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Complete Volume 7, Issue 3 (Spring-Summer 2017) Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development Volume 7, Issue 3 Spring 2017 Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development Published by the Thomas A. Lyson Center for Civic Agriculture and Food Systems, a project of the Center for Transformative Action, and with the support of our institutional sponsors: Lyson Center Leadership Team Cheryl Danley, Food Systems Consultant, Detroit, Michigan Ardyth Harris Gillespie, Nutritional Sciences (Retired), Cornell University (cochair) Gilbert W. Gillespie, Development Sociology, Cornell University (Retired)* Heidi Mouillesseaux-Kunzman, Development Sociology, Cornell University (cochair)* Scott Peters, Cornell University Ricardo Salvador, Union of Concerned Scientists JAFSCD Advisors Laura Brown, University of Connecticut Extension (USA)* Joseph McIntyre, Ag Innovations Network (USA)* Kate Clancy, Minnesota Institute for Sustainable Agriculture Shawn McKenzie, Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future (USA)† (USA) Craig Chase, Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture, Iowa Ken Meter, Crossroads Resource Center (USA)* State University (USA) Kent Mullinix, Institute for Sustainable Food Systems, Kwantlen Nevin Cohen, City University of New York (USA)* Polytechnic University (Canada) David Conner, University of Vermont (USA)* Rich Pirog, Center for Regional Food Systems at Michigan State Cornelia Butler Flora, Iowa State University (USA) University (USA) Julia Freedgood, American Farmland Trust (USA)* Ken Robinson, Clemson University (USA) Gilbert Gillespie, Jr., Cornell University (Retired) (USA)* John Smithers, University of Guelph (Canada) R. Bruce Gregory, Farmer, Mitchell Bay Farm & Nursery (USA)* G. W. (Steve) Stevenson, University of Wisconsin-Madison Shermain Hardesty, University of California–Davis (USA)* (USA) John Ikerd, University of Missouri, Columbia (Emeritus) (USA)† Dawn Thilmany McFadden, Colorado State University (USA) Anupama Joshi, National Farm to School Network/Occidental Larry Yee, Fairhaven Strategy Group (USA) College (USA)* Rami Zurayk, American University of Beirut (Lebanon)* Jane Kolodinsky, Food Systems Initiative, University of * Also serves on reviewer team Vermont (USA)* † Also writes a regular column Larry Lev, Oregon State University (USA) JAFSCD Staff Publisher and Editor in Chief: Duncan L. Hilchey / [email protected] / +1-607-342-0259 / Skype: duncan.hilchey Managing Editor: Amy S. Christian / [email protected] / +1-607-342-0258 / Skype: amy.christian295 The Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development, ISSN 2152-0801 (online only), is published quarterly (Summer, Fall, Winter, Spring) by the Thomas A. Lyson Center for Civic Agriculture and Food Systems, a project of the Center for Transformative Action (an affiliate of Cornell University). Journal office: 295 Hook Place, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. Online subscriptions: Farmer/Student/Sole Proprietor/Retiree: US$40; Agency/Nonprofit Staffperson: US$52; Faculty/Consultant/Corporate Employee: US$72; Institutional Library: US$255–US$745 (based on FTE students). Copyright © 2017 by New Leaf Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any statements of fact or opinion expressed in these published papers. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, transmitted, or disseminated in any form or by any means without prior written permission from the Lyson Center for Civic Agriculture and Food Systems. For permission to reuse material, go to www.copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Massachusetts 01923 USA; +1-978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of uses. JAFSCD Reviewers Paivi Abernethy, U of Waterloo (Canada) R. Bruce Gregory, Mitchell Bay Farm & Nursery Kelly Moore, U of Florida (USA) Shivaugn Ahern, Independent consultant (USA) Alfonso Morales, U of Wisconsin–Madison (Costa Rica) J. Dominique Gumirakiza, Western Kentucky U (USA) Colin R. Anderson, Coventry U (UK) (USA) Caitlin Morgan, U of Vermont (USA) Molly Anderson, Middlebury College (USA) Clare Gupta, U of California–Davis (USA) Elizabeth Morgan, Macquarie U (Australia) Sandip Banerjee, Hawassa U (India) John Guszkowski, CME Associates, Inc. (USA) Vicki Morrone, Michigan State U (USA) James Barham, U.S. Department of Agriculture Lauren Gwin, Oregon State U (USA) Phil Mount, U of Guelph (Canada) (USA) Shermain Hardesty, U of California–Davis (USA) Lenore Newman, U of the Fraser Valley (Canada) Mark Bauermeister, Iowa State U (USA) Neva Hassanein, U of Montana (USA) Kim L. Niewolny, Virginia Tech (USA) Florence A. Becot, U of Vermont (USA) Lena Hatchett, Loyola U Chicago (USA) Kimberly Norris, U of Maryland (USA) Ellie Bomstein, Independent advocate (USA) Tia Henderson, Upstream Public Health (USA) Josh O’Conner, Independent consultant (USA) Mladen Brnčić, U of Zagreb (Croatia) Mary Hendrickson, U of Missouri (USA) Lydia Oberholtzer, Penn State U (USA) Laura Brown, U of Connecticut Extension (USA) Johanna Herron, State of Alaska, Division of Fernando Ona, Tufts U (USA) Lynda Brushett Agriculture (USA) Aleck Ostry, U of Victoria (Canada) William Butler, Florida State U (USA) Brandon Hoover, Messiah College (USA) Laxmi Prasad Pant, U of Guelph (Canada) Michelle Carnegie, U of New England (Australia) Leslie Hossfeld, U of North Carolina–Wilmington François Pelatan, AMAP Dordogne (France) Megan Carney, U.C.