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Time of Day and Date of Year ANNOUNCEMENTS 1. HOMEWORK #3 WILL BE HANDED OUT THURSDAY; DUE FOLLOWING THURSDAY. HW #@ due this Thursday at class. HW CLUB THIS WEEK AS USUAL 2. OBSERVING SESSIONS: THIS THURS NIGHT AT SBO AT 8pm 3. SUNDIAL HELP SESSION Tomorrow after HW Club (1pm and 3pm) with Kate Vann 4. BOOKS AND SKY GAZER PROGRAM DISKS NEEDED FOR OBSERVING PROJECTS NOW ON RESERVE ACROSS THE HALL IN THE GEOLOGY LIBRARY. 4. Note taker position filled… THANKS to all that responded. Ms Sheevam and Mr Russum please see me after class. UP FOR DISCUSSION TODAY: THE “MERIDIAN SLICE”, SOLAR CALENDARS & SOLSTICE MARKERS. AT MID-LATITUDES: calendars set by SUN ON HORIZON OR SUN ON MERIDIAN *** angle Sun takes across sky = latitude CHANGES LOCATION SIGNIFICANTLY TH AT LOW LATITUDES (i.e., in the TROPICS) THE SUN’S HORIZON LOCATION CHANGES LESS AND ALTITUDE ALONG MERIDIAN CHANGES VERY LITTLE WINTER SOLSTICE SUN MOVES ACROSS THE SKY IN SOUTHERN GREECE ANGLE SUN LEAVES HORIZON = 90O – LATITUDE MORE HORIZONTAL AT HIGHER LATITUDES HORIZON MARKERS MORE EFFECTIVE because SOLSTICE MARKERS ARE SPREAD FARTHER APART EAST-WEST IS THE DIMENSION OF TIME IN THE SKY INTRODUCING THE “MERIDIAN SLICE”: A SLICE THROUGH THE CELESTIAL SPHERE ALONG THE MERIDIAN LOCATION OF THE SUN AT SOLAR NOON, ALTHOUGH ITS POSITION ALONG THIS SLICE OF THE SPHERE CHANGES DURING THE SEASONS…. WHICH IS THE CAUSE OF THE SEASONS COMMENTS ON “A PRIVATE UNIVERSE” DOES THE SUN EVER GO THROUGH THE ZENITH HERE IN BOULDER? THE 23 ½ “SOLAR -23 ½ ZONE”…the range of altitudes which the Sun exhibits along the meridian during the year. CHINESE SKY MEASURING SCALE: “a meridian line” LOCATES POSITION OF SUN ALONG THE MERIDIAN AT SOLAR NOON. LOCATION ALONG THE SCALE SETS THE SEASONAL CALENDAR ARROW INDICATED THE “SOLAR ZONE”…ANGLES IN THE SKY WHERE LATITUDE = 34.5O N SUN IS SEEN HENAN PROVINCE, CHINA 34.5 90 – 34.5 = 55.5 34.5 CENTER OF THE SOLAR ZONE IS ALWAYS AT THE CELESTIAL EQUATOR…EVERYWHERE ON EARTH. THE “MERIDIAN SLICE” Has the Celestial Latitude = terrestrial latitude @ the zenith Basis of celestial navigation to determine one’s LATITUDE. Measure the altitude of the meridian passage of fixed stars; i.e., fixed celestial latitudes *** WHERE ARE THE “SOLAR ZONES” FOR KEY WEST & THE EQUATOR ? THE “MERIDIAN SLICE” Has the Celestial Latitude = terrestrial latitude @ the zenith Basis of celestial navigation to determine one’s LATITUDE. Measure the altitude of the meridian passage of fixed stars; i.e., fixed celestial latitudes IN THE “TROPICS” AT LATITUDES < |23 ½ DEGREES|, THE SUN GOES THROUGH THE ZENITH TWICE PER YEAR. THE “MERIDIAN SLICE” Has the Celestial Latitude = terrestrial latitude @ the zenith Basis of celestial navigation to determine one’s LATITUDE. Measure the altitude of the meridian passage of fixed stars; i.e., fixed celestial latitudes IN THE “TROPICS” AT LATITUDES < |23 ½ DEGREES|, THE SUN GOES THROUGH THE ZENITH TWICE PER YEAR. THE SOLAR ZONE: AT ANY ONE LOCATION THIS IS THE FULL RANGE OF LOCATIONS ALONG THE MERIDIAN WHERE Winter solstice THE SUN CAN BE SEEN on December 21st DURING THE YEAR. IN EITHER HEMISPHERE Summer or winter makes THE SOLAR ZONE little difference LOCATES THE SUMMER (HIGHEST ALTITUDE EDGE OF SOLAR ZONE) AND WINTER SOLSTICES. THE Summer solstice on EQUINOX POSITIONS