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Condition Monitoring of Squirrel Cage Induction Generators in Wind Turbines

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Condition Monitoring of Squirrel Cage Induction Generators in Wind Turbines CONDITION MONITORING OF SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION GENERATORS IN WIND TURBINES by IAN RADCLIFFE KUILER Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Engineering: Electrical Engineering in the Faculty of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology Supervisor: Dr M Adonis Co-supervisor: Dr A Raji Bellville March 2017 CPUT copyright information The dissertation/thesis may not be published either in part (in scholarly, scientific or technical journals), or as a whole (as a monograph), unless permission has been obtained from the University 1 DECLARATION I, Ian Radcliffe Kuiler, declare that the contents of this thesis represent my own unaided work, and that the dissertation/thesis has not previously been submitted for academic examination towards any qualification. Furthermore, it represents my own opinions and not necessarily those of the Cape Peninsula University of Technology. Signed Date 2 ABSTRACT Globally governments are faced with challenges in the energy sector which are exacerbated by uncertain financial markets and resource limitations. The over utilization of fossil fuels for electricity generation has had a profound impact on the climatic conditions on earth. Coal power stations release carbon dioxide (CO 2) during the combustion process and studies show that concentrations have sharply risen in the atmosphere. Adverse environmental conditions like global warming exist as a result of high greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in particular CO 2. In 2015 Eskom constructed Sere Wind farm with a supply capability of 100 MW. Due to the lack of technical expertise and skills with regard to the new technology within Eskom, Siemens was offered a 5 year maintenance contract. Siemens also provides training on basic operation and maintenance (O&M) of the wind farm to Eskom staff. This excludes specialised training on Siemens Turbine Condition Monitoring (TCM) systems which is a critical part to develop optimum maintenance strategies. This shortage of specialised skills in the application of condition monitoring techniques within Eskom is a major concern. If the most cost effective maintenance strategies during the contract period are implemented, the long term plant health and design life of Sere wind farm will be reduced. There is a need to develop new condition monitoring techniques to complement or address the shortcomings of the existing systems. Developing these skills will increase the understanding of the technology and improve the operating and maintenance of Sere wind farm. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank: ° Dr M Adonis and Dr A Raji, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, for their invaluable contribution to this study. ° Dr N Moodley for his time and advice. ° Prof JL Van Niekerk, Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies, University of Stellenbosch for his guidance and consultation. ° My wife Ilse, children Stasha and Ian for their love, understanding and encouragement. The financial assistance of the Eskom Power Plant Engineering Institute (EPPEI) towards this research is acknowledged. Opinions expressed in this thesis and the conclusions arrived at, are those of the author, and are not necessarily to be attributed to Eskom. 4 DEDICATION To God be the Glory! 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................................2 ABSTRACT ..............................................................................................................................................3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................4 TABLE OF CONTENTS ...........................................................................................................................6 GLOSSARY ........................................................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER ONE..................................................................................................................................... 11 STUDY OVERVIEW .......................................................................................................................... 11 1.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 11 1.2 Background ........................................................................................................................ 12 1.3 Project statement and objectives ..................................................................................... 14 1.4 Thesis Layout ..................................................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................................................... 17 LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................................... 17 2.1 Global wind energy resource and installed capacity overview ......................................... 17 2.2 Africa and South African wind energy resource and installed capacity ............................ 20 overview ........................................................................................................................................ 20 2.3 The cost of wind energy .................................................................................................... 23 2.4 Classification of wind turbines .......................................................................................... 26 2.5 Generator types in wind turbines ..................................................................................... 32 2.6 Wind turbine components and costs ................................................................................ 39 2.7 Failures in wind turbines ................................................................................................... 40 2.8 Maintenance ..................................................................................................................... 49 2.10 Induction machine construction and operating principle ................................................. 54 2.11 Operation of induction generators in variable speed wind turbines ................................ 56 CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................................ 59 SYSTEM MODELLING AND DESIGN .............................................................................................. 59 3.1 SCIG steady state equivalent circuit .................................................................................. 59 3.2 Prediction model of stator winding temperatures ........................................................... 72 CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................................................. 80 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS OF CONDITION MONITORING MODELS ........................................... 80 4.1 SCIG MATLAB / Simulink Model analysis........................................................................... 80 4.2 Statistical model analysis .................................................................................................. 86 CHAPTER FIVE .................................................................................................................................... 95 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................. 95 5.1 Conclusions........................................................................................................................ 95 5.2 Recommendations ............................................................................................................ 98 APPENDIX A – Stepwise Regression Analysis WT4 ............................................................................ 99 6 APPENDIX B – Stepwise Regression Analysis WT38 ........................................................................ 100 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 101 7 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Worldwide contributions of human related GHG in 2010 ....................................................... 12 Figure 2: Renewable energy percentage of global final energy consumption 2013 ............................. 12 Figure 3: Estimated global installed wind power capacity between 2004 – 2014 ................................. 18 Figure 4: Combined wind power capacity of the ten leading countries by 2015 ................................... 19 Figure 5: Wind energy profile during REIPPPP bid windows as of June 2015 ..................................... 20 Figure 6: Renewable energy generation projects up to mid-2015 ........................................................ 22 Figure 7: Weighted average cost of utility scale renewable energies versus fossil fuels ..................... 23 Figure 8: Typical onshore wind turbine capital cost breakdown ........................................................... 24 Figure 9: Wind turbine rotor designs ....................................................................................................
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