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February 2021: Extreme Cold, Snow, and Ice in the South Central U.S
NASA/NOAA NASA/NOAA FEBRUARY 2021: EXTREME COLD,SNOW, AND ICE IN THE SOUTH CENTRAL U.S. APRIL 2021 | DARRIAN BERTRAND AND SIMONE SPEIZER SUGGESTED CITATION Bertrand, D. and S. Speizer, 2021: February 2021: Extreme Cold, Snow, and Ice in the South Central U.S. Southern Climate Impacts Planning Program, 30 pp. http://www.southernclimate.org/documents/Feb2021ExtremeCold.pdf. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 2 6 INTRODUCTION WEATHER RECORDS & PATTERN CLIMATOLOGY 15 19 ENERGY WATER 10 15 19 20 HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE COMPARISON IMPACTS TO HISTORIC 21 22 EVENTS ECONOMY ENVIRONMENT 23 SOCIETY 24 25 26 LOCAL HAZARD SUMMARY REFERENCES MITIGATION SUCCESSES PAGE | 01 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION February 2021’s weather was a wild ride for many across the U.S. Many records were broken from a strong arctic blast of cold air that extended south of the Mexico border, and wintry precipitation covered much of the country. While the extent of the winter storm traversed coast to coast, this summary will cover the Southern Climate Impacts Planning Program (SCIPP) region of Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana (Fig. 1). We'll be diving into the weather pattern, records, the Figure 1. SCIPP Region context of this event relative to climatology, past historic events, impacts, and hazard mitigation successes. EVENTHIGHLIGHTS Extreme Cold Temperature and Snow: Nearly 3,000 long-term temperature records were broken/tied in February in the SCIPP region. All 120 OK Mesonet stations were below 0°F at the same time for the first time. Some areas were below freezing for nearly 2 weeks. This was the coldest event in the region in over 30 years. -
Coastal Hazards Primers
Coastal Hazards Primers Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................. 2 Flooding .................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Flood Mapping .................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Flood Management ........................................................................................................................................................... 2 Flood Mitigation .................................................................................................................................................................. 2 Flood Response and Recovery ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Wind ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Background ........................................................................................................................................................................ -
February 2021 Historical Winter Storm Event South-Central Texas
Austin/San Antonio Weather Forecast Office WEATHER EVENT SUMMARY February 2021 Historical Winter Storm Event South-Central Texas 10-18 February 2021 A Snow-Covered Texas. GeoColor satellite image from the morning of 15 February, 2021. February 2021 South Central Texas Historical Winter Storm Event South-Central Texas Winter Storm Event February 10-18, 2021 Event Summary Overview An unprecedented and historical eight-day period of winter weather occurred between 10 February and 18 February across South-Central Texas. The first push of arctic air arrived in the area on 10 February, with the cold air dropping temperatures into the 20s and 30s across most of the area. The first of several frozen precipitation events occurred on the morning of 11 February where up to 0.75 inches of freezing rain accumulated on surfaces in Llano and Burnet Counties and 0.25-0.50 inches of freezing rain accumulated across the Austin metropolitan area with lesser amounts in portions of the Hill Country and New Braunfels area. For several days, the cold air mass remained in place across South-Central Texas, but a much colder air mass remained stationary across the Northern Plains. This record-breaking arctic air was able to finally move south into the region late on 14 February and into 15 February as a strong upper level low-pressure system moved through the Southern Plains. As this system moved through the region, snow began to fall and temperatures quickly fell into the single digits and teens. Most areas of South-Central Texas picked up at least an inch of snow with the highest amounts seen from Del Rio and Eagle Pass extending to the northeast into the Austin and San Antonio areas. -
Worldwide Marine Radiofacsimile Broadcast Schedules