ARE December 21st HALFWAY BETWEEN THESE TWO EXTREMES. CHINESE SKY MEASURING SCALE: “a meridian line” LOCATES POSITION OF SUN ALONG THE MERIDIAN AT SOLAR NOON. LOCATION ALONG THE SCALE SETS THE SEASONAL CALENDAR ARROW INDICATED THE “SOLAR ZONE”…ANGLES IN THE SKY WHERE LATITUDE = 34.5O N SUN IS SEEN A PARTIAL SOLAR ECLIPSE AS OBSERVED CROSSING THE MERIDIAN LINE AT SANTA MARIA DEGLI ANGELI (near the train station, Roma Termini, in downtown Rome, Italy). The numbers to the right of the Meridian Line tell us that the eclipse happened on the 79th day of the year; i.e., the meridian line is a calendar. Altitude of the Sun “calibrated” only along the meridian, when it is at its highest point each day. Meridian line effect only seen for ~ 30 minutes around Solar Noon The Tower of the Winds 1576 18 Tower of the Winds South Wall 19 Gregorian Calendar Reform (1582) POPE GREGORY USED THE “TOWER OF THE WINDS” IN THE VATICAN TO GREET EUROPEAN HEADS OF STATE … And THE MERIDIAN LINE HELPED HIM CONVINCE THESE HEADS TO CONVERT THEIR COUNTRY TO THE NEW CALENDAR. 20 BABYLONIAN/GREEK THE SOLAR CALENDAR: SOLUTION WAS TO KEEP “BUSINESS TIME” BOTH SUN AND MOON CYCLES AND INTER- THE PROBLEM: CALENDAR MAKERS CALATE BY ADDING AN WANTED TO INCOPRORATE THE ENTIRE 13TH MONTH ON A CYCLES OF BOTH THE SUN AND THE MOON but… 2—3 YEAR SCHEDULE 12 X 29.5 DAYS IN THE LUNAR OVER 19 YEARS (“YEAR of MONTH = 354 DAYS 11 ¼ DAYS METON”)). SHORT. EGYPTIAN SOLUTION WAS TO ABANDON THE SOLUTION IS CALLED “INTERCALATION”… to add or subtract LUNAR CYCLE days or months to keep on the schedule ALTOGETHER SO THAT of the Sun and Moon or on the schedule THE YEAR WAS ALWAYS of just one of these. THE SAME NUMBER OF DAYS (365) AND MONTHS (12), but the MONTHS HAD > 29 DAYS. THE JULIAN CALENDAR WHEN ROME BECAME THE POLITICAL AND THE EGYPTIAN SOLUTION (c. MILITARY POWER IN 300 BCE) WAS TO ABANDON EUROPE THE LUNAR THE LUNAR CYCLE AND CYCLE WAS CREATE A PURE SOLAR ABANDONED IN FAVOR CALENDAR OF 12 X 30 DAY OF THE EGYPTIAN MONTHS + 5 “FEAST DAYS”. SOLAR CALENDAR. ADOPTED BY ROME IN 45 BCE JULIAN CALENDAR started AFTER THE “YEAR OF in March. Thus, e.g., October is CONFUSION” (46 BCE WHICH HAD 8th month (not 10th as currently) 465 DAYS TO CORRECT FOR PAST and February was the last month MISTAKES). of the year. Originally months alternated 30 and 31 days but LEAP YEARS WERE ADDED AT THAT Julius & Augustus “stole” days TIME. EVERY YEAR WHOSE from Feb. for their months,. NUMBER IS EVENLY DIVISIBLE BY 4 HAS 366 DAYS….EXTRA DAY ADDED TO February, the last month of the year BY 1600s THE CLERGY GREGORIAN CALENDAR NOTICED THAT EASTER (c. 1600 TO PRESENT) WAS SLOWLY BECOMING THE YEAR IS ACTUALLY ~ 11 A WARM-WEATHER MINUTES SHY OF 365 ¼ DAYS SUMMERTIME FESTIVAL, LONG. NOT THE SPRING REBIRTH SYMBOLICALLY OVER NEARLY 1600 YEARS THIS DISCREPANCY CAUSED THE JULIAN REQUIRED…POPE CALENDAR TO BE OFF BY 10 DAYS. GREGORY WAS CONVINCED TO CHANGE EASTER WAS HAPPENING IN THE CALENDAR AND HE WARMER AND WARMER WEATHER GOT CATHOLIC POPE GREGORY COMMISIONED A COUNTRIES TO CHANGE STUDY TO CHANGE THE CALENDAR BUT NOT THE PROTESTANT SOLUTION OF ALYOSIUS LILIO ONES…e.g., BRITAIN DID ADOPTED…CENTURY YEARS NOT NOT CHANGE UNTIL DIVISIBLE BY 4 ARE NO LONGER LEAP YEARS. 