Tiger team in the spring of 1985 to build such a drive, using externally purchased 3.5” HDAs (Head Disk Assemblies), but initially just provided IDE to ST506 controller boards that Compaq hard-mounted to 10MB and 20MB 3.5” Miniscribe ST506 drives for their Portable II computer line, announced in February 1986 [3, 15, 20]. -
FWB's Guide to Storage
GtoS 2nd Ed. Book Page i Friday, March 27, 1998 12:05 PM FWB’s Guide to Storage Second Edition GtoS 2nd Ed. Book Page ii Friday, March 27, 1998 12:05 PM Copyright Notice This manual is copyrighted by FWB Software, LLC (FWB) with all rights reserved. Your rights with regard to this manual are subject to the restrictions and limitations imposed by the copyright laws of the United States of Amer- ica. Under the copyright laws, this manual may not be copied, reproduced, translated, transmitted or reduced to any printed or electronic medium or to any machine-readable form, in whole or in part, without the written consent of FWB. © 1991, 1996 By FWB Software, LLC December 1996 Part No.: 07-00841-201 GtoS 2nd Ed. Book Page iii Friday, March 27, 1998 12:05 PM Trademarks Hard Disk ToolKit, RAID ToolKit, SpaceMaker ToolKit, and CD-ROM Tool- Kit are trademarks of FWB Software, LLC. FWB is a registered trademark of FWB Software, LLC. All brand and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders. Credits This guide was written by Norman Fong with help from Joan Carter, Steve Dalton, Bruce Dundas, Eric Herzog, Al Pierce, Stuart Saraquse, and Fred Swan. It was designed, edited, and composed by Joan Carter with help from Allan Levite. Illustrations were produced by Deane Morris. The original version of this manual was written in 1991 by Leslie Feldman, Norman Fong, Kevin Kachadourian, Neil Strudwick, and Paul Worthington as part of FWB’s Hard Disk ToolKit 1.x manual. Dedication This book is dedicated to my family and friends who put up with the long hours put into this effort. -
Mergers, Innovation, and Entry(Exit
Mergers, Innovation, and Entry-Exit Dynamics: Consolidation of the Hard Disk Drive Industry, 1996–2016 Mitsuru Igamiy Kosuke Uetakez August 6, 2019 Abstract How far should an industry be allowed to consolidate when competition and innova- tion are endogenous? We develop a stochastically alternating-move game of dynamic oligopoly, and estimate it using data from the hard disk drive industry, in which a dozen global players consolidated into only three in the last 20 years. We …nd plateau- shaped equilibrium relationships between competition and innovation, with heterogene- ity across time and productivity. Our counterfactual simulations suggest the current rule-of-thumb policy, which stops mergers when three or fewer …rms exist, strikes ap- proximately the right balance between pro-competitive e¤ects and value-destruction side e¤ects in this dynamic welfare tradeo¤. Keywords: Antitrust, Competition and innovation, Dynamic oligopoly, Dynamic wel- fare tradeo¤, Entry and exit, Horizontal mergers, Industry consolidation. JEL classi…cations: L13, L41, L63, O31. For detailed and insightful suggestions, we thank the editor, Aureo de Paula, and three anonymous referees. For helpful comments, we thank John Rust, Paul Ellickson, April Franco, Joshua Gans, Allan Collard-Wexler, and Philipp Schmidt-Dengler, who discussed earlier versions of the paper, as well as partic- ipants at various seminars and conferences. For inside stories and insights, we thank Je¤ Burke, Tu Chen, Finis Conner, MyungChan Jeong, Peter Knight, Currie Munce, Reggie Murray, Orie Shelef, and Lawrence Wu, as well as Mark Geenen and his team at TRENDFOCUS, including John Chen, Don Jeanette, John Kim, and Tim Luehmann. Financial support from the Yale Center for Customer Insights is gratefully acknowledged. -
The Disk Drive Industry's Dynamic Past
Tuesday Conference Session 3 Roadmaps: The Past and Future of Storage DISK DRIVES: A hard life, but never boring James N. Porter DISK/TREND YESTERDAY’S DISK DRIVES The 1950’s 1956: IBM 350 RAMAC -- 5 MB • First disk drive • 50 24-inch disks • Hydrostatic air bearing heads • Demonstrated market and producibility The 1960’s 1961: Bryant Computer 4240 -- 90 MB • First disk drive with zoned recording • 24 39-inch disks 1962: IBM 1301 “Adv. Disk File” -- 28 MB • First drive with hydrodynamic air bearing heads • 25 or 50 24-inch disks 1963: IBM 1311 “Low Cost File”--2.68 MB • First drive with removable disk pack • First production 14-inch disk drive The 1960’s 1965: IBM 2310 “Ramkit” -- 1.024 MB • First single disk cartridge drive • First voice coil actuator 1966: IBM 2314 Storage Facility--29.17 MB • Eight drives with single controller • Removable disk pack (11 disks) • First drive with