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Pre-Investigation and Accountability in India: Legal and Policy Roadblocks

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Pre-Investigation and Accountability in India: Legal and Policy Roadblocks Carsten Stahn (editors) Morten Bergsmo and Publication Series No. 32 (2018): Editors of this volume: Quality Control in Preliminary Examination: Volume 1 Morten Bergsmo is Director of the Cen- tre for International Law Research and Policy Morten Bergsmo and Carsten Stahn (editors) (CILRAP). This is the fi rst of two volumes entitled Quality Control in Preliminary Examination. They Carsten Stahn is Professor of International form part of a wider research project led by the Centre for International Law Re- Criminal Law and Global Justice at Leiden search and Policy (CILRAP) on how we ensure the highest quality and cost-effi ciency Law School, and Programme Director of the during the more fact-intensive phases of work on core international crimes. The Grotius Centre for International Legal Stud- 2013 volume Quality Control in Fact-Finding considers fact-fi nding outside the criminal ies in The Hague. justice system. An upcoming volume concerns quality control in criminal investiga- The Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher tions. The present volume deals with ‘preliminary examination’, the phase when crim- 1 Volume in Preliminary Examination: Quality Control (TOAEP) furthers the objective of excellence inal justice seeks to determine whether there is a reasonable basis to proceed to full in research, scholarship and education by pub- criminal investigation. The book does not specifi cally recommend that prosecutorial lishing worldwide in print and through the discretion in this phase should be further regulated, but that its exercise should be Internet. As a non-profi t publisher, it is fi rmly committed to open access publishing. more vigilantly assessed. It promotes an awareness and culture of quality control, including freedom and motivation to challenge the quality of work. TOAEP is named after late Professor Torkel Opsahl (1931–1993), a leading interna- Volumes 1 and 2 are organized in fi ve parts. The present volume covers ‘The Prac- tional and constitutional law expert in Europe tice of Preliminary Examination: Realities and Constraints’ and ‘Case Studies or Situa- in the period from the mid-1960s until his tion Analysis’, with chapters by the editors, Andrew T. Cayley, Runar Torgersen, Frank- untimely passing in 1993. He was one of the lin D. Rosenblatt, Abraham Joseph, Matthias Neuner, Matilde E. Gawronski, Amitis early pillars of the human rights systems of the Khojasteh, Marina Aksenova, Christian M. De Vos, Benson Chinedu Olugbuo, Iryna United Nations and the Council of Europe. Marchuk, Thomas Obel Hansen, Rachel Kerr, Sharon Weill, Nino Tsereteli and Ali Emrah Bozbayindir, in that order, and with forewords by LIU Daqun and Martin Sørby. ISBNs: 978-82-8348-106-8 (print) and 978-82-8348-107-5 (e-book). Quality Control in Preliminary Examination: Above: Painting of Professor Torkel Opsahl by Front cover: Pasquale Trento, with other ma- the Italian artist Roberto Caruso. Volume 1 sons, mounting a sculpture in Florence. Masons have a proud tradition of self-regulation and qual- Back cover: Section of the original lower-fl oor Morten Bergsmo and Carsten Stahn (editors) ity control in Florence. The guild of master stone- of the Basilica of Saints Cosmas and Damian in masons and wood-carvers – Arte dei Maestri di Rome which honours the memory of two broth- Pietra e Legname – was already listed in 1236 ers and physicians for the poor in Roman Syria. as one of the Intermediate Guilds. Ensuring rigor- Its mosaics and other stonework infl uenced the ous quality control through strict supervision of Florentine guild of masons referred to in the front- the workshops, the guild not only existed for more page caption, as its craftsmen and sponsors cre- than 500 years (until 1770, when several of its ated a culture of excellence through competition functions were assigned to the Florentine cham- and exacting quality control. ber of commerce), but it has contributed to the Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher outstanding quality of contemporary masonry in Photograph: © CILRAP 2018. E-mail: [email protected] Florence. URL: www.toaep.org Dust jacket designed by LIAO Wan-Ting. Photograph: © CILRAP 2017. PURL: http://www.legal-tools.org/doc/5bcec5/ E-Offprint: Abraham Joseph, “Pre-Investigation and Accountability in India: Legal and Policy Roadblocks”, in Morten Bergsmo and Carsten Stahn (editors), Quality Control in Preliminary Examination: Volume 1, Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher, Brussels, 2018 (ISBNs: 978-82-8348-123-5 (print) and 978-82-8348-124-2 (e-book)). This publication was first published on 6 September 2018. TOAEP publications may be openly accessed and downloaded through the web site www.toaep.org which uses Persistent URLs (PURLs) for all publications it makes available. These PURLs will not be changed and can thus be cited. Printed copies may be ordered through online distributors