Validation of Heat Transfer Coefficients – Single Pipes with Different Surface
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Convection Heat Transfer
Convection Heat Transfer Heat transfer from a solid to the surrounding fluid Consider fluid motion Recall flow of water in a pipe Thermal Boundary Layer • A temperature profile similar to velocity profile. Temperature of pipe surface is kept constant. At the end of the thermal entry region, the boundary layer extends to the center of the pipe. Therefore, two boundary layers: hydrodynamic boundary layer and a thermal boundary layer. Analytical treatment is beyond the scope of this course. Instead we will use an empirical approach. Drawback of empirical approach: need to collect large amount of data. Reynolds Number: Nusselt Number: it is the dimensionless form of convective heat transfer coefficient. Consider a layer of fluid as shown If the fluid is stationary, then And Dividing Replacing l with a more general term for dimension, called the characteristic dimension, dc, we get hd N ≡ c Nu k Nusselt number is the enhancement in the rate of heat transfer caused by convection over the conduction mode. If NNu =1, then there is no improvement of heat transfer by convection over conduction. On the other hand, if NNu =10, then rate of convective heat transfer is 10 times the rate of heat transfer if the fluid was stagnant. Prandtl Number: It describes the thickness of the hydrodynamic boundary layer compared with the thermal boundary layer. It is the ratio between the molecular diffusivity of momentum to the molecular diffusivity of heat. kinematic viscosity υ N == Pr thermal diffusivity α μcp N = Pr k If NPr =1 then the thickness of the hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers will be the same. -
Command-Line Sound Editing Wednesday, December 7, 2016
21m.380 Music and Technology Recording Techniques & Audio Production Workshop: Command-line sound editing Wednesday, December 7, 2016 1 Student presentation (pa1) • 2 Subject evaluation 3 Group picture 4 Why edit sound on the command line? Figure 1. Graphical representation of sound • We are used to editing sound graphically. • But for many operations, we do not actually need to see the waveform! 4.1 Potential applications • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 of 11 21m.380 · Workshop: Command-line sound editing · Wed, 12/7/2016 4.2 Advantages • No visual belief system (what you hear is what you hear) • Faster (no need to load guis or waveforms) • Efficient batch-processing (applying editing sequence to multiple files) • Self-documenting (simply save an editing sequence to a script) • Imaginative (might give you different ideas of what’s possible) • Way cooler (let’s face it) © 4.3 Software packages On Debian-based gnu/Linux systems (e.g., Ubuntu), install any of the below packages via apt, e.g., sudo apt-get install mplayer. Program .deb package Function mplayer mplayer Play any media file Table 1. Command-line programs for sndfile-info sndfile-programs playing, converting, and editing me- Metadata retrieval dia files sndfile-convert sndfile-programs Bit depth conversion sndfile-resample samplerate-programs Resampling lame lame Mp3 encoder flac flac Flac encoder oggenc vorbis-tools Ogg Vorbis encoder ffmpeg ffmpeg Media conversion tool mencoder mencoder Media conversion tool sox sox Sound editor ecasound ecasound Sound editor 4.4 Real-world -
Sound-HOWTO.Pdf
The Linux Sound HOWTO Jeff Tranter [email protected] v1.22, 16 July 2001 Revision History Revision 1.22 2001−07−16 Revised by: jjt Relicensed under the GFDL. Revision 1.21 2001−05−11 Revised by: jjt This document describes sound support for Linux. It lists the supported sound hardware, describes how to configure the kernel drivers, and answers frequently asked questions. The intent is to bring new users up to speed more quickly and reduce the amount of traffic in the Usenet news groups and mailing lists. The Linux Sound HOWTO Table of Contents 1. Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................1 1.1. Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................................1 1.2. New versions of this document.........................................................................................................1 1.3. Feedback...........................................................................................................................................2 1.4. Distribution Policy............................................................................................................................2 2. Sound Card Technology.................................................................................................................................3 3. Supported Hardware......................................................................................................................................4 -
