A Hard Disk Drive( HDD )
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Failure Prediction, Lead Time Estimation and Health Degree Assessment for Hard Disk Drives Using Voting Based Decision Trees
Computers, Materials & Continua CMC, vol.60, no.3, pp.913-946, 2019 Failure Prediction, Lead Time Estimation and Health Degree Assessment for Hard Disk Drives Using Voting Based Decision Trees Kamaljit Kaur 1, * and Kuljit Kaur2 Abstract: Hard Disk drives (HDDs) are an essential component of cloud computing and big data, responsible for storing humongous volumes of collected data. However, HDD failures pose a huge challenge to big data servers and cloud service providers. Every year, about 10% disk drives used in servers crash at least twice, lead to data loss, recovery cost and lower reliability. Recently, the researchers have used SMART parameters to develop various prediction techniques, however, these methods need to be improved for reliability and real-world usage due to the following factors: they lack the ability to consider the gradual change/deterioration of HDDs; they have failed to handle data unbalancing and biases problem; they don’t have adequate mechanisms for health status prediction of HDDs. This paper introduces a novel voting-based decision tree classifier to cater failure prediction, a balance splitting algorithm for the data unbalancing problem, an advanced procedure for lead time estimation and R-CNN based approach for health status estimation. Our system works robustly by considering a gradual change in SMART parameters. The system is rigorously tested on 3 datasets and it delivered benchmarks results as compared to the state of the art. Keywords: Hard disk drive, lead time, health status, N-splitting algorithm, machine learning, deep learning, data storage, unbalancing problem. 1 Introduction The 21st century is the era of big data, cloud computing, and distributed networks. -
Serial ATA the New Drive Interface Standard for the Desktop and Mobile PC
Boston Tec 14/8/03 7:45 PM Page 1 Technology Paper Serial ATA The new drive interface standard for the desktop and mobile PC Table of Contents Background 2 Comparative Performance 3 The Parallel ATA Interface 4 The Serial ATA Interface 4 Features of Serial ATA 5 Implementing Serial ATA 6 Where does Serial ATA fit in the market place? 8 What is iSCSI and why is Serial ATA so well suited? 8 Boston Ltd Unit 5 Curo Park, Frogmore, St. Albans AL2 2DD Tel: +44 (0) 8707 51 59 50 Fax: +44 (0) 8707 51 59 51 e: [email protected] w: www.boston.co.uk Boston Tec 14/8/03 7:46 PM Page 2 Background The parallel ATA (AT Attachment) specification has defined the common standard storage interface for PCs since the protocol was introduced back in the 1980’s. Parallel ATA has maintained its success for many years for three primary reasons: 1) Low Cost, 2) virtually universal operating system support, and 3) the ability to evolve to higher speeds and performance whilst maintaining backwards compatibility with older parallel ATA devices. From its original interface speed of just 3MB/s, parallel ATA has moved up to burst transfer rates of 66MB/s and 100MB/s and beyond. The latest generation of the parallel ATA interface, Ultra ATA-133, goes even further with a burst transfer rate of up to 133MB/s. While parallel ATA has enjoyed an illustrious track record, the specification is now showing its age. Parallel ATA imposes some serious design issues on today’s developers, including a 5 volt signaling requirement, high pin count, major cabling headaches and, perhaps most significantly, limited performance headroom. -
Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) Interface Manual
Users Guide Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) Interface Manual Users Guide Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) Interface Manual ©2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Seagate Technology LLC All rights reserved Publication number: 100293071, Rev. B May 2006 Seagate, Seagate Technology, and the Seagate logo are registered trademarks of Seagate Technology LLC. SeaTools, SeaFAX, SeaFONE, SeaBOARD, and SeaTDD are either registered trademarks or trade- marks of Seagate Technology LLC. Other product names are registered trademarks or trademarks of their owners. Seagate reserves the right to change, without notice, product offerings or specifications. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without written permission of Seagate Technology LLC. Revision status summary sheet Revision Date Writers/Engineers Notes Rev. A 11/11/04 J. Coomes Initial release. Rev. B 05/07/06 C. Chalupa, J. Coomes, G. Houlder All. Contents 1.0 Interface requirements. 1 1.1 Acknowledgements . 1 1.2 How to use this interface manual . 1 1.2.1 Scope . 2 1.2.2 Applicable specifications . 2 1.2.3 Other references . 3 1.3 General interface description. 3 1.3.1 Introduction to Serial Attached SCSI Interface (SAS) . 3 1.3.2 The SAS interface . 3 1.3.3 Glossary . 5 1.3.4 Keywords . 16 1.4 Physical interface characteristics. 17 1.5 Bit and byte ordering . 17 2.0 General . 19 2.1 Architecture . 19 2.1.1 Architecture overview . 19 2.1.2 Physical links and phys . 19 2.1.3 Ports (narrow ports and wide ports) . 20 2.1.4 SAS devices . 21 2.1.5 Expander devices (edge expander devices and fanout expander devices) . -
