Volume 1 Overview of the Ten Amendments Historical

Contents

Volume 1

Publisher’s Note ...... xiii Constitutional Law...... 67 Contributor List ...... xiv Constitution, U.S...... 70 Introduction ...... xvi Contract, Freedom of ...... 73 Dale’s Laws ...... 75 Declaration of Independence ...... 76 Overview of the Ten Amendments Dual Sovereignty...... 79 English Bill of Rights ...... 82 First Amendment ...... 1 Equal Protection and the Fifth Amendment...... 83 Second Amendment...... 3 Espionage Statutes of World War I ...... 86 Third Amendment...... 5 Evolution and Creationism in the Public Schools ...... 87 Fourth Amendment...... 7 Federalism...... 89 Fifth Amendment...... 9 Fundamental Rights...... 93 Sixth Amendment ...... 14 Habeas Corpus ...... 95 Seventh Amendment...... 17 Hatch Act...... 97 Eighth Amendment...... 20 Hicklin Rule...... 97 Ninth Amendment...... 30 Incorporation of The Bill of Rights ...... 97 Tenth Amendment...... 33 Innocence, Presumption of ...... 104 Japanese American Relocation...... 105 Judicial Review ...... 108 Historical Topics and Judicial Scrutiny ...... 112 Mere Evidence Rule ...... 114 Legal Concepts Military Law and The Bill of Rights...... 115 Bill of Rights: A Brief History and Summary...... 36 Plea Bargaining ...... 121 Blaine Amendments...... 42 Police Powers of the States...... 123 Blasphemy Laws...... 44 Reasonable Doubt in Criminal Trials ...... 126 Capitalism ...... 49 Sedition Act of 1798...... 128 Case Law ...... 52 Silver Platter Doctrine...... 131 Citizenship...... 53 Smith Act...... 131 Commerce, Regulation of ...... 55 Standing to Sue and Mootness ...... 132 Cold War and The Bill of Rights ...... 58 State Constitutions ...... 136 Common Law ...... 60 Travel, Right to ...... 137 Comstock Act...... 62 Virginia Declaration of Rights...... 140 Constitutional Interpretation...... 63 War and The Bill of Rights ...... 141

v Contents The Bill of Rights

Contemporary Issues Relating to Loyalty Oaths...... 241 The Bill of Rights Miranda Rights...... 244 Miscegenation Laws...... 246 Abortion Rights ...... 145 National Security and The Bill of Rights...... 247 Academic Freedom...... 149 Natural Law...... 249 Affirmative Action Programs ...... 155 Newsroom Searches...... 251 Assembly and Association, Freedom of...... 161 Nuremberg Files...... 252 Automobile Searches...... 163 Obscenity and Pornography...... 253 Bad Tendency Test...... 164 Petition, Right of...... 256 Bail...... 165 Preferred Freedoms Doctrine...... 257 Birth Control, Right to...... 167 Preventive Detention...... 258 Capital Punishment...... 168 Prior Restraint on Speech and Publications ...... 259 Censorship...... 173 Privacy, Right of...... 260 Chilling Effect...... 177 Privileges and Immunities...... 264 Civil Rights and Liberties...... 178 Probable Cause...... 267 Clear and Present Danger Test...... 179 Property Rights...... 267 Commercial Speech...... 181 Public Forums ...... 272 Conscientious Objection...... 182 Public Use Doctrine...... 275 Counsel, Right to...... 184 Released Time...... 276 Cruel and Unusual Punishment...... 185 Religion, Establishment of...... 276 Double Jeopardy...... 186 Religion, Freedom of...... 280 Due Process, Procedural...... 187 School Prayer...... 283 Due Process, Substantive...... 189 Search and Seizure...... 284 Elastic Clause...... 191 Search Warrant Requirement...... 287 Exclusionary Rule...... 192 Seditious Libel...... 288 First Amendment Absolutism...... 195 Self-Incrimination, Immunity Against...... 289 First Amendment Balancing...... 197 Speech and Press, Freedom of...... 291 First Amendment Speech Tests...... 198 Speech Codes at Colleges and Universities...... 295 Flag Desecration...... 199 Speedy Trials...... 297 Gag Order...... 202 States’ Rights...... 298 Gay And Lesbian Rights ...... 202 Stop and Frisk Rule...... 302 Gender Issues of Equal Protection...... 208 Sunday Closing Laws...... 302 Grand Jury...... 213 Symbolic Speech...... 303 Hate Crimes...... 214 Takings Clause...... 306 Hate Speech...... 217 Tax Exemptions and Deductions Based Illegitimacy...... 218 on Religion ...... 309 Immigration and Naturalization Laws...... 220 Time, Place, and Manner Regulations...... 314 Indian Bill of Rights...... 226 Transgender Persons, Rights of ...... 315 Indigent Criminal Defendants...... 227 Unprotected Speech...... 317 Insanity Defense...... 230 Viewpoint Neutrality ...... 319 Jury, Trial by...... 232 Witnesses, Confrontation of...... 323 Jury Size and Composition ...... 233 Zoning...... 324 Lemon Test...... 234 Libel...... 238 Index to Volume 1 ��327

