Eavesdropping on Visual Secrets
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Island Biology Island Biology
IIssllaanndd bbiioollooggyy Allan Sørensen Allan Timmermann, Ana Maria Martín González Camilla Hansen Camille Kruch Dorte Jensen Eva Grøndahl, Franziska Petra Popko, Grete Fogtmann Jensen, Gudny Asgeirsdottir, Hubertus Heinicke, Jan Nikkelborg, Janne Thirstrup, Karin T. Clausen, Karina Mikkelsen, Katrine Meisner, Kent Olsen, Kristina Boros, Linn Kathrin Øverland, Lucía de la Guardia, Marie S. Hoelgaard, Melissa Wetter Mikkel Sørensen, Morten Ravn Knudsen, Pedro Finamore, Petr Klimes, Rasmus Højer Jensen, Tenna Boye Tine Biedenweg AARHUS UNIVERSITY 2005/ESSAYS IN EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY Teachers: Bodil K. Ehlers, Tanja Ingversen, Dave Parker, MIchael Warrer Larsen, Yoko L. Dupont & Jens M. Olesen 1 C o n t e n t s Atlantic Ocean Islands Faroe Islands Kent Olsen 4 Shetland Islands Janne Thirstrup 10 Svalbard Linn Kathrin Øverland 14 Greenland Eva Grøndahl 18 Azores Tenna Boye 22 St. Helena Pedro Finamore 25 Falkland Islands Kristina Boros 29 Cape Verde Islands Allan Sørensen 32 Tristan da Cunha Rasmus Højer Jensen 36 Mediterranean Islands Corsica Camille Kruch 39 Cyprus Tine Biedenweg 42 Indian Ocean Islands Socotra Mikkel Sørensen 47 Zanzibar Karina Mikkelsen 50 Maldives Allan Timmermann 54 Krakatau Camilla Hansen 57 Bali and Lombok Grete Fogtmann Jensen 61 Pacific Islands New Guinea Lucía de la Guardia 66 2 Solomon Islands Karin T. Clausen 70 New Caledonia Franziska Petra Popko 74 Samoa Morten Ravn Knudsen 77 Tasmania Jan Nikkelborg 81 Fiji Melissa Wetter 84 New Zealand Marie S. Hoelgaard 87 Pitcairn Katrine Meisner 91 Juan Fernandéz Islands Gudny Asgeirsdottir 95 Hawaiian Islands Petr Klimes 97 Galápagos Islands Dorthe Jensen 102 Caribbean Islands Cuba Hubertus Heinicke 107 Dominica Ana Maria Martin Gonzalez 110 Essay localities 3 The Faroe Islands Kent Olsen Introduction The Faroe Islands is a treeless archipelago situated in the heart of the warm North Atlantic Current on the Wyville Thompson Ridge between 61°20’ and 62°24’ N and between 6°15’ and 7°41’ W. -
Polarisation Signals
Chapter 19 Polarisation Signals Justin Marshall, Nicholas Roberts, and Thomas Cronin Abstract Humans are fascinated by the colour vision, colour signals and ‘dress codes’ of other animals as we can see colour. This property of light may be useful for increasing the contrast of objects during foraging, defence, camouflage and sexual communication. New research, largely from the last decade, now suggests that polarisation is a quality of light also used in signalling and may contain information at least as rich as colour. As many of the chapters in this book detail, polarisation in animals is often associated with navigation, habitat choice and other tasks that require large-field processing. That is, a wide area of the light field, such as the celestial hemisphere, is sampled from. Polarisation vision that recognises and extracts information from objects is most likely confined to processing through small numbers of receptors. This chapter examines the latest evidence on polarised signals from animals and their environments, including both linear and circular polarisations. Both aquatic and terrestrial examples are detailed, but with emphasis on life underwater as it is here that many recent discoveries have been made. Behaviour relative to signals is described where known, and suggestions are given as to how these signals are received and processed by the visual system. Camouflage as well as signalling in this light domain is also considered, with the inevitable conclusion for this new field that we need to know more before solid conclusions can be drawn. J. Marshall (*) Sensory Neurobiology Group, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia e-mail: [email protected] N. -
Circularly Polarized Reflection from the Scarab Beetle Chalcothea Smaragdina: Rsfs.Royalsocietypublishing.Org Light Scattering by a Dual Photonic Structure
