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Use of Nuclear Reactors IAEA-TECDOC-574 NUCLEAF O E US R REACTORS FOR SEAWATER DESALINATION TECHNICAA L DOCUMENT ISSUEE TH Y DB INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA, 1990 The IAEA doe t normallsno y maintain stock f reportso thin si s series. However, microfiche copies of these reports can be obtained from INIS Clearinghouse international Atomic Energy Agency Wagramerstrasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, .Austria Orders shoul accompaniee db prepaymeny db f Austriao t n Schillings 100, fore for e chequa th mf th IAEm f o n i n o i r eAo microfiche service coupons orderee whicb y dhma separately fro INIe mth S Clearinghouse. NUCLEAF O E US R REACTORS FOR SEAWATER DESALINATION IAEA, VIENNA, 1990 IAEA-TECDOC-574 ISSN 1011-4289 Printe IAEe th AustriAn i y db a September 1990 PLEASE BE AWARE THAT MISSINE TH AL F LO G PAGE THIN SI S DOCUMENT WERE ORIGINALLY BLANK FOREWORD The purpose of this report is to provide a state-of-the-art review of desalination technologie couplee b w then ho nucleao ca y t d d san r reactors. Between 1964 and 1967, the Agency published the Technical Report Series Nos. 24, 51, 69 and 80, as part of its programme on nuclear desalination. e lasTh t activit Agence th thin f i yyo s fiel organizins dwa Technicaga l Committee Meeting on Heat Utilization from Nuclear Reactors for Desalting of Seawater, which was held in Vienna from 29 June to 1 July 1977. The interest in nuclear desalination, as indicated from the meeting papers and discussion s les,wa s strong tha othen ni r applications, suc districs ha t heatin d industriaan g procesf o e lus s steam e reasonTh . s were uncertainty in costs, mismatch between the size of nuclear power plants being constructed and desalination plants, and the safety issues related to locatio nucleaf no r power plants clos largo t e e consumer f desalteo s d water. Howeve s recommendewa t i r d that development nuclean i s r desalination shoul e followedb d closely meetina d ,an g arranged when enough interest existed. Durin e 33rth gd regular sessioIAEe th A f nGenerao l Conferencn i e 1989, renewed interes nuclean i t r seawater desalinatio s indicatenwa y b d some Member States e GeneraTh . l Conference accordancn ,i e wits it h resolutio C (XXXIII)/515nG , requested thaDirectoe th t r General assese sth technica d economilan c potentia nucleaf o l r reactor r seawatefo s r desalination in the light of experience gained during the past decade, and conference reporth thirty-fourto s t it t ea h regular sessio n 1990ni n I . orde addreso t r s this subject thoroughly s decided wa e technica t th ,i t ,a l level, to prepare a state-of-the-art report based on experience gained and studies conducted in the past decade. A Consultants Meetin convenes gwa Decembed8 o frot 6 m r 198n 9i Vienna, with experts from countries involved in desalination efforts, such as the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, Israel, USA and USSR. The purpose was to define the scope of this report, and to recommend future action. This group of experts prepared the draft of this report, which was then thoroughly discusse reviewed dan Advisorn a t da y Group Meeting convened by the Agency from 16 to 18 May 1990 in Vienna. A total of 15 experts fro differen9 m t countries (Argentina, Canada, Egypt, Federal Republic of Germany, Israel, Japan, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, USA and USSR) participate thin i d s meeting presented ,an d their commentd san suggestions, which were then incorporated intrepore th o y consultantstb . A final editorial meeting was convened from 23 July to 1 August 1990 in Vienna, and the report completed. EDITORIAL NOTE In preparing this material for the press, staff of the International Atomic Energy Agency have mounted and paginated the original manuscripts and given some attention to presentation. The views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the governments of the Member States organizationsor under whose auspices manuscriptsthe were produced. The use in this book of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of their products or brand names does not imply any endorsement IAEA. the recommendation or of pan the on CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 9 1.1. Objectives of the Report .................................................................................... 9 1.2. Need for nuclear desalination .............................................................................. 9 1.2.1. Nee r watefo d r ....................................................................................9 . 1.2.2. Reason r seawatefo s r desalination .............................................................0 1 . 1.2.3. Reason nuclear fo s r energy .....................................................................0 1 . 1.3. Cosbarriea e overcoms b a t o t r e ........................................................................1 1 . 1.4. Environmental incentives ...................................................................................2 1 . 1.5. Outlin Repore th f o e t .......................................................................................2 1 . 2. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................ 13 2.1. Desalination technologies ..................................................................................3 1 . 2.1.1. Distillation processes .............................................................................. 13 2.1.2. Membrane processes .............................................................................. 13 2.2. Nuclear technologies ......................................................................................... 14 2.2.1. Current experience ...............................................................................4 1 . 2.2.2. Recent studie related an s d experience ........................................................5 1 . 2.3. Major considerations ......................................................................................... 19 2.3.1. Size compatibility .................................................................................. 19 2.3.2. Costs of desalination ............................................................................... 20 2.3.3. Safety considerations .............................................................................0 2 . 2.3.4. Environmental considerations ..................................................................0 2 . 2.3.5. Other institutional barriers ....................................................................... 21 2.4. Conclusions and recommendations for future actions ................................................. 22 2.4.1. Conclusions ........................................................................................3 2 . 2.4.2. Recommendations .................................................................................. 25 . 3 REVIE CURRENF WO T TECHNOLOGIE SEAWATER SFO R DESALINATION ................7 2 . 3.1. Product water quality .......................................................................................7 2 . 3.1.1. Drinking water standards ......................................................................... 27 3.1.2. Process water requirements .....................................................................0 3 . 3.1.3. Post treatment requirement costd san s ........................................................0 3 . 3.2. Seawater pretreatment ......................................................................................1 3 . 3.2.1. Seawater qualities .................................................................................1 3 . 3.2.2. Pretreatment requirements and costs ........................................................... 31 3.3. Desalination processes ....................................................................................... 33 3.3.1. General .............................................................................................. 33 Multi-stag— F 3.3.2MS . e flash distillation .........................................................5 3 . 3.3.2.1. Description of process and equipment ............................................. 35 3.3.2.2. Current statu futurand s e developments ..........................................36 . 3.3.2.3. Energy requirements ................................................................... 36 3.3.2.4. Pretreatment requirements ............................................................ 36 3.3.2.5. Other special requirements ..........................................................6 3 . 3.3.2.6. Investment costs ........................................................................ 37 Multi-effec— D 3.3.3ME . t distillation ...............................................................7 3 . 3.3.3.1. HTM HorizontaE— l tube multiple effect desalination ........................7 3 . 3.3.3.1.1. Descriptio f procesno equipmend an s t ..............................7 3 . 3.3.3.1.2. Current status and future developments .............................. 41 3.3.3.1.3. Energy requirements ..................................................... 44 3.3.3.1.4. Pretreatment requirements .............................................. 44 3.3.3.1.5. Other special requirements ............................................5
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