ferrite core heads 1967: Memorex 630 -- 7.25 MB • First IBM plug compatible disk drive The 1970’s 1971: IBM 3330-1 “Merlin” -- 100 MB • First track-following servo system 1971: IBM 23FD “Minnow” -- 81 KB • First production flexible disk drive • 8-inch disks, read only 1973: IBM 3340 “Winchester” -- 35/70 MB • First disk drive with low mass heads, lubricated disks, sealed assembly • Removable 3348 Data Module The 1970’s 1974: IBM 3330-11 “Iceberg” -- 200 MB • IBM’s last disk pack drive 1975: IBM 62GV “Gulliver” -- 5/9 MB • First drive with rotary actuator 1976: Shugart Associates SA400 -- 218 KB • First 5.25-inch flexible disk drive The 1970’s 1976: IBM 3350 “Madrid” -- 317.5 MB • Reintroduction of fixed disk media 1979: IBM 3370 “New File Project”--571 MB • First moving head drive with thin film heads, 2-7 encoding. -
The Innovator's Dilemma When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail
1 The Innovator's Dilemma When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail By Clayton M. Christensen Harvard Business School Press (C) 1997President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved. ISBN: 0-87584-585-1 CHAPTER ONE How Can Great Firms Fail? Insights from the Hard Disk Drive Industry When I began my search for an answer to the puzzle of why the best firms can fail, a friend offered some sage advice. "Those who study genetics avoid studying humans," he noted. "Because new generations come along only every thirty years or so, it takes a long time to understand the cause and effect of any changes. Instead, they study fruit flies, because they are conceived, born, mature, and die all within a single day. If you want to understand why something happens in business, study the disk drive industry. Those companies are the closest things to fruit flies that the business world will ever see." Indeed, nowhere in the history of business has there been an industry like disk drives, where changes in technology, market structure, global scope, and vertical integration have been so pervasive, rapid, and unrelenting. While this pace and complexity might be a nightmare for managers, my friend was right about its being fertile ground for research. Few industries offer researchers the same opportunities for developing theories about how different types of change cause certain types of firms to succeed or fail or for testing those theories as the industry repeats its cycles of change. This chapter summarizes the history of the disk drive industry in all its complexity. -
Hard Disk Drives: the Giants of the Storage Industry
Hard Disk Drives: The Giants of the Storage Industry Cloud Storage IOT Storage Internet Media Archival Storage Internal PC Storage Dr. Edward Grochowski Dr. Peter Goglia Memory/Storage Consultant Vice President – Plasma Therm [email protected] [email protected] Flash Memory Summit 2017 1 Santa Clara, CA Reynold B. Johnson (1902-1998). American inventor and computer pioneer. Long time employee of IBM. Considered the “Father” of the disk drive. Native of Minnesota to family of Swedish immigrants. BS in Educational Administration 1929 from Univ. of Minnesota.. As a high school teacher in Michigan, he invented an electronic test scoring machine, the rights were purchased by IBM in 1930 and he was hired by IBM to work at the Endicott, NY lab. In 1952 IBM sent him to San Jose, California to create and manage a West Coast Lab where he led. a research team which developed the disk drive technology. In 1956 IBM released the RAMAC system which launched a multi- billion dollar industry. Awarded 90 patents, Computer Pioneer Award (1987), National Medal of Technology and Innovation award from President Reagan in 1986, Franklin Institute Certificate of Merit in 1996. IEEE Reynold B. Johnson Information Storage Award was established in 1991. Flash Memory Summit 2017 2 Santa Clara, CA It All Started here, 99 Notre Dame Avenue, San Jose, California Flash Memory Summit 2017 3 Santa Clara, CA They Started It All RAMAC Pioneers: Al Hoagland, Jack Grogan, Lou Stevens Flash Memory Summit 2017 4 Santa Clara, CA The Storage “Journey” 2017 WD Ultrastar 12 TB 1956 IBM RAMAC 5 MB $0.04/GB $10,000,000/GB 60+ Years of Technical Progress Ed Grochowski Flash Memory Summit 2017 5 Santa Clara, CA Albert S. -
Oral History of Terry Johnson