Circularly polarized reflection from the scarab beetle Chalcothea smaragdina: rsfs.royalsocietypublishing.org light scattering by a dual photonic structure Luke T. McDonald1,2, Ewan D. Finlayson1, Bodo D. Wilts3 and Pete Vukusic1 Research 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK 2School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, North Mall Campus, Cork, Cite this article: McDonald LT, Finlayson ED, Republic of Ireland Wilts BD, Vukusic P. 2017 Circularly polarized 3Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland reflection from the scarab beetle Chalcothea LTM, 0000-0003-0896-1415; EDF, 0000-0002-0433-5313; BDW, 0000-0002-2727-7128 smaragdina: light scattering by a dual photonic structure. Interface Focus 7: 20160129. Helicoidal architectures comprising various polysaccharides, such as chitin http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2016.0129 and cellulose, have been reported in biological systems. In some cases, these architectures exhibit stunning optical properties analogous to ordered cholesteric liquid crystal phases. In this work, we characterize the circularly One contribution of 17 to a theme issue polarized reflectance and optical scattering from the cuticle of the beetle ‘Growth and function of complex forms in Chalcothea smaragdina (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) using optical biological tissue and synthetic self-assembly’. experiments, simulations and structural analysis. The selective reflection of left-handed circularly polarized light is attributed to a Bouligand-type Subject Areas: helicoidal morphology within the beetle’s exocuticle. Using electron microscopy to inform electromagnetic simulations of this anisotropic strati- biomaterials fied medium, the inextricable connection between the colour appearance of C. -
Diffuse Coevolution Between Two Epicephala Species (Gracillariidae) and Two Breynia Species (Phyllanthaceae)
Diffuse Coevolution between Two Epicephala Species (Gracillariidae) and Two Breynia Species (Phyllanthaceae) Jing Zhang., Shuxia Wang., Houhun Li*., Bingbing Hu, Xiaofei Yang, Zhibo Wang College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China Abstract The diffuse coevolution between two moth species (Epicephala lativalvaris and E. mirivalvata) and two plant species (Breynia fruticosa and B. rostrata) is reported based on field observations and indoor experiments conducted in Hainan and Fujian, China. Study results showed that the two Epicephala species jointly pollinated the two Breynia species, which led to a unique obligate pollination mutualism of two2to2two species specificity. A single Epicephala larva exclusively fed on seeds of host plants and developed to maturity by consuming all six seeds of each fruit, whereas a fraction of intact fruits were left to ensure the reproduction of plants within the whole population. Larvae of the two Epicephala species are competitive for resources; the population of E. mirivalvata is much smaller than that of E. lativalvaris, which has resulted from the differences in the female ovipositor structures and oviposition mode. The life history of Epicephala species highly coincides with the phenology of Breynia plants, and different phenology of B. fruticosa resulted in the different life history of the two Epicephala species in Hainan and Fujian. The natural hybridization of two host plants, possibly induced by the alternate pollination of two Epicephala species, is briefly discussed. Citation: Zhang J, Wang S, Li H, Hu B, Yang X, et al. (2012) Diffuse Coevolution between Two Epicephala Species (Gracillariidae) and Two Breynia Species (Phyllanthaceae). PLoS ONE 7(7): e41657. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041657 Editor: Dmitry A. -
Coleoptera: Melolonthidae)
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 88 (2017) 820–823 www.ib.unam.mx/revista/ Taxonomy and systematics Description of a new Plusiotis jewel scarab species from Oaxaca, Mexico (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) Descripción de un nuevo escarabajo gema de Plusiotis de Oaxaca, México (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) a,∗ b Andrés Ramírez-Ponce , Daniel J. Curoe a Conacyt-Laboratorio Regional de Biodiversidad y Cultivo de Tejidos Vegetales, Instituto de Biología, UNAM, Ex Fábrica San Manuel de Morcóm s/n, San Miguel Contla, 90640 Santa Cruz Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico b Schiller 524, Colonia Bosques de Chapultepec, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, 11580 Mexico City, Mexico Received 3 April 2017; accepted 24 July 2017 Available online 28 November 2017 Abstract Plusiotis cosijoezai sp. n. is described from the Sierra Madre del Sur, Oaxaca, in southern México. Habitus and genitalia are illustrated, and diagnostic characters are compared with the closest species, P. lacordairei Boucard. © 2017 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Biología. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Keywords: Taxonomy; Rutelini; Scarabaeoidea; New species Resumen Se describe a Plusiotis cosijoezai sp. n. de la sierra Madre del Sur, Oaxaca, al sur de México. Se ilustran el hábito y los genitales, y se presentan los caracteres diagnósticos comparándolos con la especie más similar, P. lacordairei Boucard. © 2017 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Biología. Este es un artículo Open Access bajo la licencia CC BY-NC-ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). -