WORLDWIDE MARINE RADIOFACSIMILE BROADCAST SCHEDULES U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL OCEANIC and ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE January 14, 2021 INTRODUCTION Ships....The U.S. Voluntary Observing Ship (VOS) program needs your help! If your ship is not participating in this worthwhile international program, we urge you to join. Remember, the meteorological agencies that do the weather forecasting cannot help you without input from you. ONLY YOU KNOW THE WEATHER AT YOUR POSITION!! Please report the weather at 0000, 0600, 1200, and 1800 UTC as explained in the National Weather Service Observing Handbook No. 1 for Marine Surface Weather Observations. Within 300 nm of a named hurricane, typhoon or tropical storm, or within 200 nm of U.S. or Canadian waters, also report the weather at 0300, 0900, 1500, and 2100 UTC. Your participation is greatly appreciated by all mariners. For assistance, contact a Port Meteorological Officer (PMO), who will come aboard your vessel and provide all the information you need to observe, code and transmit weather observations. This publication is made available via the Internet at: https://weather.gov/marine/media/rfax.pdf The following webpage contains information on the dissemination of U.S. National Weather Service marine products including radiofax, such as frequency and scheduling information as well as links to products. A listing of other recommended webpages may be found in the Appendix. https://weather.gov/marine This PDF file contains links to http pages and FTPMAIL commands. The links may not be compatible with all PDF readers and e-mail systems. The Internet is not part of the National Weather Service's operational data stream and should never be relied upon as a means to obtain the latest forecast and warning data. -
How to Prepare for a Winter Storm
Hurricane Safety Tips The 2015 hurricane season will be one of the quietest seasons since the mid 20th century, according to Dr. Phillip J. Klotzbach, leader of tropical forecasting, from Colorado State University. The numbers: 7 named storms, 3 hurricanes, and 1 major hurricane (category 3 or higher). It appears quite likely that an El Nino of at least moderate strength will develop this summer and fall. The tropical and subtropical Atlantic is quite cool at present. He anticipates a below-average probability for major hurricanes making landfall along the United States coastline and in the Caribbean. Despite the forecast for below- average activity, coastal residents are reminded that it only takes one hurricane making landfall to make it an active season for them. People should prepare the same for every season, regardless of how much activity is predicted. Even though a below-average season is expected, it is worth noting that Hurricane Andrew, a category 5 storm that devastated Florida in 1992, occurred in an inconsequential year with only 7 storms for the season. For your information, a tropical storm has sustained winds of 39 mph; it becomes a hurricane when its winds reach 74 mph. The Atlantic hurricane season starts June 1and lasts until November 30. The following names will be used for named storms that form in the Atlantic Ocean in 2015. The first name to be used this season is Ana, followed by Bill, Claudette, Erika, Fred, Grace, Henri, Ida, Joaquin, Kate, Larry, Mindy, Nicholas, Odette, Peter, Rose, Sam, Teresa, Victor, and Wanda. What is a hurricane? A hurricane is a type of tropical cyclone, the general term for all circulating weather systems over tropical waters. -
NOAA- Weather-Radio-Publication.Pub
NOAA Weather Radios Can Be Found at Numerous Electronic or Big BoxStores Such As: Walmart Best Buy Target Radio Shack Home Depot Lowes Make sure they are SAME compatible! Online Services Available At: www.CharlotteCountyFL.gov Be The First To Know When Severe Weather is Coming Your Way! Charlotte County Board of County Commissioners Emergency Management 26571 Airport Road Punta Gorda, FL 33982 Phone: 941-833-4000 Fax: 941-833-4081 Email: [email protected] Distributed by Charlotte County Government Today, there are more than 1,000 transmitters across NOAA Weather Radio for Charlotte County operates on the country. Daily forecasts, marine weather, special frequencies 162.475 & 162.400 MHz. You will need a weather statements and life saving warnings are seven channel SAME capable radio. Older three- available whenever you need them. Using channel radios will not receive the signal properly and inexpensive home receivers, you can receive will not decode the SAME signal! The Charlotte emergency weather alerts County alert code is: and other non-weather 012015 emergency information directed to Charlotte County The information broadcast locally residents even in the middle comes directly from the National of the night when your Weather Service office in Ruskin, television and entertainment and is specifically tailored for radios are off. All it takes is Charlotte County and Charlotte a radio, which can decode Harbor. Local forecasts, boating Specific Area Message information for the Gulf of Mexico, Encoded, or SAME bulletins. tropical weather information, Be sure your new weather radio is SAME capable. hazardous weather updates, watches and warnings, and even a weekly test of your Consumer electronics stores offer SAME capable radio will keep you up to date and ready to receive any radios for under $50.00. -
