The Effect of Typhoon on Particulate Organic Carbon Flux in the Southern
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Biogeosciences, 7, 3007–3018, 2010 www.biogeosciences.net/7/3007/2010/ Biogeosciences doi:10.5194/bg-7-3007-2010 © Author(s) 2010. CC Attribution 3.0 License. The effect of typhoon on particulate organic carbon flux in the southern East China Sea C.-C. Hung1, G.-C. Gong1, W.-C. Chou1, C. -C. Chung1,2, M.-A. Lee3, Y. Chang3, H.-Y. Chen4, S.-J. Huang4, Y. Yang5, W.-R. Yang5, W.-C. Chung1, S.-L. Li1, and E. Laws6 1Institute of Marine Environmental Chemistry and Ecology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan 2Center for Marine Bioenvironment and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan 3Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan 4Department of Marine Environmental Informatics, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan 5Taiwan Ocean Research Institute, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan 6Department of Environmental Sciences, School of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA Received: 16 April 2010 – Published in Biogeosciences Discuss.: 19 May 2010 Revised: 16 September 2010 – Accepted: 21 September 2010 – Published: 4 October 2010 Abstract. Severe tropical storms play an important role in suggested that during non-typhoon conditions approximately triggering phytoplankton blooms, but the extent to which half of the export of organic carbon occurs via convective such storms influence biogenic carbon flux from the eu- mixing of dissolved organic carbon, a conclusion consistent photic zone is unclear. In 2008, typhoon Fengwong pro- with earlier work at comparable latitudes in the open ocean. vided a unique opportunity to study the in situ biologi- cal responses including phytoplankton blooms and particu- late organic carbon fluxes associated with a severe storm in 1 Introduction the southern East China Sea (SECS). After passage of the typhoon, the sea surface temperature (SST) in the SECS Recent research has shown that typhoons (severe tropical ◦ was markedly cooler (∼25 to 26 C) than before typhoon storms also referred to as tropical cyclones or hurricanes) ◦ passage (∼28 to 29 C). The POC flux 5 days after pas- can cause marked cooling of the sea surface, enhance nutri- − − sage of the typhoon was 265±14 mg C m 2 d 1, which was ent pumping and result in phytoplankton blooms along storm − − ∼1.7-fold that (140–180 mg C m 2 d 1) recorded during a paths of the typhoon and in adjacent areas (Babin et al., 2004; period (June–August, 2007) when no typhoons occurred. A Bates et al., 1998; Chang et al., 1996; Chang et al., 2008; Lin somewhat smaller but nevertheless significant increase in et al., 2003; Shang et al., 2008; Walker et al., 2005; Zheng − − POC flux (224–225 mg C m 2 d 1) was detected following and Tang, 2007). Previous studies of typhoon induced phyto- typhoon Sinlaku which occurred approximately 1 month af- plankton blooms have been based largely on satellite remote ter typhoon Fengwong, indicating that typhoon events can in- sensing data, but it can often be difficult to obtain clear ocean crease biogenic carbon flux efficiency in the SECS. Remark- color images during or shortly after typhoon passages be- ably, phytoplankton uptake accounted for only about 5% of cause of extensive cloud cover. Sea-based measurements of the nitrate injected into the euphotic zone by typhoon Feng- pre- and post-typhoon phytoplankton biomass and biological wong. It is likely that phytoplankton population growth was activity are also limited because of the dangers inherent in constrained by a combination of light limitation and grazing field work associated with typhoon events. Consequently, in pressure. Modeled estimates of new/export production were situ field observations on the effects of typhoons on biologi- remarkably consistent with the average of new and export cal processes are rare (Chang et al., 1996; Chen et al., 2003; production following typhoon Fengwong. The same model Shiah et al., 2000; Zheng and Tang, 2007) and no reports of the effects of typhoon passage on ocean biogeochemistry, especially carbon export fluxes measured using floating sed- Correspondence to: C.-C. Hung iment traps, have appeared. ([email protected]) Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 3008 C.-C. Hung et al.: The effect of typhoon on particulate organic carbon flux 755 Fig. 1. 