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Appalachia High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area Drug Market Analysis

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Appalachia High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area Drug Market Analysis ARCHIVED Product No. 2007-R0813-001 Appalachia High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area Drug Market Analysis June 2007 U.S. Department of Justice Preface recent law enforcement reporting, information This assessment provides a strategic overview of obtained through interviews with law enforcement the illicit drug situation in the Appalachia High and public health officials, and available statistical Intensity Drug Trafficking Area (HIDTA), highlight- data. The report is designed to provide policymak- ing significant trends and law enforcement concerns ers, resource planners, and law enforcement officials related to the trafficking and abuse of illicit drugs. with a focused discussion of key drug issues and The report was prepared through detailed analysis of developments facing the Appalachia HIDTA. PA IN OH IL MD OHIO LEWIS GILMER INDIANA KY WV VA MASON BRAXTON TN NC CABELL KAN AWH A WEST VIRGINIA SC LIN COLN MS AL GA WAYNE Area of BO ONE Appalachia KENTUCKY HIDTA LOGAN MINGO MAG- OFFIN LEE FLOYD MARIO N BR EATH ITT PIKE JACK- OWSLEY ROCK- MCDOWELL TAY L O R SO N KN OTT CASTLE PE RR CLAY Y AD AIR PULASKI LAU REL LESLIE WARREN VIRGINIA KN OX CUMBER- WAYNE HARLAN LAN D WHITLEY MONROE BELL CLINTON MCCREARY PICKETT HANCOCK MACON CLAY CLAIBORNE FENT- SC OTT CAMPBELL HAWKINS OVER- RESS JACKSON TON UNICOI AINGERHAMBLEN GR PU TN AM GREENE JEFFERSON KN OX WHITE CUMBERLAND COCKE SEVIER VAN NORTH CAROLINA BU REN TENNESSEE BLED - RHEA SO E GRUNDY SEQU - ATC HIE FRANKLIN MARIO N SOUTH CAROLINA HIDTA County ALABAMA GEORGIA Figure 1. Appalachia High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area. This assessment is an outgrowth of a partnership between the NDIC and HIDTA Program for preparation of annual assessments depicting drug trafficking trends and developments in HIDTA Program areas. The report has been vetted with the HIDTA, is limited in scope to HIDTA jurisdictional boundaries, and draws upon a wide variety of sources within those boundaries. This document may contain dated information. It has been made available to provide access to historical materials. ARCHIVED Appalachia High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area Drug Market Analysis Strategic Drug Threat Drug Trafficking Organizations, Developments Criminal Groups, and Gangs • Drug trafficking organizations (DTOs)1 in the DTOs are complex organizations with highly Appalachia HIDTA region are traveling to defined command-and-control structures that Atlanta more frequently to obtain multipound produce, transport, and/or distribute large quantities of cocaine, Mexican marijuana, and quantities of one or more illicit drugs. Mexican high-purity ice methamphetamine for Criminal groups operating in the United States distribution throughout the region. are numerous and range from small to moderately sized, loosely knit groups that distribute one or • Availability of Mexican black tar heroin is low more drugs at the retail and midlevels. but increasing in Tennessee and southeastern Gangs are defined by the National Alliance of Kentucky; law enforcement officials in these Gang Investigators’ Associations as groups or areas report that demand for Mexican black tar associations of three or more persons with a heroin is growing among middle- and upper- common identifying sign, symbol, or name, the income abusers. members of which individually or collectively engage in criminal activity that creates an • Tennessee cannabis cultivators are changing atmosphere of fear and intimidation. their cultivation process from one planting per year to two plantings with shortened growing cultivation and marijuana distribution in 68 coun- cycles in order to increase crop yields. ties located in Kentucky, Tennessee, and West Vir- ginia.2 (See Figure 1 on page 1.) Although • Cannabis cultivators in the region are harvest- marijuana is its primary focus, the Appalachia ing as many plants as practical, including mar- HIDTA responds to the threat posed by the illicit ginally mature plants, prior to the height of trafficking of other drugs to the region. eradication season to lower the risk of a com- plete crop seizure. The Appalachia HIDTA region has a combined • Drug-related violence poses a significant threat population of approximately 2.5 million; Knox- to West Virginia. Law enforcement officials ville, Tennessee, is the largest metropolitan area report escalating violence in the state as traffick- (population 173,890). Most residents of the region ers, particularly crack dealers, compete for drug are Caucasian (94%), followed by African Ameri- territories. This increase in drug-related vio- can (4%), and Hispanic, Asian, and other races lence has also been attributed by law enforce- (2%). The number of Hispanics residing in the Appalachia HIDTA region tripled from 9,178 in ment officials to the rising availability and 1990 to 27,454 in 2000 (the year for which the abuse of methamphetamine, crack cocaine, and latest data are available). According to Appalachia pharmaceutical drugs. HIDTA sources, this increase is largely due to illegal immigrants who came to the area seeking HIDTA Overview employment in the agricultural, construction, min- The Appalachia HIDTA was established in ing, and poultry-processing industries. 