vi The Bill of Rights Contents

Volume 2

Court Cases Abington School District v. Schempp...... 349 Boumediene v. Bush...... 385 Abrams v. United States...... 351 Bowers v. Hardwick...... 386 Adair v. United States...... 352 Boyd v. United States...... 387 Adamson v. California...... 353 Boy Scouts of America v. Dale...... 388 Adarand Constructors v. Peña...... 354 Brandenburg v. Ohio...... 390 Adderley v. Florida...... 356 Branzburg v. Hayes...... 390 Adkins v. Children’s Hospital...... 356 Brecht v. Abrahamson...... 391 Afroyim v. Rusk...... 358 Brewer v. Williams...... 391 Agostini v. Felton...... 359 Brown v. Board of Education...... 393 Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board..... 359 Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association...... 394 Allegheny County v. American Civil Liberties Brown v. Mississippi...... 395 Union Greater Pittsburgh Chapter...... 360 Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Company...... 396 Allgeyer v. Louisiana...... 360 Buchanan v. Warley...... 397 Alvarez, United States v...... 360 Buckley v. Valeo...... 397 American Communications Association v. Douds.... 362 Burstyn v. Wilson...... 398 Argersinger v. Hamlin...... 362 Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc...... 399 Arizona v. Gant...... 363 Butler v. United States...... 401 Arizona v. United States...... 364 Calder v. Bull...... 401 Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition...... 364 California v. Acevedo...... 402 Atkins v. Virginia...... 365 Cantwell v. Connecticut...... 403 Ballard v. United States...... 366 Carolene Products Co., United States v...... 404 Barenblatt v. United States...... 366 Carroll v. United States...... 404 Barker v. Wingo...... 367 Carter v. Carter Coal Co...... 405 Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc...... 367 Champion v. Ames...... 405 Barron v. Baltimore...... 368 Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire...... 406 Bates v. State Bar of Arizona...... 369 Chicago, Burlington, and QuincyRailroad Co. v. Batson v. Kentucky...... 369 Chicago...... 406 Baze v. Rees...... 370 Chicago v. Morales...... 407 Bearden v. Georgia...... 370 Chimel v. California...... 408 Benton v. Maryland...... 371 Christian Legal Society v. Martinez...... 408 Berghuis v. Thompkins...... 371 Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. Hialeah...... 409 Betts v. Brady...... 372 Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission..... 410 Bigelow v. Virginia...... 373 Clark v. Arizona...... 412 Block v. Hirsh...... 373 Cochran v. Louisiana State Board of Education...... 414 BMW of North America v. Gore...... 375 Cohen v. California...... 415 Board of Education v. Allen...... 375 Cohen v. Cowles Media Co...... 415 Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary...... 376 Coker v. Georgia...... 415 Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School Collector v. Day...... 416 District v. Grumet...... 378 Committee for Public Education and Liberty Bob Jones University v. United States...... 379 v. Regan...... 417 Boerne v. Flores...... 380 Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Bolling v. Sharpe...... 382 Board...... 417 Bond v. United States...... 383 Cooley v. Board of Wardens of the Port of Botiller v. Dominguez...... 384 Philadelphia...... 418

