Experiment 5 Synthesis of Esters Using Acetic Anhydride1
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The Radiochemistry of Beryllium
National Academy of Sciences National Research Council I NUCLEAR SCIENCE SERIES The Radiochemistry ·of Beryllium COMMITTEE ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE L. F. CURTISS, Chairman ROBLEY D. EVANS, Vice Chairman National Bureau of Standards MassaChusetts Institute of Technol0gy J. A. DeJUREN, Secretary ./Westinghouse Electric Corporation H.J. CURTIS G. G. MANOV Brookhaven National' LaboratOry Tracerlab, Inc. SAMUEL EPSTEIN W. WAYNE MEINKE CalUornia Institute of Technology University of Michigan HERBERT GOLDSTEIN A.H. SNELL Nuclear Development Corporation of , oak Ridge National Laboratory America E. A. UEHLING H.J. GOMBERG University of Washington University of Michigan D. M. VAN PATTER E.D.KLEMA Bartol Research Foundation Northwestern University ROBERT L. PLATZMAN Argonne National Laboratory LIAISON MEMBERS PAUL C .. AEBERSOLD W.D.URRY Atomic Energy Commission U. S. Air Force J. HOW ARD McMILLEN WILLIAM E. WRIGHT National Science Foundation Office of Naval Research SUBCOMMITTEE ON RADIOCHEMISTRY W. WAYNE MEINKE, Chairman HAROLD KIRBY University of Michigan Mound Laboratory GREGORY R. CHOPPIN GEORGE LEDDICOTTE Florida State University. Oak Ridge National Laboratory GEORGE A. COW AN JULIAN NIELSEN Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Hanford Laboratories ARTHUR W. FAIRHALL ELLIS P. STEINBERG University of Washington Argonne National Laboratory JEROME HUDIS PETER C. STEVENSON Brookhaven National Laboratory University of California (Livermore) EARL HYDE LEO YAFFE University of CalUornia (Berkeley) McGill University CONSULTANTS NATHAN BALLOU WILLIAM MARLOW Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory N atlonal Bureau of Standards JAMESDeVOE University of Michigan CHF.MISTRY-RADIATION AND RADK>CHEMIST The Radiochemistry of Beryllium By A. W. FAIRHALL. Department of Chemistry University of Washington Seattle, Washington May 1960 ' Subcommittee on Radiochemistry National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council Printed in USA. -
B.Sc.(H) Chemistry-3Rd Semester
LIBRARY (18 [This question paper contains 4 printed pages Your Roll No. S1. No. of Q. Paper :7393 J Unique Paper Code 32171301 Name of the Course : B.Sc.(Hons.) Chemistry Name of the Paper Inorganic Chemistry II: s and p block elements Semester : II Time: 3 Hours Maximum Marks : 75 Instructions for Candidates: (i) Write your Roll No.. on the top immediately on receipt of this question paper. (ii) Attempt any five questions. (iii) All questions carry equal marks. 1. (a) Explain why most lines in the Ellingham diagram slope upward from left to right. What happens when a line crosses AG=0? 5 (b) Why is white phosphorus very reactive in comparison to red phosphorus ? Give the mechanism of stepwise hydrolysis of P,O,a. P.T.O 7393 7393 in Discuss the structure and bonding obtain the following: (c) formed (c) How will you Diborane. What are the products borazine ammonia (i) B-bromoborazine from when diborane reacts with excess 5 (ii) (NPF,), from (NPCl,), at (i) low temperature Lithium is different from other 2. (a) Chemistry of (ii) high temperature of alkali metals. Give examples in support 5 3515 the statement. 4. Give reason (any five): the gases? more stable than P, (b) What are clathrate compounds of noble (i) P, molecule is clathrates? Why do helium and neon not form molecule. 5 from B to Al but (ii) lonization energy decreases Ga. of increases from Al to Give one method of preparation (c) but a gas at room is the a liquid H,S peroxodisulphuric acid. -
Safety Data Sheet