756 The upwelling of subsurface water on the shelf-break of 757 the SECS has long been observed (Chen et al., 1990; Gong 758 ABC et al., 1995; Liu et al., 1992). The wax and wane of the out- 759 crop of cool upwelled water were attributed to the inflow of the Taiwan Strait water (Gong et al., 1995), or an influence of the strong northeast monsoon in winter (Chuang and Liang, 1994; Gong et al., 1995). Recently, Wu et al. (2008) and Chang et al. (2009) reported a remarkable seasonal variabil- ity of this upwelling at depths of 100 m or more below the surface in summer, but such upwelling was weak in winter. DEF In addition to such factors, typhoons may also enhance cool- ing in the SECS following passage of a typhoon through an adjacent region (Chang et al., 2008; Tsai et al., 2008). Tsai et al. (2008) reported that a typhoon induced significant up- per water column cooling off northeastern Taiwan. Chang et al. (2008) reported that upwelled water persisted in the Fig. 1. Study area (blue box, sampling location: a red star) and SECS for more than a week after a typhoon resulting in a track (red line in panel D) of typhoon Fengwong in the southern phytoplankton bloom in the shelf region. East China Sea. AVHRR satellite images on 24, 25 and 26 before the typhoon and 1, 2 and 3 August after the typhoon. The area of Several studies (Bates et al., 1998; Lin et al., 2003; Walker ◦ et al., 2005; Zhao et al., 2008; Zheng and Tang 2007) have cold water patch (e.g. SST < 27 C) shown in the blue box on 24 inferred that large quantities of nutrients were carried to the July (A) is significantly smaller than that on 2 August (E). The red lines represent the typhoon moving track of Fengwong. ocean surface resulting in enhanced phytoplankton biomass (even phytoplankton blooms) in the open ocean and coastal waters several days after a typhoon event. However, the cited Fengwong on POC flux in the euphotic zone using float- reports were based on study of satellite images, and the re- ing sediment traps. In addition, we conducted field obser- ported phytoplankton biomass (e.g. usually estimated by us- vations of vertical profiles of temperature, salinity, density, ing empirical band ratio algorithm OC4) has seldom been photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), nitrate concentra- confirmed by in situ measurements. Thus, Shang et al. (2008) tion and chl-a concentration in efforts to interpret possible indicated with caution that dissolved organic matter and de- mechanisms affecting POC flux after the passage of typhoon tritus could significantly affect detected chlorophyll (chl-a) Fengwong in August 2008. Furthermore, we also measured values near the coast of the northern South China Sea. The POC fluxes 5 and 7 days after42 typhoon Sinlaku passed over study area of Shang et al. (2008) was adjacent to the mouth Taiwan on 13–14 September 2008, but obtained no vertical of the Mekong River, which may discharge runoff containing hydrographic data on either occasion. a high concentration of chromophoric dissolved organic mat- ter. However, no large river was located near the study area, and the satellite ocean color data are thus likely to accurately represent sea conditions, being unaffected by influx of terres- 2 Materials and methods trial materials. In addition, they are supported by ship-based measurements and, therefore, are included in this study as an Sampling was conducted in the SECS, in an area approx- important source of information. imately 70 km northeast of Taiwan (25.40◦ N, 122.45◦ E, The flux of biogenic carbon from the euphotic zone of the Fig. 1), from the R/V Ocean Researcher II (OR II). ocean to depth is one of the main controls on the CO2 partial Five cruises were conducted: one each in June and Au- pressure in the atmosphere. Therefore, measurement of this gust 2007 (non-typhoon periods), one in August 2008 (2– POC flux is very important for understanding the global car- 3 August 2008) after the passage of typhoon Fengwong, and bon cycle and its response to climate change (Emerson et al., one each on 19 and 21 September 2008 after the passage of 1997). The flux of particulate organic carbon (POC) from typhoon Sinlaku. Data on wind speed during the typhoons the euphotic zone after the passage of a typhoon is poorly were provided by the Central Weather Bureau of Taiwan. understood because typhoons form in remote regions of the Salinity, temperature, density and beam attenuation (e.g. open ocean, and sea-based experiments are difficult to con- transmissometer profiles) were recorded using a SeaBird duct due to strong winds and high waves. Typhoons Feng- model SBE9/11 plus conductivity/temperature/depth (CTD) wong and Sinlaku passed through the SECS during the sum- recorder and a transmissometer (Wet Labs). The mean down- mer of 2008, and in the following 4–7 days of each typhoon welling attenuation coefficient (KPAR) was obtained from we had a unique opportunity to conduct sea-based investiga- a linear regression of the log-transformed underwater irra- tions in the affected area of the SECS. The main objective diance profiles which were measured with a PAR scalar of the study was to better understand the effect of typhoon quantum irradiance sensor (Chelsea Technologies Group Biogeosciences, 7, 3007–3018, 2010 www.biogeosciences.net/7/3007/2010/ C.-C.