vii Contents The Bill of Rights

Cooper v. Aaron...... 418 Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders of Corrigan v. Buckley...... 419 County of Burlington...... 451 Counselman v. Hitchcock...... 420 Florida v. Bostick...... 452 Cox v. Louisiana...... 420 Florida v. Jardines...... 453 Cox v. New Hampshire...... 420 Ford v. Wainwright...... 454 Craig v. Boren...... 421 Frank v. Mangum...... 455 Crawford v. Washington...... 421 Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association...... 455 Cruikshank, United States v...... 422 Frontiero v. Richardson...... 456 Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department Frothingham v. Mellon...... 457 of Health...... 423 Fullilove v. Klutznick...... 457 Cummings v. Missouri...... 423 Furman v. Georgia...... 458 Cutter v. Wilkinson...... 424 Gault, In Re...... 459 Darby Lumber Company, United States v...... 425 Gibbons v. Ogden...... 459 Davis v. Beason...... 425 Gideon v. Wainwright...... 460 DeJonge v. Oregon...... 426 Gitlow v. New York...... 461 Demore v. Kim...... 426 Glossip v. Gross...... 462 Dennis v. United States...... 427 Goldberg v. Kelly...... 463 DeShaney v. Winnebago County Department Goldman v. Weinberger...... 464 of Social Services...... 428 Gonzales v. Carhart...... 465 District of Columbia v. Heller...... 428 Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita Beneficente Dolan v. City of Tigard...... 429 Uniao do Vegetal...... 466 Dombrowski v. Pfister...... 431 Gonzales v. Raich...... 467 Dorr v. United States...... 431 Good News Club v. Milford Central School...... 468 Duncan v. Kahanamoku...... 432 Graham v. Connor...... 468 Duncan v. Louisiana...... 433 Graham v. Florida...... 469 E. C. Knight Company, United States v...... 433 Graham v. Richardson...... 471 Edmonson v. Leesville Concrete Co...... 434 Grand Rapids School District v. Ball...... 471 Edwards v. Aguillard...... 434 Greer v.Spock...... 472 Edwards v. California...... 435 Gregg v. Georgia...... 473 Edwards v. South Carolina...... 436 Griffin v. California...... 473 Eichman, United States v...... 436 Griswold v. Connecticut...... 474 Eisenstadt v. Baird...... 436 Grosjean v. American Press Co...... 475 Elfbrandt v. Russell...... 437 Hague v. Congress of Industrial Organizations...... 476 Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow...... 437 Hall v. Florida...... 476 Elrod v. Burns...... 439 Hamdan v. Rumsfeld...... 477 Employment Division v. Smith...... 439 Hammer v. Dagenhart...... 478 Engel v. Vitale...... 441 Harmelin v. Michigan...... 478 Epperson v. Arkansas...... 443 Harris v. McRae...... 479 Escobedo v. Illinois...... 443 Harris v. New York...... 481 Everson v. Board of Education of Ewing Helvering v. Davis...... 481 Township...... 443 Hernandez v. Commissioner of internal Farmer v. Brennan...... 445 revenue...... 481 Fedorenko v. United States...... 446 Hirabayashi v. United States...... 483 Feiner v. New York...... 447 Hodel v. Irving...... 484 Ferguson v. City of Charleston...... 447 Holden v. Hardy...... 485 First English Evangelical Lutheran Church Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project...... 485 of Glendale v. County of Los Angeles...... 448 Holt v. Hobbs...... 487 Fisher v. University of Texas...... 448 Home Building and Loan Association v. Fletcher v. Peck...... 450 Blaisdell...... 487 viii The Bill of Rights Contents