SAFETY DATA SHEET Revision Date 13-Dec-2020 Revision Number 6 SECTION 1: IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTANCE/MIXTURE AND OF THE COMPANY/UNDERTAKING 1.1. Product identifier Product Description: Neopentyl alcohol Cat No. : 128250000; 128250100; 128250500 Synonyms 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol CAS-No 75-84-3 EC-No. 200-907-3 Molecular Formula C5 H12 O 1.2. Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against Recommended Use Laboratory chemicals. Uses advised against No Information available 1.3. Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet Company UK entity/business name Fisher Scientific UK Bishop Meadow Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RG, United Kingdom EU entity/business name Acros Organics BVBA Janssen Pharmaceuticalaan 3a 2440 Geel, Belgium E-mail address [email protected] 1.4. Emergency telephone number For information US call: 001-800-ACROS-01 / Europe call: +32 14 57 52 11 Emergency Number US:001-201-796-7100 / Europe: +32 14 57 52 99 CHEMTREC Tel. No.US:001-800-424-9300 / Europe:001-703-527-3887 SECTION 2: HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION 2.1. Classification of the substance or mixture CLP Classification - Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 Physical hazards Flammable solids Category 2 (H228) Health hazards ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ACR12825 Page 1 / 10 SAFETY DATA SHEET Neopentyl alcohol Revision Date 13-Dec-2020 ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Acute Inhalation Toxicity - Dusts and Mists (H332) Category 4 Specific target organ toxicity - (single exposure) (H335) Category 3 (H336) Environmental hazards Based on available data, the classification criteria are not met Full text of Hazard Statements: see section 16 2.2. -
Ester Resveratrol Analogues, Chromium Trioxide Oxidation of Terpenes, and Synthesis of Mimics of (-)-Englerin A
Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2014-08-01 Synthesis of 4'-Ester Resveratrol Analogues, Chromium Trioxide Oxidation of Terpenes, and Synthesis of Mimics of (-)-Englerin A Mark Jeffrey Acerson Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Biochemistry Commons, and the Chemistry Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Acerson, Mark Jeffrey, "Synthesis of 4'-Ester Resveratrol Analogues, Chromium Trioxide Oxidation of Terpenes, and Synthesis of Mimics of (-)-Englerin A" (2014). Theses and Dissertations. 5458. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5458 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Synthesis of 4’-Ester Resveratrol Analogues, Chromium Trioxide Oxidation of Terpenes, and Synthesis of Mimics of (–)-Englerin A Mark Jeffrey Acerson A dissertation submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Merritt B. Andrus, Chair Steven L. Castle Matt A. Peterson Joshua L. Price Richard K. Watt Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University August 2014 Copyright © 2014 Mark Jeffrey Acerson All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Synthesis of 4’-Ester Resveratrol Analogues, Chromium Trioxide Oxidation of Terpenes, and Synthesis of Mimics of (–)-Englerin A Mark Jeffrey Acerson Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BYU Doctor of Philosophy 4’-ester analogues of resveratrol were synthesized using reaction conditions developed to produce mono-ester products in the presence of two other unprotected phenols. -
Dehydrogenation of Ethanol to Acetaldehyde Over Different Metals Supported on Carbon Catalysts
catalysts Article Dehydrogenation of Ethanol to Acetaldehyde over Different Metals Supported on Carbon Catalysts Jeerati Ob-eye , Piyasan Praserthdam and Bunjerd Jongsomjit * Center of Excellence on Catalysis and Catalytic Reaction Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; [email protected] (J.O.-e.); [email protected] (P.P.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +66-2-218-6874 Received: 29 November 2018; Accepted: 27 December 2018; Published: 9 January 2019 Abstract: Recently, the interest in ethanol production from renewable natural sources in Thailand has been receiving much attention as an alternative form of energy. The low-cost accessibility of ethanol has been seen as an interesting topic, leading to the extensive study of the formation of distinct chemicals, such as ethylene, diethyl ether, acetaldehyde, and ethyl acetate, starting from ethanol as a raw material. In this paper, ethanol dehydrogenation to acetaldehyde in a one-step reaction was investigated by using commercial activated carbon with four different metal-doped catalysts. The reaction was conducted in a packed-bed micro-tubular reactor under a temperature range of 250–400 ◦C. The best results were found by using the copper doped on an activated carbon catalyst. Under this specified condition, ethanol conversion of 65.3% with acetaldehyde selectivity of 96.3% at 350 ◦C was achieved. This was probably due to the optimal acidity of copper doped on the activated carbon catalyst, as proven by the temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD). In addition, the other three catalyst samples (activated carbon, ceria, and cobalt doped on activated carbon) also favored high selectivity to acetaldehyde (>90%). -