The Winter Season December 1, 1982-February 28, 1983
CONTINENTAL SURVEY The Winter Season December 1, 1982--February 28, 1983 Abbreviations frequently used in Regional Reports ad.: adult, Am.: American, c.: central, C: Celsius, CBC: Reservoir, not Reservation,R.: River, S.P.: State Park, sp.: Christmas Bird Count, Cr.: Creek, Com.: Common, Co.: species,spp.: speciesplural, ssp.: subspecies,Twp.: Town- County, Cos.: Counties,et al.: and others,E.: Eastern(bird ship, W.: Western(bird name), W.M.A.: Wildlife Manage- name),Eur.: European,Eurasian, F: Fahrenheit,fide:reported ment Area, v.o.: various observers, N,S,W,E,: direction of by, F.&W.S.: Fish& Wildlife Service,Ft.: Fort, imm.: imma- motion, n., s., w., e.,: direction of location, >: more than, <: ture, 1.: lsland,Is.: Islands,Isles, Jct.: Junction,juv.: juvenile, fewerthan, +: approximately,or estimatednumber, c•: male, L.: Lake, m.ob.: manyobservers, Mt.: Mountain, Mts.: Moun- q?:female, 0: imm.or female,*: specimen,ph.: photographed, tains, N.F.: National Forest, N.M.: National Monument, ?: documented,ft: feet, mi: miles, m: meters,kin: kilometers, N.P.: National Park, N.W.R.: Nat'l Wildlife Refuge, N.: date with a + (e.g., Mar. 4+): recordedbeyond that date. Northern(bird name), Par.: Parish,Pen.: Peninsula,P.P.: Pro- Editorsmay also abbreviateoften-cited locations or organiza- vincial Park, Pt.: Point, not Port, Ref.: Refuge, Res.: tions. NORTHEASTERN MARITIME REGION /Richard S. Heil This wasthe year that winter largely passed us by in the Northeast. Decemberand early Januaryaveraged exceptionally mild and bare groundand open water were the rolerather than the exceptions.As a result,waterfowl and gullslingered in the northand inlandin good numbers,while passerinesapparently remained widely dispersed throughoutthe Region, rotbet than concentrating at feeders or in shel- teredthickets. -
ESSENTIALS of METEOROLOGY (7Th Ed.) GLOSSARY
ESSENTIALS OF METEOROLOGY (7th ed.) GLOSSARY Chapter 1 Aerosols Tiny suspended solid particles (dust, smoke, etc.) or liquid droplets that enter the atmosphere from either natural or human (anthropogenic) sources, such as the burning of fossil fuels. Sulfur-containing fossil fuels, such as coal, produce sulfate aerosols. Air density The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume occupied by it. Air density is usually expressed as g/cm3 or kg/m3. Also See Density. Air pressure The pressure exerted by the mass of air above a given point, usually expressed in millibars (mb), inches of (atmospheric mercury (Hg) or in hectopascals (hPa). pressure) Atmosphere The envelope of gases that surround a planet and are held to it by the planet's gravitational attraction. The earth's atmosphere is mainly nitrogen and oxygen. Carbon dioxide (CO2) A colorless, odorless gas whose concentration is about 0.039 percent (390 ppm) in a volume of air near sea level. It is a selective absorber of infrared radiation and, consequently, it is important in the earth's atmospheric greenhouse effect. Solid CO2 is called dry ice. Climate The accumulation of daily and seasonal weather events over a long period of time. Front The transition zone between two distinct air masses. Hurricane A tropical cyclone having winds in excess of 64 knots (74 mi/hr). Ionosphere An electrified region of the upper atmosphere where fairly large concentrations of ions and free electrons exist. Lapse rate The rate at which an atmospheric variable (usually temperature) decreases with height. (See Environmental lapse rate.) Mesosphere The atmospheric layer between the stratosphere and the thermosphere. -
Common Solutions to NOAA Weather Radio Problems (FAQ)
Common Solutions to NOAA Weather Radio Problems (FAQ) Symptom Cause & Remedy 1…Not picking up any broadcast signal 1…Radio transmitter isn’t working (hit by lightning or ice storm) or is down for some maintenance. 2…NWR not receiving signal. Hills, buildings and some double- and triple-pane windows can partially or totally block signal. Put radio next to window above ground level. Install an exterior antenna kit on your building’s roof, or patio deck, or in the attic, and run cable into your weather radio. Make sure radio is receiving electrical power and/or battery is properly inserted and works. Operate radio in battery-only mode and then move it around room or in a different room for a stronger signal “hot spot.” Last resort – purchase a new weather radio. 2…Weak signal – can barely hear 1…Transmitter may be temporarily operating at lower broadcast, power. Switch to another frequency (channel). 2… NWR not receiving signal. Hills and thick or you hear a lot crackle or hiss buildings block signal. (especially during pauses between Put radio next to window above ground level. words). Install an exterior antenna kit on your building’s roof, or patio deck, or in the attic, and run cable into your weather radio. Make sure radio is receiving electrical power and/or battery is properly inserted and works. Operate radio in battery-only mode and then move it around room or in a different room for a stronger signal “hot spot.” Adjust angle of whip antenna from vertical to 45 degree to near horizontal. -