Four New Species of Epicephala Meyrick, 1880 (Lepidoptera
A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 508: 53–67Four (2015) new species of Epicephala Meyrick, 1880 (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)... 53 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.508.9479 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Four new species of Epicephala Meyrick, 1880 (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) associated with two species of Glochidion (Phyllanthaceae) from Hainan Island in China Houhun Li1, Zhibo Wang1, Bingbing Hu1 1 College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China Corresponding author: Houhun Li ([email protected]) Academic editor: E. van Nieukerken | Received 1 March 2015 | Accepted 3 June 2015 | Published 15 June 2015 http://zoobank.org/48D1C46F-5037-4324-BD97-FE47AB32C6E7 Citation: Li H, Wang Z, Hu B (2015) Four new species of Epicephala Meyrick, 1880 (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) associated with two species of Glochidion (Phyllanthaceae) from Hainan Island in China. ZooKeys 508: 53–67. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.508.9479 Abstract Four new Epicephala species that feed on the seeds of Glochidion sphaerogynum (Phyllanthaceae) from Yinggeling Mountain Nature Reserves in Hainan Province of China are described: E. domina sp. n., E. impolliniferens sp. n., E. angustisaccula sp. n. and E. camurella sp. n. The latter two species are also associ- ated with Glochidion wrightii. Photographs of adults and genital structures are provided. Keywords Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Epicephala, Phyllanthaceae, Glochidion, new species, China Introduction The genus Epicephala Meyrick, 1880 consists of 49 described species worldwide, mainly distributed in the Old World, with 15 species occurring in the Australian Region, 28 in the Oriental Region, one in the Palaearctic Region, and six in the Afrotropical Re- gion (Vári 1961; Kuznetzov 1979; Nielsen et al. -
Three New Species of Epicephala Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae
A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 484: 71–81Three (2015) new species of Epicephala Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)... 71 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.484.8696 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Three new species of Epicephala Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) associated with Phyllanthus microcarpus (Benth.) (Phyllanthaceae) Houhun Li1, Xiaofei Yang1 1 College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China Corresponding author: Houhun Li ([email protected]) Academic editor: E. van Nieukerken | Received 6 October 2014 | Accepted 10 February 2015 | Published 5 March 2015 http://zoobank.org/6D1F37E9-002D-496A-8E79-BF53935DEC65 Citation: Li H, Yang X (2015) Three new species of Epicephala Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) associated with Phyllanthus microcarpus (Benth.) (Phyllanthaceae). ZooKeys 484: 71–81. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.484.8696 Abstract Three new species of Epicephala Meyrick, 1880 are described based on specimens reared from fruits of Phyllanthus microcarpus (Benth.): Epicephala microcarpa sp. n. and E. laeviclada sp. n. from Guangxi and Hainan, and Epicephala tertiaria sp. n. from Guangdong and Guangxi. Photographs of adults and illustra- tions of genital structures are provided. Keywords Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Phyllanthaceae, Epicephala, Phyllanthus, new species, China Introduction The genus Epicephala Meyrick, 1880 of the moth family Gracillariidae has been report- ed to have close coevolutionary relationships with the genera Glochidion, Phyllanthus and Breynia of the plant family Phyllanthaceae. Epicephala currently consists of 46 de- scribed species worldwide, mainly distributed in the Old World (Vári 1961; Kuznetzov 1979; Nielsen et al. 1996; De Prins and De Prins 2005, 2011; Zhang et al. 2012). In China, nine species have been recorded prior to this study (Zhang et al. -
Leafflower–Leafflower Moth Mutualism in the Neotropics: Successful Transoceanic Dispersal from the Old World to the New World by Actively-Pollinating Leafflower Moths
