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The Removal of Perchlorate from Waters Using Ion-Exchange Resins

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The Removal of Perchlorate from Waters Using Ion-Exchange Resins UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations 1-1-2000 The removal of perchlorate from waters using ion-exchange resins Adriano Rosa Vieira University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/rtds Repository Citation Vieira, Adriano Rosa, "The removal of perchlorate from waters using ion-exchange resins" (2000). UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations. 1175. http://dx.doi.org/10.25669/j385-oza3 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to t>e removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, t)eginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have t)een reproduced xerographically in this copy Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMI’ Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE REMOVAL OF PERCHLORATE FROM WATERS USING ION-EXCHANGE RESINS by Adriano Rosa Vieira Bachelor of Science Federal University of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais - Brazil 1996 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science in Engineering Degree Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Howard R. Hughes College of Engineering The Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas August 2000 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number. 1401771 UMI UMI Microform 1401771 Copyright 2001 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Thesis Approval UNTV The Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas May 10, The Thesis prepared by Adriano Vieira Entitled The Removal of Perchlorate from Waters by Ion-Exchange Resins is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Civil and Environmental Engineering V . â - c J c J M Examination Committee Chair Graduate College Examivatiorh Committée Member Examination Committee Member Examinat^H^ Commitjee Member pradjMte■ - uollege jfm Faculty Remesentmve PR/1017-53/1-00 u Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT The Removal Of Perchlorate From Waters Using Ion-Exchange Resins by Adriano Rosa Vieira Dr. Jacimaria Ramos Batista, Examination Committee Chair Assistant Professor of Environmental Engineering University of Nevada, Las Vegas This thesis investigates the feasibility of using several types of ion-exchange resins to remove perchlorate from waters. The capability of the resins to remove perchlorate, as well as their regeneration efficiency, were evaluated using both synthetic solutions and perchlorate-contaminated water from the Las Vegas Valley. For synthetic solutions, styrenic strong base resins showed high perchlorate removal efficiency but regeneration efficiency was low. Acrylic strong-base resins showed satisfactory perchlorate removal, but they regenerate better than the styrenic counterpart. Acrylic weak base resin showed satisfactory perchlorate removal efficiency and very high regeneration efficiency when regenerated with NaCl or caustic solutions. High concentrations of humic substances and sulfate, present in the perchlorate-contaminated groundwater, significantly affected perchlorate removal by the majority of the resins tested. Despite the affinity of the tested resins for sulfate, perchlorate was removed from the water by pushing sulfate out of the resin. Ill Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................ vii LIST OF TABLES.....................................................................................................................x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER I STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM..............................................................I 1.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................1 1.2 Specific Objectives ............................................................................................3 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW...............................................................................4 2.1 Perchlorate ......................................................................................................... 4 2.1.1 Chemistry, Structure, and Properties of Perchlorate ion ................................5 2.1.2 Health Effects of Perchlorate ..........................................................................11 2.1.3 Occurrences of Perchlorate .............................................................................14 2.1.3.1 Natural Occurrences of Perchlorate ...............................................................21 2.1.4 Treatment Technologies ..................................................................................23 2.1.4.1 Chemical Processes ......................................................................................... 24 2.1.4.1.1 Chemical Reduction ........................................................................................ 24 2.1.4.1.2 Ozone-Peroxide ............................................................................................... 25 2.1.4.2 Biological and Biochemical Processes ......................................................... 25 2.1.4.3 Physical Processes .......................................................................................... 31 2.1.4.3.1 Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration .............................................................31 2.1.4.3.2 Ion-Exchange technology .............................................................................. 33 2.2 Ion-Exchange Materials ..................................................................................35 2.2.1 Synthetic Ion Exchange Resins ...................................................................... 36 2.2.1.1 Composition and Formation of lon-Exchangers ...........................................37 2.2.1.2 Physical Properties ..........................................................................................43 2.2.1.3 Chemical Properties ........................................................................................45 2.2.1.4 General Structure............................................................................................47 2.2.1.5 Functional Groups of Some Strong- and Weak-Base Anionic Exchange Resins ............................................................................................50 2.2.1.6 Regeneration of Weak- and Strong-Base Anionic Exchange Resins.............................................................................................................. 53 2.2.1.7 Ion Selectivity ................................................................................................. 54 IV Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2.2. 1.8 Perchlorate Removal by Ion-Exchange .......................................................56 CHAPTER 3 EXPERIMENTAL
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