Hudson v. Michigan...... 488 Loving v. Virginia...... 516 Hudson v. Palmer...... 489 Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council...... 517 Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Lynch v. Donnelly...... 517 Bisexual Group of Boston...... 490 Matal v. Tam...... 519 Hurtado v. California...... 490 McCleskey v. Kemp...... 520 Hustler Magazine v. Falwell...... 491 McConnell v. Federal Election Commission...... 520 Hutto v. Davis...... 491 McCray v. United States...... 521 Illinois ex rel. McCollum v. Board of Education...... 492 McCreary County v. American Civil Illinois v. Caballes...... 492 Liberties Union...... 522 Illinois v. Wardlow...... 494 McCulloch v. Maryland...... 523 Jacobellis v. Ohio...... 494 McDonald v. Chicago...... 524 Jacobson v. Massachusetts...... 494 McKeiver v. Pennsylvania...... 525 Jimmy Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Mallory v. United States...... 525 Equalization of California...... 495 Malloy v. Hogan...... 525 Johnson v. Louisiana...... 496 Mapp v. Ohio...... 527 Johnson v. Santa Clara County...... 496 Marshall v. Barlow’s...... 528 Johnson v. Transportation Agency, Santa Maryland v. Buie...... 528 Clara County...... 497 Maryland v. Craig...... 529 Johnson v. Zerbst...... 497 Maryland v. King...... 529 Jones, United States v...... 498 Massachusetts v. Mellon...... 531 Kansas v. Hendricks...... 499 Massiah v. United States...... 531 Kastigar v. United States...... 499 Masson v. New Yorker Magazine...... 532 Katz v. United States...... 500 Maxwell v. Dow...... 532 Katzenbach v. Morgan...... 501 Memoirs v. Massachusetts...... 533 Kelo v. City of New London...... 501 Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. Federal In re Kemmler...... 502 Communications Commission...... 533 Kennedy v. Louisiana...... 503 Meyer v. Nebraska...... 534 Kent v. Dulles...... 504 Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo...... 535 Keyishian v. Board of Regents of the University Michigan Department of State Police v. Sitz...... 536 of the State of New York...... 505 Michigan v. Bryant...... 536 Keystone Bituminous Coal Association v. Miller v. California; Paris Adult Theatre v. Slaton... 537 DeBenedictis...... 505 Ex parte Milligan...... 538 Klopfer v. North Carolina...... 506 Minersville School District v. Gobitis...... 539 Koontz v. St. Johns River Water Minnesota v. Carter...... 539 Management District...... 506 Miranda v. Arizona...... 540 Korematsu v. United States...... 507 Missouri v. Holland...... 541 Kunz v. New York...... 508 Mitchell v. Helms...... 541 Kyllo v. United States...... 508 Moore v. City of East Cleveland...... 542 Lanza, United States v...... 508 Moore v. Dempsey...... 542 Larkin v. Grendel’s Den, Inc...... 509 Morehead v. New York ex rel. Tipaldo...... 543 Lawrence v. Texas...... 510 Mugler v. Kansas...... 543 Lee v. Weisman...... 511 Mulford v. Smith...... 544 Legal Tender Cases...... 511 Munn v. Illinois...... 544 Lemon v. Kurtzman...... 512 Murdock v. Pennsylvania...... 545 Leon, United States v...... 512 Murphy v. Waterfront Commission of Lochner v. New York...... 513 New York...... 545 Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock...... 514 Murray’s Lessee v. Hoboken Land Lopez, United States v...... 514 and Improvement Co...... 545 Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber...... 515 National Association for the Advancement of Lovell v. City of Griffin...... 516 Colored People v. Alabama...... 546 ix Contents The Bill of Rights