ACETIC ACID and ACETIC ANHYDRIDE (November 1994)
Abstract Process Economics Program Report 37B ACETIC ACID AND ACETIC ANHYDRIDE (November 1994) This Report presents preliminary process designs and estimated economics for the manufacture of acetic acid and acetic anhydride by carbonylation technology. The three processes evaluated in this report include Monsanto’s low pressure carbonylation of methanol process (BP Chemical acquired licensing rights to this process in 1985), Eastman’s process for carbonylation of methyl acetate to produce acetic anhydride (methanol added to the reaction mixture results in the coproduction of acetic acid in this process), and a process based on BP Chemical patents that coproduces acetic acid and acetic anhydride via carbonylation of methyl acetate in the presence of water. Both the Eastman and BP Chemical processes are back– integrated into the manufacture of the methyl acetate feedstock from methanol and acetic acid. We have included a discussion of other commercialized acetic acid and acetic anhydride processes as well as potential new processes. A list of the world’s acetic acid and acetic anhydride producers along with their estimated plant capacities and a description of the major acetic acid and acetic anhydride markets are also included in this Report. This Report will be useful to producers of acetic acid and acetic anhydride, as well as to producers of methanol and downstream products such as vinyl acetate monomer. PEP’93 MKG CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1-1 2 SUMMARY 2-1 GENERAL ASPECTS 2-1 ECONOMIC ASPECTS 2-1 TECHNICAL ASPECTS 2-3 Low Pressure Carbonylation -
N-Propyl Acetate Technical Data Sheet
Technical Data Sheet Product Name n-Propyl Acetate Synonyms Acetic Acid, n-propyl Ester Chemical Formula CH3COOC3H7 Product Description N-propyl acetate is a colorless, volatile solvent with an odor similar to acetone. It has good solvency power for many natural and synthetic resins. It is miscible with many organic solvents. Applications • Coatings • Wood lacquers • Aerosol sprays • Nail care • Cosmetic / personal care solvent • Fragrance solvent • Process solvent • Printing inks (especially flexographic and special screen) Typical Physical Properties Property Value Molecular Weight (g/mol) 102.13 Boiling Point @ 760 mmHg, 1.01 ar 101.5 °C (214.7 °F) Flash Point (Setaflash Closed Cup) 11.8 °C (53.24°F) Freezing Point -93 °C (-135.4°F) Vapor pressure@ 25°C — extrapolated 25 mmHg 4.79 Kpa Specific gravity (20/20°C) 0.888 Liquid Density @ 20°C 0.89 g/cm3 Vapor Density (air = 1) 3.5 Viscosity (cP or mPa•s @ 20°C) 0.6 Surface tension (dynes/cm or mN/m @ 20°C) 24.4 Specific heat (J/g/°C @ 25°C) No test data available Heat of vaporization (J/g) at normal boiling No test data available point Net heat of combustion (kJ/g) — predicted @ No test data available 25°C Autoignition temperature 380 °C (716 °F) Evaporation rate (n-butyl acetate = 1.0) 2.75 Solubility, g/L or % @ 20°C Solvent in water 2% Water in solvent 2.6% Hansen solubility parameters (J/cm³)1/2 _Total 8.6 _Non-Polar 7.5 _Polar 2.1 Form No. 327-00024-0812 Page 1 of 3 ®™Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company (“Dow”) or an affiliated company of Dow _Hydrogen bonding 3.7 Partition Coefficient, n-octanol/water 1.4 (log Pow) Flammable limits (vol.% in air) Lower 1.7 Upper 8.0 Typical Physical Properties: This data provided for those properties are typical values, and should not be construed as sales specifications. -
Experiment #4 the Preparation of Ferrocene & Acetylferrocenes1
