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High Recovery Inland Desalination: a Technical and Economic University of Texas at El Paso DigitalCommons@UTEP Open Access Theses & Dissertations 2018-01-01 High Recovery Inland Desalination: A Technical And Economic Performance Evaluation Of Zero Discharge Desalination And Other Technologies Malynda Aragon Cappelle University of Texas at El Paso, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/open_etd Part of the Civil Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Cappelle, Malynda Aragon, "High Recovery Inland Desalination: A Technical And Economic Performance Evaluation Of Zero Discharge Desalination And Other Technologies" (2018). Open Access Theses & Dissertations. 1406. https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/open_etd/1406 This is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UTEP. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UTEP. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HIGH RECOVERY INLAND DESALINATION: A TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ZERO DISCHARGE DESALINATION AND OTHER TECHNOLOGIES MALYNDA ARAGON CAPPELLE Doctoral Program in Civil Engineering APPROVED: W. Shane Walker, Ph.D., Chair Anthony Tarquin, Ph.D. Pei Xu, Ph.D. Mark Engle, Ph.D. Charles Ambler, Ph.D. Dean of the Graduate School Copyright © by Malynda Cappelle 2018 Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my loving parents who have always encouraged me to pursue my dreams, to my incredible husband who supports me in every way, and to all teachers for guiding me on my journey in life. "A Dream You Dream Alone Is Only A Dream. A Dream You Dream Together Is Reality." – John Lennon/Yoko Ono HIGH RECOVERY INLAND DESALINATION: A TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ZERO DISCHARGE DESALINATION AND OTHER TECHNOLOGIES by MALYNDA CAPPELLE, B.S., M.S., MBA DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at El Paso in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Civil Engineering THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT EL PASO May 2018 Acknowledgements My life has been made possible by parents and family support. My parents, Mary Beth and Don Tidwell, always encouraged me to learn new things, explore new places (even if it scared them!), and to meet new people. Don taught me the magic of algebraic proofs and introduced me to his Chemical Engineering friend that was helping to clean up environmental disasters in New Mexico. Learning that I could make the world a better place through engineering was key. My mom has shown me that with perseverance, hard work, and LOVE one can accomplish anything for which you set a goal in life. My sister, Andrea White, is a kind soul that sends me messages (and sometimes gifts) of love and encouragement when graduate work and life gets to be too much. My husband, Ian, has been an integral part of every one of my degrees and has been an unofficial team member on every single one of my research projects at UTEP. When I am down, he lifts me up. Thank you to my entire family and all of my friends for all that you have done to make me into the persion I am today. I can’t remember when I became interested in water. I think it is because water has always been part of my soul, nourishing and inspiring me. My career in water began in 1999 as a summer intern at Sandia National Laboratories working with an engineer responsible for water conservation and industrial water treatment. Anthony Baca hired me and supported me as a young engineer and I am thankful for the opportunities gained in the Facilities organization. My job offer allowed me to attend the University of California at Davis, where I received my MS, then return to Sandia to take over as the water treatment and water conservation engineer. My next opportunity brought me to arsenic removal and desalination research, working under Tom Hinkebein, who mentored me and helped me progress in a world that felt foreign to me. When funding became scarce, I moved to a group supporting the Department of Energy’s non-proliferation program and had the great opportunity to work with and support Adriane Littlefield. While at Sandia, I met Dr. Tom Davis, then at the University of South Carolina. After he came the UTEP, he convinced me to make the journey down the Rio Grande. Tom and began work on a research project that v eventually became my dissertation. I have been a reluctant graduate student, but, with Shane Walker’s belief in my abilities, I have been able to achieve far more than I ever thought possible. I am grateful to work in water, which makes life possible. “Access to a secure, safe and sufficient source of fresh water is a fundamental requirement for the survival, well-being and socio-economic development of all humanity. Yet, we continue to act as if fresh water were a perpetually abundant resource. It is not.” -Kofi Annan, UN Secretary-General, as quoted in, Is the World Running Out of Water? Awake! magazine, (22 June 2001) I am thankful for