National Association for the Advancement of Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. Federal Colored People v. Button...... 547 Communications Commission...... 570 National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley...... 548 Reed v. Reed...... 570 National Federation of Independent Business v. Regents of the University of California v. Sebelius (a.k.a the Health Care Case)...... 548 Bakke...... 570 National Labor Relations Board Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union...... 571 v. Jones and Laughlin Steel Corp...... 550 Reynolds v. United States...... 571 National League of Cities v. Usery...... 551 Richmond Newspapers v. Virginia...... 572 National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co...... 572 Skokie...... 551 Robel, United States v...... 573 National Treasury Employees Union Roberts v. United States Jaycees...... 573 v.Von Raab...... 553 Robinson v. California...... 574 Near v. Minnesota...... 553 Rochin v. California...... 575 Nebbia v. New York...... 553 Roe v. Wade...... 576 Nebraska Press Association v. Stuart...... 554 Romer v. Evans...... 577 New York State Club Association Rompilla v. Beard...... 577 v. City of New York...... 554 Roper v. Simmons...... 578 New York Times Co. v. Sullivan...... 555 Ross, United States v...... 579 New York Times Co. v. United States...... 555 Rostker v. Goldberg...... 580 New York v. Belton...... 556 Roth v. United States/Alberts v. California...... 580 New York v. Ferber...... 557 Rummel v. Estelle...... 581 Nguyen v. Immigration and Naturalization Runyon v. McCrary...... 582 Service...... 557 Rust v. Sullivan...... 582 Nollan v. California Coastal Commission...... 558 Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois...... 583 Norris v. Alabama...... 559 Safford Unified School District v. Redding...... 583 Noto v. United States...... 559 Salinas v. Texas...... 585 Obergefell v. Hodges...... 559 Schenck v. United States...... 586 O’Gorman and Young v. Hartford Fire Scopes v. State of Tennessee...... 587 Insurance Co...... 560 Scott v. Harris...... 589 Olmstead v. United States...... 561 Scott v. Sandford...... 590 Orr v. Orr...... 561 Selective Draft Law Cases...... 591 Osborne v. Ohio...... 562 Shapiro v. Thompson...... 592 Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Co. v. Haslip...... 562 Sherbert v. Verner...... 592 Palko v. Connecticut...... 562 United States v. Shipp...... 593 Payne v. Tennessee...... 563 Skinner v. Oklahoma...... 593 Payton v. New York...... 563 Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Penn Central Transportation Co. Association...... 594 v. City of New York...... 563 Slaughterhouse Cases...... 594 Penry v. Lynaugh...... 564 Smyth v. Ames...... 595 Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Snyder v. Phelps...... 595 Feeney...... 564 Solem v. Helm...... 596 Pierce v. Society of Sisters...... 564 Stanford v. Kentucky...... 597 Plyler v. Doe...... 565 South Dakota v. Dole...... 598 Pointer v. Texas...... 565 Stanley v. Georgia...... 599 Powell v. Alabama...... 566 Steward Machine Co. v. Davis...... 599 Presser v. Illinois...... 566 Stone v. Graham...... 600 Printz v. United States...... 566 Stone v. Powell...... 600 Ex parte Quirin...... 567 Strauder v. West Virginia...... 600 Railroad Retirement Board v. Fritz...... 568 Stromberg v. California...... 601 R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul...... 569 Talton v. Mayes...... 602 x The Bill of Rights Contents

Taylor v. Louisiana...... 602 Whren v. United States...... 626 Tennessee v. Garner...... 602 Wickard v. Filburn...... 626 Terminiello v. Chicago...... 603 Williams v. Florida...... 628 Terry v. Ohio...... 604 Williams v. Mississippi...... 628 Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock...... 605 Windsor, United States v...... 628 Texas v. Johnson...... 606 Wisconsin v. Mitchell...... 629 Thornhill v. Alabama...... 606 Wisconsin v. Yoder...... 630 Tilton v. Richardson...... 606 Wolf v. Colorado...... 630 Time v. Hill...... 607 Wolff Packing Co. v. Court of Industrial Relations... 631 Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Wolman v. Walter...... 631 Community School District...... 608 Woodson v. North Carolina...... 632 Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer...... 608 Yates v. United States...... 633 Trop v. Dulles...... 610 Young v. American Mini Theatres...... 633 Twining v. New Jersey...... 610 Younger v. Harris...... 633 Tyson v. Banton...... 612 Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. v. Sawyer...... 634 Ullman v. United States...... 612 Zadvydas v. Davis...... 635 United States District Court, United States v...... 612 Zelman v. Simmons-Harris...... 635 Ursery, United States v...... 612 Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District...... 636 Utah v. Strieff...... 613 Zorach v. Clauson...... 637 Van Orden v. Perry...... 614 Zurcher v. The Stanford Daily...... 638 Virginia v. Black...... 615 Voisine v. United States...... 616 Wade, United States v...... 617 Appendixes Wallace v. Jaffree...... 617 Walz v. Tax Commission of The City of A. The Declaration of Independence...... 640 New York...... 618 B. The Constitution of The United States of Washington v. Davis...... 620 America...... 642 Washington v. Glucksberg...... 621 C. Amendments to The U.S. Constitution...... 648 Watkins v. United States...... 622 D. Supreme Court Justices and the Bill of Rights.... 654 Webster v. Reproductive Health Services...... 622 E. Time Line...... 663 Weeks v. United States...... 623 F. Glossary...... 677 Weems v. United States...... 624 G. Select Bibliography...... 686 Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld...... 624 West Coast Hotel v. Parrish...... 625 Whitney v. California...... 625 Index to Volume 2 ��701