such as www.amazon.co.uk. This e-offprint is also available in the Legal Tools Database under PURL http://www.legal-tools.org/doc/5bcec5/. It is noteworthy that the e-book versions of Quality Control in Preliminary Examination: Volumes 1 and 2 contain more than 1,000 hyperlinks to legal sources in the Database. This amounts to a thematic knowledge-base that is made freely available as an added service to readers. © Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher, 2018. All rights are reserved. Front cover: Pasquale Trento, with other masons, mounting a sculpture in Florence. Masons have a proud tradition of self-regulation and quality control in Florence. The guild of master stonemasons and wood-carvers – Arte dei Maestri di Pietra e Legname – was already listed in 1236 as one of the Intermediate Guilds. Ensuring rigorous quality control through strict su- pervision of the workshops, the guild not only existed for more than 500 years (until 1770, when several of its functions were assigned to the Florentine chamber of commerce), but it has contributed to the outstanding quality of contemporary masonry in Florence. Photograph: © CILRAP 2017. Back cover: Section of the original lower-floor of the Basilica of Saints Cosmas and Damian in Rome which honours the memory of two brothers and physicians for the poor in Roman Syria. Its mosaics and other stonework influenced the Florentine guild of masons referred to in the frontpage caption, as its craftsmen and sponsors created a culture of excellence through competition and exacting quality control. Photograph: © CILRAP 2018. PURL: http://www.legal-tools.org/doc/5bcec5/ 5 ______ 5. Pre-Investigation and Accountability in India: Legal and Policy Roadblocks Abraham Joseph* Numerous mass crimes have happened in India over the course of its post- independence journey. These may be termed as ‘riots’, ‘pogroms’, ‘mass violence’, ‘genocide’ and so on, but irrespective of the nomenclature used, they can broadly be clubbed as ‘mass crimes’ committed against all ac- cepted notions of human rights and dignity. It is argued that these mass crimes are not spontaneous eruptions of violence, but systematic and or- ganised acts by non-State actors with the tacit backing and support of the State. In addition, the State, represented by the local State governments, seldom steps in to control or quell the violence enough; in fact, it is even perceived – at least from the perspective of victims – to be siding with the perpetrators. However, the Indian judiciary has played a pivotal role in the protection and enforcement of human rights and remains the final beacon of hope to hundreds and thousands of victims of mass crimes. Meanwhile, the Indian legal framework is inadequate to deal with those mass crimes. There is no definition of mass crimes in Indian law, which means genocide and crimes against humanity are, strictly speaking, not punishable by law. While the Indian government claims that the Indi- an legal system has automatically absorbed international crimes for which India has accepted treaty obligations, this assertion is misplaced. Since India is a dualist country, a treaty obligation that India accepts does not automatically become a part of Indian law unless there is enabling legisla- tion to give effect to the treaty obligation. Although the Supreme Court of India has emphatically claimed in Vishakha that treaty obligations become an integral part of the Indian legal ecosystem and can be given effect to even in the absence of a domestic legislation on the subject (provided it is * Abraham Joseph is a Ph.D. candidate in international criminal law from National Law School of India University, Bangalore, and Assistant Professor, School of Law, Ansal Uni- versity, Gurgaon. Publication Series No. 32 (2018) – page 101 PURL: http://www.legal-tools.org/doc/5bcec5/ Quality Control in Preliminary Examination: Volume 1 consistent with the Indian Constitution and other legal provisions),1 the courts in India have never tried reading ‘mass crimes’ into Indian law except where they qualify as murder, rape, grievous hurt and other related offences. While the mass crimes referred to below may not necessarily amount to genocide or crimes against humanity, it is argued that India’s refusal to define them as such considerably weakens its case that genocide and crimes against humanity have not happened in the country.2 The bur- den to negate/disprove the commission of these crimes is on the State, which has assumed obligations under international law for this purpose. Further, in India, the function of investigation is vested with the po- lice, which is a State organ. There is no formal distinction between pre- investigation and investigation in its criminal procedural laws. Though there is a formal prosecution wing of the State, in reality there is no effec- tive co-ordination between the police and prosecution at the investigative stage of the case. The police are more powerful than the prosecution. The prosecution team often does not have an independent voice, and even if it does, the police are free to disregard it.
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