EMEP/MSC-W Model Unofficial User's Guide
EMEP/MSC-W Model Unofficial User’s Guide Release rv4_36 https://github.com/metno/emep-ctm Sep 09, 2021 Contents: 1 Welcome to EMEP 1 1.1 Licenses and Caveats...........................................1 1.2 Computer Information..........................................2 1.3 Getting Started..............................................2 1.4 Model code................................................3 2 Input files 5 2.1 NetCDF files...............................................7 2.2 ASCII files................................................ 12 3 Output files 17 3.1 Output parameters NetCDF files..................................... 18 3.2 Emission outputs............................................. 20 3.3 Add your own fields........................................... 20 3.4 ASCII outputs: sites and sondes..................................... 21 4 Setting the input parameters 23 4.1 config_emep.nml .......................................... 23 4.2 Base run................................................. 24 4.3 Source Receptor (SR) Runs....................................... 25 4.4 Separate hourly outputs......................................... 26 4.5 Using and combining gridded emissions................................. 26 4.6 Nesting.................................................. 27 4.7 config: Europe or Global?........................................ 31 4.8 New emission format........................................... 32 4.9 Masks................................................... 34 4.10 Other less used options......................................... -
RFP Response to Region 10 ESC
An NEC Solution for Region 10 ESC Building and School Security Products and Services RFP #EQ-111519-04 January 17, 2020 Submitted By: Submitted To: Lainey Gordon Ms. Sue Hayes Vertical Practice – State and Local Chief Financial Officer Government Region 10 ESC Enterprise Technology Services (ETS) 400 East Spring Valley Rd. NEC Corporation of America Richardson, TX 75081 Cell: 469-315-3258 Office: 214-262-3711 Email: [email protected] www.necam.com 1 DISCLAIMER NEC Corporation of America (“NEC”) appreciates the opportunity to provide our response to Education Service Center, Region 10 (“Region 10 ESC”) for Building and School Security Products and Services. While NEC realizes that, under certain circumstances, the information contained within our response may be subject to disclosure, NEC respectfully requests that all customer contact information and sales numbers provided herein be considered proprietary and confidential, and as such, not be released for public review. Please notify Lainey Gordon at 214-262-3711 promptly upon your organization’s intent to do otherwise. NEC requests the opportunity to negotiate the final terms and conditions of sale should NEC be selected as a vendor for this engagement. NEC Corporation of America 3929 W John Carpenter Freeway Irving, TX 75063 http://www.necam.com Copyright 2020 NEC is a registered trademark of NEC Corporation of America, Inc. 2 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................... -
Sox Examples
Signal Analysis Young Won Lim 2/17/18 Copyright (c) 2016 – 2018 Young W. Lim. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". Please send corrections (or suggestions) to [email protected]. This document was produced by using LibreOffice. Young Won Lim 2/17/18 Based on Signal Processing with Free Software : Practical Experiments F. Auger Audio Signal Young Won Lim Analysis (1A) 3 2/17/18 Sox Examples Audio Signal Young Won Lim Analysis (1A) 4 2/17/18 soxi soxi s1.mp3 soxi s1.mp3 > s1_info.txt Input File Channels Sample Rate Precision Duration File Siz Bit Rate Sample Encoding Audio Signal Young Won Lim Analysis (1A) 5 2/17/18 Generating signals using sox sox -n s1.mp3 synth 3.5 sine 440 sox -n s2.wav synth 90000s sine 660:1000 sox -n s3.mp3 synth 1:20 triangle 440 sox -n s4.mp3 synth 1:20 trapezium 440 sox -V4 -n s5.mp3 synth 6 square 440 0 0 40 sox -n s6.mp3 synth 5 noise Audio Signal Young Won Lim Analysis (1A) 6 2/17/18 stat Sox s1.mp3 -n stat Sox s1.mp3 -n stat > s1_info_stat.txt Samples read Length (seconds) Scaled by Maximum amplitude Minimum amplitude Midline amplitude Mean norm Mean amplitude RMS amplitude Maximum delta Minimum delta Mean delta RMS delta Rough frequency Volume adjustment Audio Signal Young Won -
Name Synopsis Description Options