Experiment #4: The Preparation of Ferrocene & Acetylferrocene MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Chemistry 5.311 Introductory Chemical Experimentation EXPERIMENT #4 THE PREPARATION OF FERROCENE & ACETYLFERROCENES1 I. Purpose The principal aims of this experiment are to provide background information about and experience in: S the synthesis and electronic structure of ferrocene (1), ( -C5H5)2Fe [bis(pentahaptocyclopentadienyl) iron]2 S the synthesis of an ionic liquid, as environment for the acetylation of ferrocene S the use of inert atmospheres (including glove box techniques) S recrystallization or sublimation S the use of GC/MS and thin-layer chromatography as analytical tools and column chromatography as a purification technique • the concepts of Green Chemistry such as Atom Economy3 and alternative non-polluting solvents Ferrocene is a historically important molecule. The initial recognition of the structure of 4 C10H10Fe in 1951 spawned a vast area of chemistry, viz., transition metal organometallic chemistry. This field is still developing and has produced a huge number of compounds in which saturated, unsaturated, and aromatic organic fragments are bonded directly to metals. All carbon atoms in the two cyclopentadienyl rings are equally bonded to the central ion by electrons in the rings. The sandwich structure proposed by Wilkinson and Fischer5,6 (Nobel prize in 1973) in early 1 Mircea D. Gheorghiu designed the experiment to include the acetylation of ferrocene in ionic liquid. 2 The word hapto means in Greek to fasten. Pentahapto therefore, is to be taken as “fastened in five places.” The greek letter followed by a superscript indicates how many atoms of the ligand are attached to the metal. -
Acetic Anhydride
ACETIC ANHYDRIDE Method number: 102 Matrix: Air Target concentration: 5 ppm (20 mg/m3) OSHA PEL: 5 ppm (20 mg/m3) TWA ACGIH TLV: 5 ppm (20 mg/m3) ceiling Procedure: Samples are collected open face on glass fiber filters coated with veratrylamine and di-n-octyl phthalate. Samples are extracted with 50/50 (v/v) 2-propanol/toluene and analyzed by GC using a nitrogen- phosphorus detector (NPD). Recommended air volume and sampling rate: 7.5 L at 0.5 L/min ceiling 7.5 L at 0.05 L/min TWA Reliable quantitation limit: 0.094 ppm (0.39 mg/m3) Standard error of estimate at the target concentration: 6.4% Special caution: Ketene and acetyl chloride produce the same derivative as acetic anhydride. Coated filters should be used within a month of preparation. Status of method: Evaluated method. This method has been subjected to the established evaluation procedures of the Organic Methods Evaluation Branch. Date: October 1993 Chemist: Yihlin Chan Organic Methods Evaluation Branch OSHA Salt Lake Technical Center Salt Lake City, UT 84165-0200 1. General Discussion 1.1 Background 1.1.1 History In OSHA Method 82, acetic anhydride is collected on a glass fiber filter impregnated with 1-(2-pyridyl)piperazine, which reacts with the anhydride to form a derivative (Ref. 5.1). Attempts at using 1-(2-pyridyl)piperazine for the derivatization of maleic, phthalic, and trimellitic anhydrides failed, however, because the resulting derivatives of these anhydrides were found to be unstable. These anhydrides were derivatized with veratrylamine instead (Refs. 5.2-5.4). -
Ester Synthesis Lab (Student Handout)
Name: ________________________ Lab Partner: ____________________ Date: __________________________ Class Period: ____________________ Ester Synthesis Lab (Student Handout) Lab Report Components: The following must be included in your lab book in order to receive full credit. 1. Purpose 2. Hypothesis 3. Procedure 4. Observation/Data Table 5. Results 6. Mechanism (In class) 7. Conclusion Introduction The compounds you will be making are also naturally occurring compounds; the chemical structure of these compounds is already known from other investigations. Esters are organic molecules of the general form: where R1 and R2 are any carbon chain. Esters are unique in that they often have strong, pleasant odors. As such, they are often used in fragrances, and many artificial flavorings are in fact esters. Esters are produced by the reaction between alcohols and carboxylic acids. For example, reacting ethanol with acetic acid to give ethyl acetate is shown below. + → + In the case of ethyl acetate, R1 is a CH3 group and R2 is a CH3CH2 group. Naming esters systematically requires naming the functional groups on both sides of the bridging oxygen. In the example above, the right side of the ester as shown is a CH3CH2 1 group, or ethyl group. The left side is CH3C=O, or acetate. The name of the ester is therefore ethyl acetate. Deriving the names of the side from the carboxylic acid merely requires replacing the suffix –ic with –ate. Materials • Alcohol • Carboxylic Acid o 1 o A o 2 o B o 3 o C o 4 Observation Parameters: • Record the combination of carboxylic acid and alcohol • Observe each reactant • Observe each product Procedure 1. -