Computer Service Technician- CST Competency Requirements
Computer Service Technician- CST Competency Requirements This Competency listing serves to identify the major knowledge, skills, and training areas which the Computer Service Technician needs in order to perform the job of servicing the hardware and the systems software for personal computers (PCs). The present CST COMPETENCIES only address operating systems for Windows current version, plus three older. Included also are general common Linux and Apple competency information, as proprietary service contracts still keep most details specific to in-house service. The Competency is written so that it can be used as a course syllabus, or the study directed towards the education of individuals, who are expected to have basic computer hardware electronics knowledge and skills. Computer Service Technicians must be knowledgeable in the following technical areas: 1.0 SAFETY PROCEDURES / HANDLING / ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS 1.1 Explain the need for physical safety: 1.1.1 Lifting hardware 1.1.2 Electrical shock hazard 1.1.3 Fire hazard 1.1.4 Chemical hazard 1.2 Explain the purpose for Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) 1.3 Summarize work area safety and efficiency 1.4 Define first aid procedures 1.5 Describe potential hazards in both in-shop and in-home environments 1.6 Describe proper recycling and disposal procedures 2.0 COMPUTER ASSEMBLY AND DISASSEMBLY 2.1 List the tools required for removal and installation of all computer system components 2.2 Describe the proper removal and installation of a CPU 2.2.1 Describe proper use of Electrostatic Discharge -
Compaq/Conner CP341 IDE/ATA Drive
Compaq/Conner CP341 IDE/ATA Drive 1987 Compaq/Conner CP341 IDE/ATA Drive Emergence of IDE/ATA as widely used interface. Why it's important The IDE/ATA (Integrated Drive Electronics/AT Attachment) interface, now known as PATA (Parallel ATA) and SATA (Serial ATA), became the dominant hard disk drive (HDD) interface for IBM compatible PCs, initially because of its low cost and simplicity of integration. Today it is supported by most operating systems and hardware platforms and is incorporated into several other peripheral devices in addition to HDDs. As an intelligent drive interface universally adopted on personal computers, IDE/ATA was an enabler of the acceleration of disk drive capacity that began in the early 1990s. Discussion: The IDE interface development was initially conceived by Bill Frank of Western Digital (WD) in the fall of 1984 as a means of combining the disk controller and disk drive electronics, while maintaining compatibility with the AT and XT controller attachments to a PC without changes to the BIOS or drivers. WD floated that idea by its largest customers, IBM, DEC, and Compaq in the winter and spring of 1985. Compaq showed interest, so Bill Frank collaborated with Ralph Perry and Ken Bush of Compaq to develop the initial specification. WD formed a Tiger team in the spring of 1985 to build such a drive, using externally purchased 3.5” HDAs (Head Disk Assemblies), but initially just provided IDE to ST506 controller boards that Compaq hard-mounted to 10MB and 20MB 3.5” Miniscribe ST506 drives for their Portable II computer line, announced in February 1986 [3, 15, 20]. -
The Innovator's Dilemma
Part One WHY GREAT COMPANIES CAN FAIL CHAPTER ONE How Can Great Firms Fail? Insights from the Hard Disk Drive Industry When I began my search for an answer to the puzzle of why the best firms can fail, a friend offered some sage advice. “Those who study genetics avoid studying humans,” he noted. “Because new generations come along only every thirty years or so, it takes a long time to understand the cause and effect of any changes. Instead, they study fruit flies, because they are conceived, born, mature, and die all within a single day. If you want to understand why something happens in business, study the disk drive industry. Those companies are the closest things to fruit flies that the business world will ever see.” Indeed, nowhere in the history of business has there been an industry like disk drives, where changes in technology, market structure, global scope, and vertical integration have been so pervasive, rapid, and unrelenting. While this pace and complexity might be a nightmare for managers, my friend was right about its being fertile ground for research. Few industries offer researchers the same opportunities for developing theories about how different types of change cause certain types of firms to succeed or fail or for testing those theories as the industry repeats its cycles of change. This chapter summarizes the history of the disk drive industry in all its complexity. Some readers will be interested in it for the sake of history itself.1 But the value of understanding this history is that out of its complexity emerge a few stunningly simple and consistent factors that have repeatedly determined the success and failure of the industry’s best firms. -
FWB's Guide to Storage