RESEARCH ARTICLE Leafflower±leafflower moth mutualism in the Neotropics: Successful transoceanic dispersal from the Old World to the New World by actively-pollinating leafflower moths 1 2 2 Atsushi KawakitaID *, Akira A. Wong SatoID , Juana R. Llacsahuanga Salazar , Makoto Kato3 a1111111111 1 The Botanical Gardens, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, 2 Faculty of Forestry Sciences, National Agrarian University La Molina, Lima, Peru, 3 Graduate School of Human and a1111111111 Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan a1111111111 a1111111111 * [email protected] a1111111111 Abstract In the Old World tropics, several hundred species of leafflowers (Phyllanthus sensu lato; OPEN ACCESS Phyllanthaceae) are engaged in obligate mutualisms with species-specific leafflower moths Citation: Kawakita A, Sato AAW, Salazar JRL, Kato (Epicephala; Gracillariidae) whose adults actively pollinate flowers and larvae consume the M (2019) Leafflower±leafflower moth mutualism in the Neotropics: Successful transoceanic dispersal resulting seeds. Considerable diversity of Phyllanthus also exists in the New World, but from the Old World to the New World by actively- whether any New World Phyllanthus is pollinated by Epicephala is unknown. We studied the pollinating leafflower moths. PLoS ONE 14(1): pollination biology of four woody Phyllanthus species occurring in Peru over a period of four e0210727. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. years, and found that each species is associated with a species-specific, seed-eating Epice- pone.0210727 phala moth, here described as new species. Another Epicephala species found associated Editor: Adrien Sicard, Swedish University of with herbaceous Phyllanthus is also described. This is the first description of Epicephala Agricultural Sciences, SWEDEN from the New World. -
(Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Epicephala) and Leafflower Trees (Phyllanthaceae: Phyllanthus Sensu Lato [Glochidion]) in Southeastern Polynesia
Coevolutionary Diversification of Leafflower Moths (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Epicephala) and Leafflower Trees (Phyllanthaceae: Phyllanthus sensu lato [Glochidion]) in Southeastern Polynesia By David Howard Hembry A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science, Policy, and Management in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Rosemary Gillespie, Chair Professor Bruce Baldwin Professor Patrick O’Grady Spring 2012 1 2 Abstract Coevolution between phylogenetically distant, yet ecologically intimate taxa is widely invoked as a major process generating and organizing biodiversity on earth. Yet for many putatively coevolving clades we lack knowledge both of their evolutionary history of diversification, and the manner in which they organize themselves into patterns of interaction. This is especially true for mutualistic associations, despite the fact that mutualisms have served as models for much coevolutionary research. In this dissertation, I examine the codiversification of an obligate, reciprocally specialized pollination mutualism between leafflower moths (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Epicephala) and leafflower trees (Phyllanthaceae: Phyllanthus sensu lato [Glochidion]) on the oceanic islands of southeastern Polynesia. Leafflower moths are the sole known pollinators of five clades of leafflowers (in the genus Phyllanthus s. l., including the genera Glochidion and Breynia), and thus this interaction is considered to be obligate. Female moths actively transfer pollen from male flowers to female flowers, using a haired proboscis to transfer pollen into the recessed stigmatic surface at the end of the fused stylar column. The moths then oviposit into the flowers’ ovaries, and the larva which hatches consumes a subset, but not all, of the developing fruit’s seed set. -
David H. Hembry