SoXI(1) Sound eXchange SoXI(1) NAME SoXI − Sound eXchange Information, display sound file metadata SYNOPSIS soxi [−V[level]] [−T][−t|−r|−c|−s|−d|−D|−b|−B|−p|−e|−a] infile1 ... DESCRIPTION Displays information from the header of a givenaudio file or files. Supported audio file types are listed and described in soxformat(7). Note however, that soxi is intended for use only with audio files with a self- describing header. By default, as much information as is available is shown. An option may be giventoselect just a single piece of information (perhaps for use in a script or batch-file). OPTIONS −V Set verbosity.See sox(1) for details. −T Used with multiple files; changes the behaviour of −s, −d and −D to display the total across all givenfiles. Note that when used with −s with files with different sampling rates, this is of ques- tionable value. −t Showdetected file-type. −r Showsample-rate. −c Shownumber of channels. −s Shownumber of samples (0 if unavailable). −d Showduration in hours, minutes and seconds (0 if unavailable). Equivalent to number of samples divided by the sample-rate. −D Showduration in seconds (0 if unavailable). −b Shownumber of bits per sample (0 if not applicable). −B Showthe bitrate averaged overthe whole file (0 if unavailable). −p Showestimated sample precision in bits. −e Showthe name of the audio encoding. −a Showfile comments (annotations) if available. BUGS Please report anybugs found in this version of SoX to the mailing list ([email protected]). SEE ALSO sox(1), soxformat(7), libsox(3) The SoX web site at http://sox.sourceforge.net LICENSE Copyright 2008−2013 by Chris Bagwell and SoX Contributors. -
Heat Transfer Data
Appendix A HEAT TRANSFER DATA This appendix contains data for use with problems in the text. Data have been gathered from various primary sources and text compilations as listed in the references. Emphasis is on presentation of the data in a manner suitable for computerized database manipulation. Properties of solids at room temperature are provided in a common framework. Parameters can be compared directly. Upon entrance into a database program, data can be sorted, for example, by rank order of thermal conductivity. Gases, liquids, and liquid metals are treated in a common way. Attention is given to providing properties at common temperatures (although some materials are provided with more detail than others). In addition, where numbers are multiplied by a factor of a power of 10 for display (as with viscosity) that same power is used for all materials for ease of comparison. For gases, coefficients of expansion are taken as the reciprocal of absolute temper ature in degrees kelvin. For liquids, actual values are used. For liquid metals, the first temperature entry corresponds to the melting point. The reader should note that there can be considerable variation in properties for classes of materials, especially for commercial products that may vary in composition from vendor to vendor, and natural materials (e.g., soil) for which variation in composition is expected. In addition, the reader may note some variations in quoted properties of common materials in different compilations. Thus, at the time the reader enters into serious profes sional work, he or she may find it advantageous to verify that data used correspond to the specific materials being used and are up to date. -
Forced Convection Heat Transfer Convection Is the Mechanism of Heat Transfer Through a Fluid in the Presence of Bulk Fluid Motion
Forced Convection Heat Transfer Convection is the mechanism of heat transfer through a fluid in the presence of bulk fluid motion. Convection is classified as natural (or free) and forced convection depending on how the fluid motion is initiated. In natural convection, any fluid motion is caused by natural means such as the buoyancy effect, i.e. the rise of warmer fluid and fall the cooler fluid. Whereas in forced convection, the fluid is forced to flow over a surface or in a tube by external means such as a pump or fan. Mechanism of Forced Convection Convection heat transfer is complicated since it involves fluid motion as well as heat conduction. The fluid motion enhances heat transfer (the higher the velocity the higher the heat transfer rate). The rate of convection heat transfer is expressed by Newton’s law of cooling: q hT T W / m 2 conv s Qconv hATs T W The convective heat transfer coefficient h strongly depends on the fluid properties and roughness of the solid surface, and the type of the fluid flow (laminar or turbulent). V∞ V∞ T∞ Zero velocity Qconv at the surface. Qcond Solid hot surface, Ts Fig. 1: Forced convection. It is assumed that the velocity of the fluid is zero at the wall, this assumption is called no‐ slip condition. As a result, the heat transfer from the solid surface to the fluid layer adjacent to the surface is by pure conduction, since the fluid is motionless. Thus, M. Bahrami ENSC 388 (F09) Forced Convection Heat Transfer 1 T T k fluid y qconv qcond k fluid y0 2 y h W / m .K y0 T T s qconv hTs T The convection heat transfer coefficient, in general, varies along the flow direction. -
Name Synopsis Description