Programming NOAA Weather Radio
Why Do I Need a NOAA Weather Radio? ⦿ NOAA Weather Radio is an "All Hazards" radio network, making it your single source for comprehensive weather and emergency information. ⦿ One of the quickest and most reliable way to get life saving weather and emergency alerts from government and public safety officials. ⦿ NWR is provided as a public service by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), part of the Department of Commerce. What Features Do Weather Radios Have? ⦿ Tone alarm ⦿ S.A.M.E. Technology ⦿ Selectable alerting of events ⦿ Battery backup ● In the event of a power outage the radio will still work with the batteries ⦿ External antenna jack ⦿ Can be hooked up to attention getting devices ● Strobe lights, pagers, bed shakers, computers, text printers Where Should They Be Kept? ⦿ Near a window in a home or office. ● Receive better reception ⦿ It is a good idea to keep one with sports equipment for emergency alerts. ⦿ Everyone should take one with them while outdoors (boating, camping) or traveling. Getting to Know Your NWR 3 4 1. Programming Buttons 2 2. Select 2 5 3. Menu 1 1 4. Warning Light-Red 6 5. Watch Light- Orange 6. Advisory Light- Yellow 7 7. Weather Radio On/Off Switch 8 8. Volume Up/Down 9 9. Weather/Snooze Button Getting to Know Your NWR: Display Icons 1. Low Battery 3 4 5 Indicator 2 6 1 7 2. Menu Indicator 3. Weather Radio On Indicator 4. Warning Tone Alert 5. Voice Alert 6. Clock Alarm 7. Volume Level Bars 8 8. Alphanumeric Starting Your NWR 1. -
Winter Weather Terminology
Winter Weather Terminology Watch is issued when the risk of a hazardous winter weather event has increased, but its occurrence, location, and/or timing is still uncertain. Warning or Advisory is issued when a hazardous winter weather event is occurring, is imminent, or has a high probability of occurrence. A warning is used when there is a threat to life or property. An advisory is for less serious conditions that cause inconvenience, and, if caution is not used, could lead to situations that may threaten life or property. Snow criteria for a warning is 6 inches or more in 12 hours or less, OR, 8 inches or more in 24 hours or less. Snow criteria for an advisory is 3 to 5 inches. Winter Storm Warnings and Winter Weather Advisories may be issued for a combination of elements like snow coupled with wind and blowing snow, or snow coupled with sleet and freezing rain. Sleet is pellets of ice. Sleet bounces when it hits the ground. Freezing Rain is rain that freezes when it hits the ground or objects on the ground. It forms a sheet or glaze of ice. Ice Storm is used to describe occasions when the ice from freezing rain is significant enough (1/4 inch thick or more) to cause damage. Blizzard is a storm with winds of 35 mph or higher AND visibility frequently below 1/4 mile in snow and/or blowing snow AND these conditions last three (3) hours or longer. There is no set temperature requirement for a blizzard. Wind Chill is that part of the cooling of a human body caused by moving air. -
NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards in Georgia
How to Buy a NOAA Weather Radio he best way to survive an NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards emergency is to know when it’s NOAA Weather Radio receivers come in many coming so you can take sizes and have a variety of different features. A Tappropriate action. A National Oceanic In Georgia good receiver should be able to operate on and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) batteries when electrical service is interrupted. Look Weather Radio is the optimal way to for radios with an AC adapter and battery hear Watches and Warnings from the compartment. National Weather Service (NWS), even if they are issued in the middle of the Make sure the radio is tunable or adjustable to all night. NOAA Weather Radios are seven NOAA Weather Radio frequencies. In recommended as standard equipment addition, we suggest that you select a model with a in every home and public gathering a NWR SAME receiver, which will allow you to place. program the Georgia counties of your choice. Those who own older weather radios may also What is want to consider upgrading to a SAME model. The NOAA Weather Radio? 6-digit SAME code numbers are featured in the Working in conjunction with the Federal county table inside this brochure. Communication Commission’s Emergency Alert System, NOAA NOAA Weather Radio receivers range in price from Weather Radio is the single source for $35 to more than $100, depending on the quality of the most comprehensive weather and the receiver and number of features, and can be emergency information available to the purchased in any electronics store.