1700s.; Russia in 1900s. THE “FOUR CORNERS OF SOLSTICES: SUN IS AS FAR THE YEAR”: SOLSTICES NORTH OR AS FAR SOUTH AND EQUINOXES AS SUN CAN GET: CELESTIAL LATITUDE = st MARCH 20 OR 21 : SPRING + 23½ o AND – 23½ o. OR VERNAL EQUINOX (“EQUAL NIGHT TO DAY”) EQUINOXES: SUN IS ON JUNE 21ST: SUMMER THE CELESTIAL EQUATOR SOLSTICE OR MIDSUMMER (Celestial latitude = 0). DAY & {solstice means Sun standing NIGHT OF EQUAL LENGTH still (on horizon as it sets)} OF TIME. O st nd LATITUDE =+23½ IS CALLED SEPTEMBER 21 OR 22 : THE “TROPIC OF CANCER” and FALL EQUINOX LATITUDE =-23½ O IS CALLED THE “TROPIC OF CAPRICORN… DECEMBER 21st : WINTER IN BETWEEN THESE LATITUDES SOLSTICE ARE THE TROPICS. CELESTIAL LATITUDE OF SUN THROUGH THE YEAR… SOLSTICES AND EQUINOXES IN GREEN “Time of changes” SUMMER SUN Winter Sun Winter Sun CONTINUES RED MARKS SHOW APPROXIMATE LOCATIONS OF “CROSS-QUARTER” DAYS NOTE “TWO SUNS” PHENOMENON: SUN STAYS CLOSE TO SAME TWO LOCATIONS IN SKY OVER MUCH OF YEAR: SUMMER SUN AND WINTER SUN THE CELTIC CROSS-QUARTER DAYS: THE TRADITIONAL DIVISION ANCIENT TRADITION OF THE SEASONS: IS THAT FIRST DAYS AUTUMN EQUINOX: SEPT 21—22 OF SEASONS ARE (+42 days) THE CROSS SAMHAIN NOV 1st (Halloween) QUARTER DAYS.. (+50 days) WINTER SOLSTICE: DEC 21ST e.g., BELTANE (May (+43 days) Day) is the FIRST IMBOLG OR CANDELMAS FEB 2nd (GROUNDHOG DAY) DAY OF SUMMER. (+46 days) SPRING EQUINOX MAR 20-21 June 21st, the Summer (+42 days) Solstice is also called BELTANE: MAY 1st (May Day) HIGH OR MID- (+50 days) SUMMER. SUMMER SOLSTICE : JUNE 21st (+42 days) LAMMAS (or LUGHNASH): AUG 2nd CELESTIAL LATITUDE OF THE SUN THROUGH THE YEAR… SOLSTICES AND EQUINOXES IN GREEN TAURUS GEMINI ARIES CANCER PISCES LEO AQUARIUS VIRGO CAPRICORN LIBRA SAGITTARIUS SCORPIO CONTINUES CONSTELLATIONS OF THE ZODIAC ARE DISTRIBUTED ALONG THE ECLIPTIC (PURPLE LINE ABOVE) IN THE SKY THE 4 “CORNERS” OF THE YEAR: SOLSTICES AND EQUINOXES SOLSTICES: “SUN STANDING STILL”. SUN RISES AND SETS AT ALMOST EXACTLY THE SAME LOCATIONS FOR APPROXIMATELY 2 WEEKS AROUND THE SOLSTICES EQUINOXES: “EQUAL NIGHT TO DAY”. SUN RISES AND SETS DUE EAST AND WEST AND SO STAYS UP FOR 12 HOURS AND IS DOWN FOR 12 HOURS. SOLSTICE MARKERS ARE A WORLD-WIDE PHENOMENON THAT STRETCHES WAY BACK INTO TIME. …. FOR EXAMPLE, SOLSTICE MARKERS ARE A WORLD-WIDE PHENOMENON: OLDEST KNOWN SOLSTICE MARKERS IN THE WORLD: CIRCA 5000 BCE IN SOUTHERN EGYPT. Site mapped by CU Professor Emeritus Kim Malville. ** SHOW VIDEO: COSMIC AFRICA ** NEWGRANGE IN IRELAND A 5000+ YEAR OLD PASSAGE TOMB ALIGNED TO WINTER SOLSTICE SUNRISE ONLY AT THE WINTER SOLSTICE SUNRISE IS THE INNERMOST CHAMBER OF THIS PASSAGE TOMB ILLUMINATED BY THE SUN…. An obvious symbol of rebirth, of the year and so of humans. STONEHENGE: EARLIEST ASTRONOMICAL CONSTRUCTION C. 3200 BCE. WINTER SOLSTICE SUNSET KINTRAW WINTER SOLSTICE MARKER: COUNTY Argyll, Scotland COLOSSI OF MEMNON TEMPLE OF AMENHOTEP III AT THEBES ALIGNED WITH WINTER SOLSTICE SUNRISE !! TEMPLE OF AMENHOTEP III circa 1350 BCE (1200 YEARS AFTER THE GREAT PYRAMIDS AT GIZA SUN WORSHIP REPLACED OSIRIS BITRTH/DEATH/ REBIRTH CULT SOLAR COURTYARD ILLUMINATED ONLY AT WINTER SOLSTICE DAWN ! SETTING CALENDARS BY THE SUN THE SUNDAGGER EFFECT ON MIDSUMMER’S DAY AT NOON IN CHACO CANYON, NM… mid- Winter also marked !! MACHU PICCHU HIRAM BINGHAM 1913 WINTER SOLSTICE SUNRISE INTI RYMI: THE LARGEST SOLSTICE CELEBRATION IN THE WORLD ! At Cusco in Peru.
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