Oral History of Terry Johnson Interviewed by: Jim Porter Recorded: August 24, 2006; August 25, 2006 Mountain View, California CHM Reference number: X3703.2007 © 2006 Computer History Museum Oral History of Terry Johnson Jim Porter: Today I’m sitting here with Terry Johnson, who is one of the people who has created a lot of the history of the disk drive industry by being there at the right time and coming up with the right group of people and arriving at a lot of the right decisions. Perhaps we can start from the beginning, Terry. Where were you born? Where did you grow up and go to school and all those things? Terry Johnson: I was born in Ogden, Utah. Interestingly, my father died when I was 15 years old. I used to spend my summers on a ranch out in Nevada. It was kind of an interesting situation with -- I kind of had two families. At any rate, when I graduated from high school in [1953], I went to one-quarter of college and then I ended up going into the Navy for four years. Basically, I was an electronics technician in the Navy. I was an enlisted man in the Navy. It’s kind of a -- you’re a second-class citizen, to a certain extent. So when I got out of the Navy in ’58, it was like I was a very motivated college student that saw maybe an opportunity not to be a second class citizen the rest of my life. I graduated from the University of Utah in 1961 with a degree in electrical engineering. -
THE DISK DRIVE 50 YEARS of PROGRESS and TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION (THE ROAD to 2 BILLION DRIVES) Tom Coughlin*, Dennis Waid+ and Jim Porter++
THE DISK DRIVE 50 YEARS OF PROGRESS AND TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION (THE ROAD TO 2 BILLION DRIVES) Tom Coughlin*, Dennis Waid+ and Jim Porter++ *Coughlin Associates + Peripheral Research Corporation ++ Disk/Trend OVERVIEW / HISTORY The hard magnetic digital disk drive as we know it today is used in all computer applications, in home appliances and PVR/DVR’s; in automobiles, cameras, medical applications. It is now pervasive in all segments of our society. The technology got its start in IBM’s San Jose laboratories in 1952, with innovators, such as Rey Johnson, Dr. Al Hoagland, Al Shugart, Bobby Smith, and others. The disk drive is unique in its history for overall cost reductions, while at the same time fostering rapid technology growth, and reaping amazing production ramps. Success in this industry has been associated with: • Device Size reduction • Ongoing and substantial cost reduction per MB • Dramatic Technology Increases • High Volume Production efficiencies. As a result of the above accomplishments the industry has grown from a volume of several thousand disk drives per year, in the 1950’s to over 260 Million drives per year in 2003. The first digital hard disk drive was the 24 inch IBM 350-1 which was announced in 1955, and began shipping in 1956. This drive housed 50 24-inch disks, had an access time of 600 milliseconds, and a capacity of 5.0 Megabytes. Table 1 compares the specs on the 350 with the most recent Seagate Barracuda 7200.7 disk drive of 2003. Table 1 Disk Drive Comparisons 1956 2003 Manufacturer IBM Seagate Model 350-1 7200.7 Capacity (MB) 4.4 MB 200 GB Disk Size 24 In. -
Oral History of John Squires
Oral History of John Squires Interviewed by: Tom Gardner Also present: Gardner Hendrie Recorded: July 13 and July 15, 2009 Boulder, Colorado CHM Reference number: X5433.2009 © 2012 Computer History Museum Oral History of John Squires Tom Gardner: I'm here in Boulder, Colorado, with John Squires to talk about his various involvements in the storage industry. John, tell me about your background. John Squires: I've had a career in the storage industry, graduating from the University of Colorado in physics, actually, which I think is a good grounding for the industry, and worked at Storage Technology, now called STK, joined the startup called MiniScribe, and then started a company which evolved into Conner Peripherals, which was one of the more successful-- last really successful disk drive startup out of many. And that's-- other than a short stint in a turnaround attempt of Integral, that's pretty much my career. Gardner: Well I guess we're done. Squires: Yes. Gardner: No, let's go back to Australia. I understand you were born in Australia. Squires: I was, yes, I was born and raised in the bush of Australia, you know, literally no electricity. And my father worked in Sydney and came home on weekends and my mother raised five kids in the bush. I was the oldest and when I was15 my family, my father had a job here at NCAR in Boulder which is the National Center for Atmospheric Research. He's actually the first guy to seed clouds and make rain. And so they offered him a job here and he brought the kids that didn't wear shoes and all that stuff. -
Hard Disk Umesto - Za to Vreme - Uobičajenih Bušača Kartica