all of the teachers in my life. Thank you to the teachers at Kiddie College, Wherry Elementary, Van Buren Middle School, Highland High School, the University of New Mexico, the University of California at Davis, and The University of Texas at El Paso. I have learned so much about life, engineering, and research, and am grateful for all of the people and institutions that have helped me make it to this point in life. This dissertation would not have been possible without my advisor, colleague, and friend, Dr. Shane Walker. He has a brilliant mind and a nurturing spirit that makes everything seem possible. Thank you for all of the learning experiences, even the ones that I didn’t appreciate at the time, and for all of the guidance and support that you have provided me over the years. You are an inspiration to so many people and I am lucky to know you. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my committee members: Dr. Anthony Tarquin, who kindly provided me with data from his membrane technology (Concentrate Enhanced Recovery Reverse Osmosis); Dr. Pei Xu, who is an expert in desalination at New Mexico State University and stepped in at the last minute when I needed a committee member; and, Dr. Mark Engle, who is an expert in produced waters and brines at the USGS and is a professor in Geology at UTEP. This is a diverse committee and I am grateful for your time and guidance. Dr. Tom Davis served on my committee until he became ill recently. Thank you, Tom, for working with me this last decade on your Zero Discharge Desalination technology. Tom is the reason I moved to El Paso and the original inspiration for the research contained in this dissertation. vi I am grateful for the financial support from the El Paso Water Utilities Desalination Concentrate Fellowship and the Texas Desalination Association’s Ed Archuleta Desalter Scholarship. Additionally, the research that led to this dissertation was supported by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation’s Desalination and Water Purification Research Program (grant R10AP81212), Veolia Water Technologies, Desalitech, the Texas Emerging Technology Fund, NSF Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (ERC-1449500), and Development Alternatives, Inc. (CDl-G-003, CDI-G-012) with funds from the US Agency for International Development. Piloting and research take a lot of teamwork and support. I would like to thank all of the students, past and present, that have worked long hours with me in the field or in the laboratory. I especially want to thank Dr. Noe Ortega, Dr. Guillermo Delgado, Dr. Isaac Campos, Osvaldo Broesicke, Jesse Valles, Oluwaseye Owoseni, Shahrouz Jafarzade Ghadimi, Clara Borrego, Evelyn Rios, Denise Garcia, Melodie Armendariz, Ana Hernandez for supporting this researching by analyzing water samples, operating equipment, and performing experiments in support of this effort. Additionally, the El Paso Water has provided assistance with piloting at its Kay Bailey Hutchison Desalination Plant. Art Ruiz and his staff have supported my research since I arrived at UTEP. Finally, the Randy Shaw and staff at the Brackish Groundwater National Desalination Research Facility provided excellent support of piloting activities and their assistance was essential to the piloting success. "I Can Do Things You Cannot, You Can Do Things I Cannot; Together We Can Do Great Things." – Mother Teresa vii General Abstract Increasing population and diminishing freshwater resources are leading to increased competition between users of freshwater, both in terms of surface water and groundwater. Desalination can augment the water supply, but conventional approaches like reverse osmosis are usually limited to 70-80% recovery. Inland brine disposal options are often limited, presenting significant technical and economic obstacles to implementing desalination technology. In comparison to conventional desalination technologies, high recovery desalination methods such as Zero Discharge Desalination (ZDD) offer substantially higher potable water yield (i.e., 95-98%) from brackish water. ZDD is a hybrid process that combines reverse osmosis (RO) or nanofiltration (NF) with electrodialysis metathesis (EDM). The goal of this research was to increase the sustainability of inland brackish desalination by improving the technical and economic feasibility of high recovery inland brackish desalination. The research objectives were to evaluate: 1) ZDD performance using different feed water chemistry to develop designs optimized for variations in water quality; 2) the performance tradeoffs in ZDD design on salinity removal, specific energy consumption, and hydraulic recovery; and, 3) the lifetime cost impacts of high recovery processes, as compared with conventional (low-recovery) treatment systems. This research includes three distinct chapters, each of which is intended to be a standalone document that was, or will be, submitted for publication in a journal article.
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