–Santa Barbara (USA) (USA) Robert Perry, U of Kentucky (USA) Kuo-Chiang (Matt) Chang, South Dakota State U Guiping Hu, Iowa State U (USA) Greg Pillar, Queens U of Charlotte (USA) (USA) Sarah Huang, Purdue U (USA) Emily Piltch, Tufts U (USA) Nevin Cohen, City U of New York (USA) Valerie Imbruce, Bimghamton U (USA) Michael Pinto, Osborn Architects (USA) Sean Connelly, Alberta Social Economy Research Becca Jablonski, Colorado State U (USA) Joanna Pollock, U of Arkansas (USA) Alliance Centre for Sustainable Community Ann Myatt James, Pennsylvania State U (USA) Matthew Potteiger, Syracuse U (USA) Development (Canada) Chelsea Johnson, Ohio Ecological Food and Madeleine Pullman, Portland State U (USA) David Conner, U of Vermont (USA) Farm Association (OEFFA) (USA) Masud Parves Rana, Rajshahi U (Bangladesh) Amy K. Coplen, Portland State U (USA) Anupama Joshi, National Farm to School Taylor Reid, Michigan State U (USA) Christine Costello, Cornell U (USA) Network (USA) Henk Renting, International Network of Amy Crone, Maryland Farmers Market Mariam Kadzamira, International Food Policy Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Association (USA) Research Institute (USA) Food Security (RUAF Foundation) (The Kynda R. Curtis, Utah State U (USA) David A. Knauft, U of Georgia (USA) Netherlands) Carolyn Dimitri, New York U (USA) Uma Koirala, Tribhuvan U (Nepal) Kristin A. Reynolds, The New School (USA) Michael L. Dougherty, Illinois State U (USA) Jane Kolodinsky, U of Vermont (USA) Suzana Rimac Brnčić, U of Zagreb (Croatia) Rebecca Dunning, North Carolina State U (USA) Julia Laforge, U of Manitoba (Canada) Antonio Roman-Alcalá, Alemany Farm (USA) Hamid El Bilali, Mediterranean Agronomic Laura Lavid, Florida Organic Growers (USA) Natalie R. Sampson, U of Michigan (USA) Institute of Bari (CIHEAM-MAIB) (Italy) Kristi Lekies, The Ohio State U (USA) Joshua Sbicca, Colorado State U (USA) Mark Estep, Montana Mobile Processing Co. Dale Levering, LCC International U (Lithuania) Brian J. Schilling, Rutgers U (USA) (USA) Charles Z. Levkoe, Wilfrid Laurier U (Canada) Carrie Scrufari, Vermont Law School, Center for Ayman Ekram Fahim, Suez Canal U (Egypt) Matt Lobley, U of Exeter (UK) Agriculture and Food Systems (USA) James R. Farmer, Indiana U (USA) Bohdan Lojka, Czech U of Life Sciences (Czech Garry Stephenson, Oregon State U (USA) Cathy Farnworth, Independent consulant (USA) Republic) Bill Swanson, Valentine Hill Farm (USA) David Fazzino, Bloomsburg U of Pennsylvania Helena C. Lyson, U of California Berkeley Nicole Elizabeth Tichenor, Tufts U (USA) (USA) William Armand Mala, U of Yaounde I Michele D. Vachon, U of Idaho (USA) Melissa Fernandez Arrigoitia, London School of (Cameroon) Rebecca Valentine, Vermont Law School (USA) Economics (UK) Christian Man, Bring It Food Hub (USA) Matteo Vittuari, U of Bologna (Italy) Paula Fernández-Wulff, U of Louvain (Belgium) Lisa Markowitz, U of Louisville (USA) Gerald W. Warmann, South Dakota State U Jill Ann Fitzsimmons, U of Massachusetts– Matthew Mars, U of Arizona (USA) (USA) Amherst (USA) Wende Marshall, Independent scholar (USA) Amy Webb Girard, Emory U (USA) Nancy Franz, Iowa S tate U (USA) Sarah Martin, U of Waterloo (Canada) Melanie Weir, Roots Creative Kitchen (USA) Kathlee Freeman, Food Tank (USA) Derek Masselink, Masselink Environmental Evan Weissman, Syracuse U (USA) Julia Freedgood, American Farmland Trust (USA) Design (Canada) E. Christian Wells, U of South Florida (USA) Vanessa Fry, Boise State U (USA) Nathan McClintock, Portland State U (USA) Cassandra H. Wilder, Alcorn State U (USA) Jasenka Gajdoš Kljusurić, U of Zagreb (Croatia) Joseph McIntyre, Ag Innovations Network (USA) Spencer D. Wood, Kansas State U (USA) Bishwajit Ghose, Tong Ji Medical College (China) Mahbubur R. Meenar, Temple U (USA) Stephen Wood, Columbia U (USA) Gilbert Gillespie, Jr., Cornell U (Retired) (USA) Bethann G. Merkle, Independent consultant Jen Wrye, Carleton U (USA) Stephan Goetz, Pennsylvania State U (USA) (USA) Steve Young-Burns, PastureLand Cooperative Carol Goland, Ohio Ecological Food and Farm Ken Meter, Crossroads Resource
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