CONTENTS Volume 1 Publisher’s Note .......................................................xiii Constitutional Law ..................................................... 67 Contributor List ........................................................ xiv Constitution, U.S. ...................................................... 70 Introduction .............................................................. xvi Contract, Freedom of ................................................ 73 Dale’s Laws ............................................................... 75 Declaration of Independence .................................... 76 Dual Sovereignty ....................................................... 79 Overview of the Ten Amendments English Bill of Rights ................................................ 82 First Amendment ......................................................... 1 Equal Protection and the Fifth Amendment ............... 83 Second Amendment ..................................................... 3 Espionage Statutes of World War I ........................... 86 Third Amendment ........................................................ 5 Evolution and Creationism in the Public Schools ..... 87 Fourth Amendment ...................................................... 7 Federalism .................................................................. 89 Fifth Amendment ......................................................... 9 Fundamental Rights ................................................... 93 Sixth Amendment ...................................................... 14 Habeas Corpus .......................................................... 95 Seventh Amendment .................................................. 17 Hatch Act ................................................................... 97 Eighth Amendment .................................................... 20 Hicklin Rule ............................................................... 97 Ninth Amendment ...................................................... 30 Incorporation of The Bill of Rights ........................... 97 Tenth Amendment ...................................................... 33 Innocence, Presumption of ...................................... 104 Japanese American Relocation ................................ 105 Judicial Review ....................................................... 108 Historical Topics and Judicial Scrutiny ...................................................... 112 Mere Evidence Rule ................................................ 114 Legal Concepts Military Law and The Bill of Rights ........................ 115 Bill of Rights: A Brief History and Summary ............ 36 Plea Bargaining ....................................................... 121 Blaine Amendments ................................................... 42 Police Powers of the States ...................................... 123 Blasphemy Laws ........................................................ 44 Reasonable Doubt in Criminal Trials ...................... 126 Capitalism ................................................................. 49 Sedition Act of 1798 ................................................ 128 Case Law ................................................................... 52 Silver Platter Doctrine .............................................. 131 Citizenship ................................................................. 53 Smith Act ................................................................. 131 Commerce, Regulation of ......................................... 55 Standing to Sue and Mootness ................................ 132 Cold War and The Bill of Rights ............................... 58 State Constitutions .................................................. 136 Common Law ............................................................ 60 Travel, Right to ....................................................... 137 Comstock Act ............................................................. 62 Virginia Declaration of Rights ................................. 140 Constitutional Interpretation ...................................... 63 War and The Bill of Rights ..................................... 141 v CONTENTS THE BILL OF RIGHTS Contemporary Issues Relating to Loyalty Oaths ........................................................... 241 The Bill of Rights Miranda Rights ......................................................... 244 Miscegenation Laws ................................................ 246 Abortion Rights ....................................................... 145 National Security and The Bill of Rights ................. 247 Academic Freedom .................................................. 149 Natural Law ............................................................. 249 Affirmative Action Programs .................................. 155 Newsroom Searches ................................................. 251 Assembly and Association, Freedom of ................... 161 Nuremberg Files ....................................................... 252 Automobile Searches ............................................... 163 Obscenity and Pornography ..................................... 253 Bad Tendency Test ................................................... 164 Petition, Right of ...................................................... 256 Bail ........................................................................... 165 Preferred Freedoms Doctrine ................................... 257 Birth Control, Right to ............................................. 167 Preventive Detention ................................................ 258 Capital Punishment .................................................. 168 Prior Restraint on Speech and Publications ............ 259 Censorship................................................................ 173 Privacy, Right of ...................................................... 260 Chilling Effect .......................................................... 177 Privileges and Immunities ........................................ 264 Civil Rights and Liberties ........................................ 178 Probable Cause ......................................................... 267 Clear and Present Danger Test ................................. 179 Property Rights ........................................................ 267 Commercial Speech ................................................. 181 Public Forums ......................................................... 272 Conscientious Objection .......................................... 182 Public Use Doctrine ................................................. 275 Counsel, Right to ..................................................... 184 Released Time .......................................................... 276 Cruel and Unusual Punishment ................................ 185 Religion, Establishment of ....................................... 276 Double Jeopardy ...................................................... 186 Religion, Freedom of ............................................... 280 Due Process, Procedural .......................................... 187 School Prayer ........................................................... 283 Due Process, Substantive ......................................... 189 Search and Seizure ................................................... 284 Elastic Clause ........................................................... 191 Search Warrant Requirement ................................... 287 Exclusionary Rule .................................................... 192 Seditious Libel ......................................................... 288 First Amendment Absolutism .................................. 195 Self-Incrimination, Immunity Against ..................... 289 First Amendment Balancing .................................... 197 Speech and Press, Freedom of ................................. 291 First Amendment Speech Tests ................................ 198 Speech Codes at Colleges and Universities ............. 295 Flag Desecration ...................................................... 199 Speedy Trials ............................................................ 297 Gag Order ................................................................. 202 States’ Rights............................................................ 298 Gay And Lesbian Rights ......................................... 202 Stop and Frisk Rule .................................................. 302 Gender Issues of Equal Protection ........................... 208 Sunday Closing Laws .............................................. 302 Grand Jury ................................................................ 213 Symbolic Speech ...................................................... 303 Hate Crimes ............................................................. 214 Takings Clause ......................................................... 306 Hate Speech ............................................................. 217 Tax Exemptions and Deductions Based Illegitimacy .............................................................. 218 on Religion ........................................................... 309 Immigration and Naturalization Laws ..................... 220 Time, Place, and Manner Regulations ..................... 314 Indian Bill of Rights................................................. 226 Transgender Persons, Rights of .............................