GtoS 2nd Ed. Book Page i Friday, March 27, 1998 12:05 PM FWB’s Guide to Storage Second Edition GtoS 2nd Ed. Book Page ii Friday, March 27, 1998 12:05 PM Copyright Notice This manual is copyrighted by FWB Software, LLC (FWB) with all rights reserved. Your rights with regard to this manual are subject to the restrictions and limitations imposed by the copyright laws of the United States of Amer- ica. Under the copyright laws, this manual may not be copied, reproduced, translated, transmitted or reduced to any printed or electronic medium or to any machine-readable form, in whole or in part, without the written consent of FWB. © 1991, 1996 By FWB Software, LLC December 1996 Part No.: 07-00841-201 GtoS 2nd Ed. Book Page iii Friday, March 27, 1998 12:05 PM Trademarks Hard Disk ToolKit, RAID ToolKit, SpaceMaker ToolKit, and CD-ROM Tool- Kit are trademarks of FWB Software, LLC. FWB is a registered trademark of FWB Software, LLC. All brand and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders. Credits This guide was written by Norman Fong with help from Joan Carter, Steve Dalton, Bruce Dundas, Eric Herzog, Al Pierce, Stuart Saraquse, and Fred Swan. It was designed, edited, and composed by Joan Carter with help from Allan Levite. Illustrations were produced by Deane Morris. The original version of this manual was written in 1991 by Leslie Feldman, Norman Fong, Kevin Kachadourian, Neil Strudwick, and Paul Worthington as part of FWB’s Hard Disk ToolKit 1.x manual. Dedication This book is dedicated to my family and friends who put up with the long hours put into this effort. -
Competitive Strategy of Global Firms and Industrial Clusters1
Competitive Strategy of Global Firms and Industrial Clusters 1 Case Study on the Hard Disk Drive (HDD) Industry Tomofumi Amano* 1. Introduction This report discusses the location strategies of multinational firms and the industrial policies of the countries that are the recipients of their investment. For firms engaged in international business, the timing of foreign investment, selection of locations, and maintenance and expansion of their local operations are all important strategic matters. Then what foreign investment strategies have been used by firms that have succeeded in strengthening their competitive advantage? What are the unique aspects of the policies taken by recipient countries? This report will focus upon the strategic nature of investment for global firms and the strategic nature of investment-attracting policy for the recipient countries. Because the determinant factors of foreign investment have been a core theme for studies on multinational firms, there is already a large literature upon the topic. However, much of it consists of studies that identify and classi- fy the location factors based on economic theories and empirical studies using cross-section or pooled data. While these studies indicate the general frame- work of multinational firms’ location selection, it is difficult to derive from them the strategic implications related to individual firms’ foreign investment. * An Associate Professor at the Faculty of Business Administration, Hosei University and a researcher of the Manufacturing Management Research Center, University of Tokyo. 1 This report is an expansion and revision of the content of Chapter 5 of the following book for the purpose of presentation at the GRIPS/MMRC Joint Symposium: Amano Tomofumi, Higashi Ajia No Kokusai Bungy To Nihon Kigy : Aratana Kigy Seich He No Tenb (East Asian Linkage and Japanese Firms: A New Perspective of Corporate Growth), Yuhikaku. -
Integrated Mirroring SAS User's Guide
Integrated Mirroring SAS User’s Guide Areas Covered Before Reading This Manual This section explains the notes for your safety and conventions used in this manual. Chapter 1 Overview This chapter provides an overview and precautions for the disk array and its features configured with this array controller. Chapter 2 Using the BIOS Utility This chapter explains the BIOS Utility setup procedure. BIOS Utility is a basic utility to set up and manage the array controller. Chapter 3 Updating the Device Drivers This chapter explains how to update the device drivers and how to apply a hotfix. Chapter 4 Overview and Installation of Global Array Manager (GAM) This chapter contains an overview of and product requirements for Global Array Manager (GAM), and describes how to install the program. Chapter 5 Using GAM This chapter explains how to manage the disk array with GAM. Chapter 6 Replacing a Hard Disk Drive This chapter explains maintenance related issues, such as hard disk drive replacement. Appendix This section explains the GAM error codes. 1 Before Reading This Manual Remarks ■ Symbols Symbols used in this manual have the following meanings: These sections explain prohibited actions and points to note when using this software. Make sure to read these sections. These sections explain information needed to operate the hardware and software properly. Make sure to read these sections. → This mark indicates reference pages or manuals. ■ Key Descriptions / Operations Keys are represented throughout this manual in the following manner: E.g.: [Ctrl] key, [Enter] key, [→] key, etc. The following indicate the pressing of several keys at once: E.g.: [Ctrl] + [F3] key, [Shift] + [↑] key, etc. -
ASHRAE TC9.9 Data Center Storage Equipment
