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The Effects of Armed Conflict on Drinking Water Systems a Case Study from Jenin, Palestine

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The Effects of Armed Conflict on Drinking Water Systems a Case Study from Jenin, Palestine Israel’s Hydro hegemony 1900-1967 1967-1993 1993-2000 2000- 2005 21-22 May, London Negotiations Support Unit Dr. Shaddad Attili Period 1900-1967 Hegemony over the Jordan River Basin • British Mandate • Partition of Palestine • Johnston Plan • 1967 War Period 1900-1967 Hegemony over all water resources • British mandate • Independence and Nakbah • Jordan River hegemony • Johnston plan • NWC British Mandate commences ▪Change of the northern borders of Palestine, through which the Zionist movement was given potential access to the Jordan River headwaters 1922 ▪Agreement reached between the Zionists and the - British Authority regarding water resources 1948 ▪70 year concession to the Rutenberg Co. to exploit the Jordan and Yarmouk Rivers and generate electricity ▪Concessions to Jewish companies to exploit the inland rivers of Palestine and drain Lake Huleh ▪Discussion w▪Drainageith Israel of Hulehon theLake agreement. ▪The Arab leadersJohnston gathered reassures▪Proposed in Cairo Isra constructionel toabout issue of i ttwos maia da finalmns on communique.concern, The National thethe nature Bani Wateras ofand the Dan neutralCarrier Rivers authority was which would▪Proposed be estab constructionlished to oversee of the Maqa therin considered an aggressive daplanm on tothe divertYarmouk theRiver course of the River Jordan,allocations endangering of▪Proposed water the construction riparian of arights diversion of ▪14 March: Meetingdam near Addasiya between Assistant Arab League 1954 the Arab nations.▪TheSecretaryArab Tennessee The Israelis of Valley▪ ProposedState completedAllenAuthori dam andconstructy draftedAmbassador thetion attheproject the outlet Plan ▪In retaliation forEban"Unified Israeliof Is Development raprojectsofel. Lake Eban Tiberias thereports of theArabsto incr Water thatease vowedAllen storage to Main 1953 USA Resourcesthreatened of ttoh▪Wate w Jordaniethholdr usage Valley foraid irriga from Region“tion Is ofra Arabel if ltheands Plandraw water from the Banias in Syria and send the Israelis did notand generatcome itong termselectric wal ipowerth Johnston water east through Syria ▪andObject Jordanion to Israel to transferring the south Jord ofan ▪June: IsraelRiver agrees flows to outside the basic the Jordan elements Basin of Lake Tiberias.the They Johnston began▪All Plan riparian construction, states have the but right the to Israelis destroyed▪August: their Johnston irrigateequipment their returns land by inside to artilleryMiddle their borders East fi for Ten ▪The concept oftalk a sdam with representaon▪Com theprehensive Yarmouktives planfrom foRiver rthe all waterAr abwas 19561964 Year IsraeliJune 1967States War;resources UN in the Basin 1954 Cotton Plan Israeli 1967Planreaffirmed at the▪August: First LebanonArab▪Irrigation Summit exp ofresses 260,000 in concern dunumCairo,s over and again at subsequentSecurityallocation summits. Council of▪ Includedthe HasbaniConstruction Li tani fRiverlows begun on ▪Drainage of Huleh Lake Resola lower▪August:ution dam Jordan▪ Master at242 Mukheiba states plan for tha thet it development would accept of th ethe Israeli Johnston▪Northern proposalsJordan Galilee Valley on schemes economic grounds Seven▪Baker-HarzaIsrael Israel laid claim to ▪theJordan River▪Based Vall eyonDan, thesch usee mesa ofreservoir, the lateral vall andey 19531955 givenJordan certain modifications, but that a political Year allPlan thei springsdecision in the▪Western wareaouldflows Galilee (thehave and aboutheadwatersto schemes be 155 taken MCM by fromof a the the Plan ▪Asubcommiuja Jordan(Yarkontteeupper) -River) Wofe JordanArabstern Nestatesto devegev lopschem the