SoX(1) Sound eXchange SoX(1) NAME SoX − Sound eXchange, the Swiss Army knife of audio manipulation SYNOPSIS sox [global-options][format-options] infile1 [[format-options] infile2]... [format-options] outfile [effect [effect-options]] ... play [global-options][format-options] infile1 [[format-options] infile2]... [format-options] [effect [effect-options]] ... rec [global-options][format-options] outfile [effect [effect-options]] ... DESCRIPTION Introduction SoX reads and writes audio files in most popular formats and can optionally apply effects to them. It can combine multiple input sources, synthesise audio, and, on manysystems, act as a general purpose audio player or a multi-track audio recorder.Italso has limited ability to split the input into multiple output files. All SoX functionality is available using just the sox command. Tosimplify playing and recording audio, if SoX is invokedas play,the output file is automatically set to be the default sound device, and if invokedas rec,the default sound device is used as an input source. Additionally,the soxi(1) command provides a con- venient way to just query audio file header information. The heart of SoX is a library called libSoX. Those interested in extending SoX or using it in other pro- grams should refer to the libSoX manual page: libsox(3). SoX is a command-line audio processing tool, particularly suited to making quick, simple edits and to batch processing. If you need an interactive,graphical audio editor,use audacity(1). *** The overall SoX processing chain can be summarised as follows: Input(s) → Combiner → Effects → Output(s) Note however, that on the SoX command line, the positions of the Output(s) and the Effects are swapped w.r.t. -
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 7.8 Release Notes
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 7.8 Release Notes Release Notes for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.8 Last Updated: 2021-03-02 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 7.8 Release Notes Release Notes for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.8 Legal Notice Copyright © 2021 Red Hat, Inc. The text of and illustrations in this document are licensed by Red Hat under a Creative Commons Attribution–Share Alike 3.0 Unported license ("CC-BY-SA"). An explanation of CC-BY-SA is available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ . In accordance with CC-BY-SA, if you distribute this document or an adaptation of it, you must provide the URL for the original version. Red Hat, as the licensor of this document, waives the right to enforce, and agrees not to assert, Section 4d of CC-BY-SA to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law. Red Hat, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, the Shadowman logo, the Red Hat logo, JBoss, OpenShift, Fedora, the Infinity logo, and RHCE are trademarks of Red Hat, Inc., registered in the United States and other countries. Linux ® is the registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States and other countries. Java ® is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates. XFS ® is a trademark of Silicon Graphics International Corp. or its subsidiaries in the United States and/or other countries. MySQL ® is a registered trademark of MySQL AB in the United States, the European Union and other countries. Node.js ® is an official trademark of Joyent. Red Hat is not formally related to or endorsed by the official Joyent Node.js open source or commercial project. -
ANALYSIS of ZERO-LEVEL SAMPLE PADDING of VARIOUS MP3 CODECS by JOSH BERMAN B.S., University of Colorado, Denver, 2013 a Thesis S
ANALYSIS OF ZERO-LEVEL SAMPLE PADDING OF VARIOUS MP3 CODECS By JOSH BERMAN B.S., University of Colorado, Denver, 2013 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Colorado, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science Recording Arts 2015 © 2015 JOSH BERMAN ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii This thesis for the Master of Science Degree by Josh Berman has been approved by the Recording Arts Program By Lorne Bregitzer Jeff Smith Catalin Grigoras, Chair 11/20/2015 iii Berman, Josh (M.S. Recording Arts) Analysis of Zero-Level Sample Padding of Various MP3 Codecs Thesis directed by Assistant Professor Catalin Grigoras ABSTRACT As part of the MP3 compression process, the codec used will often pad the beginning and end of a file with “zero-level samples”, or silence. The number of zero-level samples (ZLS) varies by codec used, sample rate, and bit depth of the compression. Each re-compression of a file in the MP3 format will typically add more silence to the beginning and/or end of the file. By creating multiple generations of files using various audio editors/codecs, we hope to be able to determine the generation of MP3 compression of the files based solely off of the number of ZLS at the beginning and end of the file. The form and content of this abstract are approved. I recommend its publication. Approved: Catalin Grigoras iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I’d like to thank my family, first and foremost, for being so awesome and supportive throughout my education.