© 2015, ASHRAE. All rights reserved. This publication may not be reproduced in whole or in part; may not be distributed in paper or digital form; and may not be posted in any form on the Internet without ASHRAE’s expressed written permission. Inquiries for use should be directed to [email protected]. ASHRAE TC9.9 Data Center Storage Equipment – Thermal Guidelines, Issues, and Best Practices Whitepaper prepared by ASHRAE Technical Committee (TC) 9.9 Mission Critical Facilities, Data Centers, Technology Spaces, and Electronic Equipment Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................4 1.1 PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF INFORMATION STORAGE ..........................................5 1.2 TYPES OF STORAGE MEDIA AND STORAGE DEVICES ........................................6 1.3 DISK STORAGE ARRAYS...........................................................................................10 1.4 TAPE STORAGE ...........................................................................................................13 2 POWER DENSITY AND COOLING TRENDS .............................................................14 2.1 POWER DENSITY TRENDS ........................................................................................14 2.2 COMMON COOLING AIR FLOW CONFIGURATIONS ...........................................16 2.3 ENERGY SAVING RECOMMENDATIONS...............................................................21 3 ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIFICATIONS .......................................................................24 -
Dell Optiplex GX620 Systems User's Guide
Dell™ OptiPlex™ GX620 Systems User's Guide Mini Tower Computer Desktop Computer Small Form Factor Computer Ultra Small Form Factor Computer Back to Contents Page Advanced Features Dell™ OptiPlex™ GX620 User's Guide LegacySelect Technology Control Booting to a USB Device Manageability Clearing Forgotten Passwords Security Clearing CMOS Settings Password Protection Hyper-Threading System Setup Power Management LegacySelect Technology Control LegacySelect technology control offers legacy-full, legacy-reduced, or legacy-free solutions based on common platforms, hard-drive images, and help desk procedures. Control is provided to the administrator through system setup, Dell OpenManage™ IT Assistant, or Dell custom factory integration. LegacySelect allows administrators to electronically activate or deactivate connectors and media devices that include serial and USB connectors, a parallel connector, a floppy drive, PCI slots, and a PS/2 mouse. Connectors and media devices that are deactivated make resources available. You must restart the computer to effect the changes. Manageability Alert Standard Format ASF is a DMTF management standard that specifies "pre-operating system" or "operating system-absent" alerting techniques. The standard is designed to generate an alert on potential security and fault conditions when the operating system is in a sleep mode or the system is turned off. ASF is designed to supersede previous operating-system-absent alerting technologies. Your computer supports the following ASF version 1.03 and 2.0 alerts and remote capabilities: Alert Description Chassis: Chassis Intrusion – Physical Security Violation/Chassis The computer chassis with the chassis intrusion feature installed and enabled Intrusion – Physical Security Violation Event Cleared has been opened or the chassis intrusion alert has been cleared. -
HSSDB9 Rev 00
Accepted by EIA SFF-8012 Rev 3.1 SFF Committee SFF-8012 Specification for 4-Pin Power Connector Dimensions Standardized as EIA-677 at Rev 3.1 dated September 16, 2005 This specification was submitted as a project to the Electronic Industries Alliance, and was Expired at that time. EIA standards can be purchased from http://global.ihs.com/ 4-Pin Power Connector Dimensions Page 1 Accepted by EIA SFF-8012 Rev 3.1 SFF Committee documentation may be purchased in hard copy or electronic form. SFF Specifications are available at fission.dt.wdc.com/pub/standards/sff/spec SFF Committee SFF-8012 Specification for 4-Pin Power Connector Dimensions Rev 3.1 September 16, 2005 Secretariat: SFF Committee Abstract: This document revises the formerly published specification for the pin dimensions of the 4-pin power connector used on many magnetic disk drives. This document provides a common specification for systems manufacturers, system integrators, and suppliers of magnetic disk drives. This is an internal working document of the SFF Committee, an industry ad hoc group. This document is made available for public review, and written comments are solicited from readers. Comments received by the members will be considered for inclusion in future revisions of this document. Support: This document is supported by the identified member companies of the SFF Committee. Documentation: This document has been prepared in a similar style to that of the ISO (International Organization of Standards). POINT OF CONTACT: Jerry Kachlic I. Dal Allan MOLEX Chairman SFF Committee 920 Hillview Ct #200 ENDL Milpitas CA 95035 14426 Black Walnut Court Saratoga CA 95070 408-946-4700 408-867-6630 408-946-5386Fx 408-867-2115Fx [email protected] [email protected] 4-Pin Power Connector Dimensions Page 2 Accepted by EIA SFF-8012 Rev 3.1 EXPRESSION OF SUPPORT BY MANUFACTURERS The following member companies of the SFF Committee voted in favor of this industry specification.