Jordane ▪Auja (Yarkon)-EasternValley Negev scheme ▪Syria claimed ▪severalOctober: of Johnston the springs Plan fai andls to part win approvalof the by▪ Basedthe Arab initially▪ League19 February: on the MainPrelim Planinary understanding concerning major elements of the Johnstonreservoir, and▪ Proposed▪pointedDiversion construction out point that for thethe of a Nationalroad dam onIsrael theWater had Plan proposed plan with Jordan, Lebanon, 1953 JohnstonUSA Plan Carrier shifted to Eshed Kinort at the 1955 (commenbuilt to patrol HasbanitheUSA areaRiver intrudedSyria to ir andrigate Egypt.on Galilee Syrian Tentat landsive territory agreement (final) northwest corner of Lake Tiberias cement) reached on a 300 MCM dam at Maqarin ▪Allegedly designedon the Yar inmouk accoRiverrdance and diversion with Is raat el's water allocationAddasiya. in the Johnston Plan Period 1967-1995 Water Resources- Hegemony over all water resources • Over control of water resources of WB & GS • Military Orders • Israel Envision to Lebanon • Syria & Jordan cooperation • DOP • Jordan Israel Treaty • Oslo Agreement and article 40 1967-1968: Military Orders on Water: 92; 158,291 MO 92 -15 AUGUST 1967 ORDER CONCERNING JURISDICTION OVER WATER REGULATIONS MO 158-19 NOVEMBER 1967 ORDER CONCERNING AMENDMENT TO SUPERVISION OF WATER LAW MO 291-19 DECEMBER 1968 ORDER CONCERNING SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES OVER LAND AND WATER Israel Hydrohgemony Israeli wells are deep while Palestinian wells are shallow Mining , trapping, diverting …. Period 1995-2005 Water Resources- Hegemony over all water resources • Oslo Agreement and article 40 • Article 40 Status que + • Per Capita consumption • Final Status Negotiation • Road Map • Wall • RSDSC Israel’s Control & Water Rights h Israel’s control over 85% of all available water resources leaves Palestinians with four times less water per capita than Israel. h Palestinians are denied all access to the Jordan River to the east, and to most productive zones in the Western Aquifer Basin to the west. h In Gaza, the quality of water is disastrously low and must be addressed. Israeli Well Israeli Reservoir Israeli Water Pipe Water Well Field Israeli Settlement Settlement Area Wall Route (Feb. 05) Article 40 , The Interim Allocation and the Additional Quantity- West Bank Palestinian “Oslo II allocation” from the aquifers in the West Bank and actual Palestinian use. Oslo II Article 40 Eastern Aquifer North-eastern Western All data as MCM/yr. Aquifer Aquifer Total 64 (+ 78)* 42 22 128 (+78) * Eastern Aquifer or other agreed resources •Only one third of the additional amount has been made available during the interim period by drilling new wells. •Palestinians have not been allowed to drill in the Western Aquifer Basin. •Most wastewater projects have been denied approval •Palestinians have been accused of a polluting the aquifers •No comprehensive dispute mechanism exist in the JWC •Donors are aware of the PWA efforts. and obstacles faced, and are providing important role of assistance Institutionalized the occupation! Source: modified after PWA * Occupi Data for themi ed Palesti n ian Territory d-1980s arefrom the 150 3.7 16 87 68 …Further deteriorationofPalestine’s position Palestinian per Capita water The InterimAgreement:Before andAfter: availability m3/year Unit 100 150 50 ed Nat 1980’s UN i ons Agreement Before the study r e por t of 1992, enti tled W a t e r Resour ces of t he 1996-2004 And after … Camp David The Wall The Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory 10% of West Bank outside the Wall 242,000 Palestinians (10%) isolated outside 28% in the Jordanthe Wall. Vally SettlementTotal284,000 Length ‘Jurisdiction Palestinians of the Wall Areas’ (12%)570 separated from 210 kmtheir Built lands. and 360 km Planned 54% of West Bank remaining for the Palestinians Conclusion • ,,,,,, .
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