Comprehensive Characterization of Toxicity of Fermentative Metabolites on Microbial Growth Brandon Wilbanks1 and Cong T
Wilbanks and Trinh Biotechnol Biofuels (2017) 10:262 DOI 10.1186/s13068-017-0952-4 Biotechnology for Biofuels RESEARCH Open Access Comprehensive characterization of toxicity of fermentative metabolites on microbial growth Brandon Wilbanks1 and Cong T. Trinh1,2* Abstract Background: Volatile carboxylic acids, alcohols, and esters are natural fermentative products, typically derived from anaerobic digestion. These metabolites have important functional roles to regulate cellular metabolisms and broad use as food supplements, favors and fragrances, solvents, and fuels. Comprehensive characterization of toxic efects of these metabolites on microbial growth under similar conditions is very limited. Results: We characterized a comprehensive list of thirty-two short-chain carboxylic acids, alcohols, and esters on microbial growth of Escherichia coli MG1655 under anaerobic conditions. We analyzed toxic efects of these metabo- lites on E. coli health, quantifed by growth rate and cell mass, as a function of metabolite types, concentrations, and physiochemical properties including carbon number, chemical functional group, chain branching feature, energy density, total surface area, and hydrophobicity. Strain characterization revealed that these metabolites exert distinct toxic efects on E. coli health. We found that higher concentrations and/or carbon numbers of metabolites cause more severe growth inhibition. For the same carbon numbers and metabolite concentrations, we discovered that branched chain metabolites are less toxic than the linear chain ones. Remarkably, shorter alkyl esters (e.g., ethyl butyrate) appear less toxic than longer alkyl esters (e.g., butyl acetate). Regardless of metabolites, hydrophobicity of a metabolite, gov- erned by its physiochemical properties, strongly correlates with the metabolite’s toxic efect on E. coli health. -
BLUE BOOK 1 Methyl Acetate CIR EXPERT PANEL MEETING
BLUE BOOK 1 Methyl Acetate CIR EXPERT PANEL MEETING AUGUST 30-31, 2010 Memorandum To: CIR Expert Panel Members and Liaisons From: Bart Heldreth Ph.D., Chemist Date: July 30, 2010 Subject: Draft Final Report of Methyl Acetate, Simple Alkyl Acetate Esters, Acetic Acid and its Salts as used in Cosmetics . This review includes Methyl Acetate and the following acetate esters, relevant metabolites and acetate salts: Propyl Acetate, Isopropyl Acetate, t-Butyl Acetate, Isobutyl Acetate, Butoxyethyl Acetate, Nonyl Acetate, Myristyl Acetate, Cetyl Acetate, Stearyl Acetate, Isostearyl Acetate, Acetic Acid, Sodium Acetate, Potassium Acetate, Magnesium Acetate, Calcium Acetate, Zinc Acetate, Propyl Alcohol, and Isopropyl Alcohol. At the June 2010 meeting, the Panel reviewed information submitted in response to an insufficient data announcement for HRIPT data for Cetyl Acetate at the highest concentration of use (lipstick). On reviewing the data in the report, evaluating the newly available unpublished studies and assessing the newly added ingredients, the Panel determined that the data are now sufficient, and issued a Tentative Report, with a safe as used conclusion. Included in this report are Research Institute for Fragrance Materials (RIFM) sponsored toxicity studies on Methyl Acetate and Propyl Acetate, which were provided in “wave 2” at the June Panel Meeting but are now incorporated in full. The Tentative Report was issued for a 60 day comment period (60 days as of the August panel meeting start date). The Panel should now review the Draft Final Report, confirm the conclusion of safe, and issue a Final Report. All of the materials are in the Panel book as well as in the URL for this meeting's web page http://www.cir- safety.org/aug10.shtml.