Hembry January 2016 David H. Hembry University of Arizona, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology PO Box 210088, Tucson, AZ 85721 [email protected]; [email protected] Phone (lab): (520) 626-9315, (mobile): (510) 812-7969 Education and Training 2015– University of Arizona, NIH PERT Postdoctoral Researcher; sponsor: K. M. Dlugosch 2014–2015 University of California, Berkeley, NSF International Research Fellow (reentry component); host: M. B. Eisen 2013–2014 Kyoto University, NSF International Research Fellow; host: A. Kawakita 2012–2013 Kyoto University, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Postdoctoral Researcher; host: A. Kawakita 2005–2012 University of California, Berkeley, Ph.D., Environmental Science, Policy, and Management Committee: R. G. Gillespie (chair), B. G. Baldwin, P. M. O’Grady 1999–2003 Harvard University, B.A., Biology Advisers: N. E. Pierce, A. H. Knoll Other Appointments 2012–2014 Visiting International Scholar, Kyoto University 2003–2005 Research Student, Kyoto University 2001, 2003 Research Assistant, University of California, Santa Cruz supervisor: J. N. Thompson Publications Newman EA, Winkler CA, Hembry DH. Submitted. Effects of anthropogenic wildfire activity in low elevation Pacific island vegetation communities in French Polynesia. Submitted 4 January 2016 to International Journal of Wildland Fire. Hembry DH, Balukjian B. In press. Molecular phylogeographic synthesis of the Society Islands (Tahiti; South Pacific) reveals departures from hotspot archipelago models. Accepted 29 November 2015 at Journal of Biogeography. Hembry DH. In press. Phyllantheae-Epicephala mutualistic interactions on oceanic islands in the Pacific. In: Kato M, Kawakita A (eds) Obligate Pollination Mutualism in Phyllanthaceae. Tokyo: Springer Japan. Hembry DH. In press. Biogeography of interactions. -
An Obligate Pollination Mutualism and Reciprocal Diversification in the Tree Genus Glochidion (Euphorbiaceae)
An obligate pollination mutualism and reciprocal diversification in the tree genus Glochidion (Euphorbiaceae) Makoto Kato*, Atsushi Takimura, and Atsushi Kawakita Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan Edited by May R. Berenbaum, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, and approved February 24, 2003 (received for review November 25, 2002) Highly coevolved pollination mutualism accompanied by reciprocal day and at night. After field observations, we collected female diversification has been known in only two plant genera, Ficus flowers, counted the number of pollen grains attached to the (Moraceae) and Yucca (Agavaceae), which are pollinated exclu- stigmas, and dissected the flowers to detect eggs laid by the sively by obligate seed-parasitic wasps and moths, respectively. An moths. We sampled fruits of the three Glochidion species to additional, highly diversified, species-specific pollination mutual- determine infestation by seed-parasitic moths on December 13, ism between a monoecious tree genus, Glochidion (Euphorbi- 1997, June 23, 2002, and July 7, 2002, respectively. Samples of the aceae), and a moth genus, Epicephala (Gracillariidae), is presented seed-parasitic moths for DNA analysis were taken at various here. At night, the small female moth actively deposits pollen on localities in Japan and Taiwan: acuminatum from Amami and the cryptic stigma of the female flower by using its proboscis, then Okinawa Islands; zeylanicum from Yaku, -
Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae
POPULATION ANALYSIS OF CHRYSINA WOODII (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) IN THE DAVIS MOUNTAINS OF WEST TEXAS A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the College of Graduate Studies and Research Angelo State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF SCIENCE by TIMOTHY GLENN MADDOX August 2017 Major: Biology 1 POPULATION ANALYSIS OF CHRYSINA WOODII (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) IN THE DAVIS MOUNTAINS OF WEST TEXAS by TIMOTHY GLENN MADDOX APPROVED: Dr. Ned E. Strenth Dr. Ben R. Skipper Dr. Nicholas J. Negovetich Dr. Karl J. Havlak June 26, 2017 APPROVED: Dr. Susan E. Keith Dean, College of Graduate Studies and Research 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my graduate advisor and mentor Dr. Ned E. Strenth for encouraging me to follow my interests, as well as his moral support, and assistance in the field and lab. I would also like to thank the other members of my committee whose help has been invaluable: Dr. Ben R. Skipper for his impeccable reviewing skills as well as general problem solving and expert advice regarding Program MARK and GIS; Dr. Nicholas J. Negovetich for his statistical advice and Program MARK assistance; and lastly Dr. Karl J. Havlak who has been very flexible schedule and willingness to help wherever he was needed. I would also like to thank Texas Parks and Wildlife including, Wanda Olszewski, Nicolas Havlik, David Riskind, and Mark Lockwood for allowing me to work in the Davis Mountain State Park and providing permits. A special thanks to Kelly Bryan for his advice on finding beetles. I would also like to thank Angelo State for accepting me into graduate school and providing research scholarships and funding.