1998 to address the threat posed by cannabis 1. Some law enforcement officials in the Appalachia High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area (HIDTA) region refer to drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) operating in the area as criminal groups or traffickers. 2. The Appalachia HIDTA is composed of the following counties: (Kentucky) Adair, Bell, Breathitt, Clay, Clinton, Cumberland, Floyd, Harlan, Jackson, Knott, Knox, Laurel, Lee, Leslie, Magoffin, Marion, McCreary, Monroe, Owsley, Perry, Pike, Pulaski, Rockcastle, Taylor, Warren, Wayne, and Whitley; (Tennessee) Bledsoe, Campbell, Claiborne, Clay, Cooke, Cumberland, Fentress, Franklin, Grainger, Greene, Grundy, Hamblen, Hancock, Hawkins, Jackson, Jefferson, Knox, Macon, Marion, Overton, Pickett, Putnam, Rhea, Scott, Sequatchie, Sevier, Unicoi, Van Buren, and White; (West Virginia) Boone, Braxton, Cabell, Gilmer, Kanawha, Lewis, Lincoln, Logan, Mason, McDowell, Mingo, and Wayne. 2 This document may contain dated information. It has been made available to provide access to historical materials. ARCHIVED National Drug Intelligence Center The Appalachia region is one of two primary West Virginia—that consistently sustain high lev- outdoor cannabis cultivation regions in the United els of outdoor cannabis cultivation. Most of the States; the other is the Western region.3 The Appa- marijuana produced in the region remains and is lachia region consistently sustains high levels of abused within the region; some is transported to outdoor cannabis cultivation because of its favor- markets outside the HIDTA4. The frequency of able climate and rich soil. As a result, Caucasian these shipments is largely unknown and remains an DTOs and independent growers have established intelligence gap. long-standing growing operations. A relatively high poverty rate in these areas contributes to a cul- Methamphetamine production, distribution, and tural acceptance of cannabis cultivation and other abuse also pose formidable drug threats to the illicit activity by many local residents. In some region. Powder methamphetamine is produced Appalachian counties, more than 30 percent of the locally in small clandestine laboratories in quantities population lives in poverty, and in impoverished sufficient to support only personal use and limited communities some residents regard marijuana pro- distribution by laboratory operators. However, the duction as a necessary means of supplementing number of such laboratories has decreased, as evi- low incomes. In these communities cannabis culti- denced by declining laboratory seizures from 2004 vation is often a multigenerational trade, since to 2006. Mexican DTOs, based primarily in Atlanta, young family members are introduced to the trade are supplanting declining local production with by older members who have produced the drug for increasing quantities of higher-purity ice metham- many years. phetamine produced in Mexico. The higher purity of Mexican ice methamphetamine has drawn more Knoxville is the primary metropolitan drug abusers from all demographic categories, including market in the Appalachia HIDTA region. DTOs in teenagers and young adults active in the club scene. Knoxville, primarily Mexican DTOs, supply wholesale quantities of powder cocaine, Mexican The trafficking and abuse of diverted pharma- marijuana, and high-purity ice methamphetamine ceuticals and cocaine, particularly crack, are wide- to midlevel and retail-level traffickers for local dis- spread and represent considerable drug threats, tribution. Mexican traffickers also distribute these while heroin and other dangerous drugs (ODDs) drugs as well as crack cocaine and Mexican black represent low threats to the Appalachia HIDTA tar heroin at the retail level. These traffickers region. Diverted pharmaceuticals such as hydroc- obtain most of the illicit drugs that they distribute odone, methadone, and oxycodone as well as ben- from Mexican DTOs based in Atlanta, Georgia. In zodiazepines, including diazepam and alprazolam, fact, law enforcement officials report that Atlanta are the most frequently diverted pharmaceutical has emerged as a key distribution center for illicit drugs. Caucasian adolescents and adults are the pri- drugs available throughout much of the Appalachia mary abusers of diverted pharmaceuticals, enticed HIDTA region. in part by the ease with which they can obtain
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