Computer and Disk History 01. Computer History 02. Disk History 03. Disk History - 1 Computer and Disk History Slide 1 of 114 Part 01. Computer History Generation 0 Generation 1 Generation 2 Generation 3 Generation 4 Generation 5 Computer and Disk History Slide 2 of 114 Generation 0 (1642-1945) Mechanical Blaise Pascal - Pascaline - Addition and subtraction (1642) Simulation of the Pascaline: http://perso.wanadoo.fr/ therese.eveilleau/pages/ truc_mat/textes/ pascaline.htm#haut Computer and Disk History Slide 3 of 114 Generation 0 (1642-1945) Mechanical Gottfried Leibniz - The Leibniz Calculator – Multiplication and Division (1673-1694) Computer and Disk History Slide 4 of 114 Generation 0 (1642-1945) Mechanical Charles Babbage - Difference Engine – Evaluated polynomials to print tables of logarithms and other functions through a Newton's method of differences (1822) Computer and Disk History Slide 5 of 114 Generation 0 (1642-1945) Mechanical Charles Babbage - Analytical Engine - Calculate general formulas under the control of a looping program stored on punch cards (1834) Computer and Disk History Slide 6 of 114 C. Babbage and Ada Lovelace Computer and Disk History Slide 7 of 114 Ada Lovelace Computer and Disk History Slide 8 of 114 Generation 0 (1642-1945) Mechanical Konrad Zuse - Z1 - Mechanical computer using 22-bit binary representation and a mechanical storage based on small pins and thin sheets of moving metal and pins. The program was on paper tape and there were separate input and output units. A hand crank provided a variable speed clock signal. (1936) Computer and Disk History Slide 9 of 114 Generation 0 (1642-1945) Mechanical John Atanasoff - ABC Computer - Solved systems of linear equations. -
Hardware and Peripherals
Part V Bits and Bytes. 17/1 17/2 Part V Bits and Bytes Blank page. Chapter 17 Hardware and Peripherals 17.1 ... Memory The microprocessor was a significant key to lowering the cost of the personal computer. However the other key and an equally important one was low-cost semiconductor memory. Semiconductor memory started replacing magnetic core memory around 1967. Their are two types of semiconductor Random Access Memory (RAM). Dynamic RAM (DRAM) requires periodic refresh of the memory contents and Static RAM (SRAM) retains the contents without refresh. Both types of RAM loose their contents when the power is turned off. Read only memory (ROM) retains its contents once it is programmed, even when the power is turned off. The first commercial 1K metal oxide semiconductor DRAM was the Intel 1103 released in October 1970. This chip had a pivotal role in undercutting the price and replacement of core memory. Intel continued to improve DRAM capacities with the release of the 4K 2107 chip in 1972 and the 16K 2117 chip in 1977. However, competitive challenges from Japanese companies, would have a significant impact on Intel and other North American producers of memory chips. Japan decided to make a strategic investment in the semiconductor memory industry around in the late 1970’s. The effect of this was the first open market release of a 64K DRAM chip by Fujitsu Limited in 1979, and introduction of the first 1-megabit DRAM chip by the Toshiba Corporation in 1985. A number of other factors contributed to the dominance of Japanese manufacturers in the 1980’s. -
Prairietek 220
PrairieTek 220 1988 PrairieTek 220 First 2.5" disk drive Why this Is Important The advent of the 2.5" hard drive blew away the portable computers of the late 1980's which came in two forms, heavy with a 3.5" hard drive, and light with a pair of floppies. The smaller size coupled with improvements in reliability and lowering of power, created a practical mobile product and enabled a new computer industry segment. The PrairieTek 220 provided 20MB formatted capacity in a form factor which used 30% less space than a 3.5" drive. When volume production began in 1989, the PrairieTek 220 displaced 25mm high 3.5" drives in the emerging portable computer market, a category which has since grown to exceed the volume of desktop machines. Discussion PrairieTek was founded in 1986 by Terry Johnson, who had pioneered transition of the industry to smaller disk drives during the early 1980s. His earlier background in disk development included extensive experience at IBM, Memorex and Storage Technology. Johnson had been founder of Miniscribe, an early manufacturer of 5.25" and later 3.5" drives. He was a co-founder of CoData which, as noted in his Oral History (1), evolved into Conner Peripherals. Finis came up to Longmont to the guest house. He decided that he liked what John [Squires] had developed there. Finis basically came into the company and he wanted his name on the door. That was something that John and I certainly were not interested in. So it turned out that CoData became Conner Peripherals and when Finis came in the front door, so to speak, that I went out the back door.