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SID3015 : Oleokimia Oleochemistry

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SID3015 : Oleokimia Oleochemistry UNIVERSITI MALAYA UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA PEPERIKSAAN IJAZAH SARJANA MUDA SAINS EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE SESI AKADEMIK 2018/2019 : SEMESTER I ACADEMIC SESSION 2018/2019 : SEMESTER I SID3015 : Oleokimia Oleochemistry Jan 2019 MASA : 2 jam Jan 2019 TIME : 2 hours ARAHAN KEPADA CALON: INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES: Jawab SEMUA soalan. Answer ALL questions. (Kertas soalan ini mengandungi 5 soalan dalam 7 halaman yang dicetak) (This question paper consists of 5 questions on 7 printed pages) SID3015 1. (a) Takrifkan terma ‘oleokimia’. Seterusnya, berikan bahan mentah bagi industri oleokimia di Malaysia, Indonesia dan Thailand, dan terangkan pilihan tersebut. Define the term ‘oleochemical’. Subsequently, provide the raw material for the oleochemical industry in Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand, and explain the choice. (5 markah/marks) (b) Namakan lima (5) oleokimia asas yang merupakan ‘building block’ untuk industri oleokimia. Cadangkan proses penghasilan bagi mana-mana tiga (3) oleokimia asas dengan menggunakan persamaan tindak balas kimia yang lengkap. Name five (5) basic oleochemicals which are the building blocks for the oleochemical industry. Suggest a production process for any three (3) of the basic oleochemicals using complete chemical equations. (9 markah/marks) 2. Telitikan spesifikasi produk, asid oleik, yang tertera di bawah. Review the product specification for oleic acid as stated below. Komponen Jisim (%) Component Mass (%) Myristic acid (C14) 3 Myristoleic acid (C14:1) 3 Palmitic acid (C16) 4 Palmitoleic acid (C16:1) 7 Stearic acid (C18) 1 Oleic acid (C18:1) 73 Linoleic acid (C18:2) 8 Linolenic acid (C18:3) 1 (a) Berdasarkan komposisi, berikan gred produk di atas. Based on the composition, provide the grade of the above product. (1 markah/marks) (b) Asid oleik gred di atas boleh digunakan sebagai bahan mentah untuk penghasilan ester lemak yang mempunyai pelbagai aplikasi. Terangkan proses modifikasi kimia tersebut dari segi keadaan proses, pemangkin, hasil dan hasil sampingan. Komen cabaran teknikal yang mungkin dihadapi dan cara penyelesaiannya. 2/7 SID3015 Oleic acid of the above grade can be used as raw material for the production of fatty esters, which have many applications. Explain the chemical modification in terms of process condition, catalyst, product and co-product. Comment on the possible technical challenges and their solution to overcome them. (10 markah/marks) 3. Carta di bawah menunjukkan pelbagai proses modifikasi kimia yang boleh dijalankan untuk menghasilkan alkohol lemak. The below chart shows the various chemical modification processes that can be conducted to produce fatty alcohols. Oil or A B C Hydrogenation, E Glycerine D Crude fatty acids Esterification Fractionation distillation Fractionation Crude methyl esters distillation Hydrogenation Fractionation distillation Hydrogenation Fatty alcohol (a) Kenalpastikan bahan mentah A, proses B dan C, serta hasil sampingan D. Identify raw material A, processes B and C, as well as co-product D. (4 markah/marks) 3/7 SID3015 (b) Dalam proses B dan C, penyulingan berperingkat dijalankan terlebih dahulu dan diikuti penghidrogenan. Manakala dalam proses E, penghidrogenan dijalankan terdahulu dan diikuti penyulingan berperingkat. Bincangkan proses penghidrogenan yang terlibat dari segi bahan suap, jenis penghidrogenan, keadaan proses dan ciri-ciri alhokol lemak yang terhasil. In processes B and C, fractional distillation preceeds hydrogenation, while in process E, hydrogenation preceeds fractional distillation. Discuss the hydrogenation that occurs in terms of their starting material, type of hydrogenation, process condition, and product characteristic. (15 markah/marks) (c) Alkohol lemak boleh diproses untuk menghasilkan terbitan alkohol lemak yang mempunyai ciri spesifik untuk aplikasi. Berikan nama for dua (2) terbitan alkohol lemak, struktur kimia dan satu contoh aplikasi masing- masing. Fatty alcohol can be converted into fatty alcohol derivatives / specialties which have specific characteristics for their applications. Provide the general name for any two (2) of the derivatives / specialties, their chemical structure and an example of their application, respectively. (6 markah/marks) 4. Saponifikasi lelemak dan minyak banyak digunakan dalam proses pembuatan sabun. Proses ini melibatkan pemanasan lelemak dan minyak dan ditindakbalaskan dengan cecair alkali untuk menghasilkan sabun dan gliserin. Saponification of fats and oils is most widely used in soap making process. This process involves heating fats and oils and reacting them with a liquid alkali to produce soap and glycerin. (a) Tunjukkan tindak balas kimia bagi proses di atas. Provide the chemical reaction for the above process. (2 markah/marks) (b) Gliserin adalah produk sampingan yang terhasil daripada proses saponifikasi. Bagaimana ia disingkirkan bagi menghasilkan sabun mentah? Bincangkan kelebihan dan kelemahan penyingkiran gliserina. Glycerin is a co-product from the saponification process. How can glycerin be removed during the soap preparation process? Discuss the pros and cons of removing glycerin. (5 markah/marks) 4/7 SID3015 (c) Proses saponifikasi boleh diubah suai untuk menghasilkan sabun keras dan lembut. Bincangkan perbezaan mereka dari segi reagen, bahan asas, sifat dan prestasi. The saponification process may be tailored to produce hard and soft soap. Discuss their differences in terms of reagent, raw material, properties and performance. (6 markah/marks) (d) Surfaktan digunakan secara meluas dalam sabun, detergen, minyak pelincir dan pengemulsi. Surfactants are widely used in soaps, detergents, lubricants, and other emulsifiers. (i) Berikan definisi surfaktan menggunakan rajah yang sesuai. Provide a definition for a surfactant using a suitable sketch. (2 markah/marks) (ii) Sistem surfaktan campuran boleh melarutkan kotoran yang bersifat hidrofobik daripada rambut dan kulit kepala dengan lebih berkesan.Terangkan bagaimana ia berlaku. Mixed surfactant system can solubilize soils of a hydrophobic nature from hair and scalp more effectively. Explain the phenomenon. (5 markah/marks) (e) Esterquats telah digunakan secara meluas dalam formulasi pelembut pakaian. Dengan menggunakan rajah yang sesuai, jelaskan ciri-ciri yang terdapat pada surfaktan tersebut yang dapat memberikan kelembutan dan kelicinan kepada fabrik. Esterquats have been widely used in softener formulations. Using a suitable diagram, describe the characteristics of this surfactant that can provide softness and smoothness to the fabric. (5 markah/marks) 5/7 SID3015 5. (a) Pertimbangkan struktur minyak tumbuhan berikut. Examine the following structure for plant oil. Cadangkan posisi yang terdapat dalam struktur di atas untuk memudahkan modifikasi kimia berlaku. Suggest the positions where a chemical modification can most easily be performed. (3 markah/marks) (b) Transesterifikasi dan epoksidasi adalah modifikasi kimia terhadap triasilgliserol boleh meningkatkan prestasi tribologikal dan fisikokimia bahan mentah boleh diperbaharui sebagai stok asas pelincir. Jelaskan modifikasi kimia tersebut dan jelaskan penambahbaikan terhadap ciri- cirinya. Transesterification and epoxidation are chemical modifications of the triacylglycerols to improve tribological and physicochemical performance of renewable feedstocks as lubricant base stocks. Describe the chemical modifications and explain the resultant improvement on the properties. (12 markah/marks) (c) Bio-pelincir biasanya boleh diperbuat daripada pelbagai minyak sayuran, seperti rapeseed, canola, bunga matahari, kacang soya, sawit, dan minyak kelapa. Biolubricants can typically be made from a variety of vegetable oils, such as rapeseed, canola, sunflower, soybean, palm and coconut oils. (i) Bincangkan manfaat minyak berasaskan sayuran berbanding petroleum atau minyak berasaskan mineral untuk digunakan sebagai stok asas pelincir. Discuss the benefits of vegetable-based oils over petroleum or mineral based oils for use as lubricant base stocks. (5 markah/marks) 6/7 SID3015 (ii) Minyak kacang soya tersuling (SBO) mempunyai rintangan yang rendah terhadap pengoksidaan dan jangka hayat yang terhad. Cadangkan kaedah pengubahsuaian untuk memperbaiki sifat-sifat SBO untuk digunakan sebagai bahan pelincir. Refined soy bean oil (SBO) has low resistance to oxidation and limited shelf-life. Suggest modification methods to improve the properties of SBO for lubricant application. (5 markah/marks) TAMAT END 7/7 .
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