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Food Quality and Safety Standards

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Food Quality and Safety Standards Division 45 Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food Food Quality and Safety Standards as required by EU Law and the Private Industry With special reference to the MEDA countries’ exports of fresh and processed fruit & vegetables, herbs & spices A Practitioners’ Reference Book Margret Will · Doris Guenther 2nd edition 2007 Editor: Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH Postfach 5180, 65726 Eschborn, Germany Internet: http://www.gtz.de Division 45 – Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food Authors: Margret Will Doris Guenther Layout CD-ROM: Gisela Will – Zeichen der Zeit Distributor: GTZ – Division 45 1st edition November 2003 2nd completely revised and up-dated edition January 2007 CONTENTS Contents LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS VI PREFACE XII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XIV 1 INTRODUCTION 2 1.1 Food quality and safety – risk based control and operators’ responsibility along Food Supply Chains 2 1.1.1 Food quality and safety – a growing concern in global trade 2 1.1.2 Food quality and safety – the responsibility of governments and the private industry 2 1.2 Recent developments – brief overview on major changes in standard setting and benchmarking and related trade issues 5 1.2.1 World Trade Organization (WTO) 5 1.2.2 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 6 1.2.3 European Union (EU) 6 1.2.4 German Food and Feed Law 7 1.2.5 Private standards 8 1.3 The context of this reference book 8 1.3.1 Food quality and safety and the EU-MEDA partnership – validity of this document for other export countries and commodities 8 1.3.2 Know how transfer on food quality and safety standards – how to use this reference book 9 2 GLOSSARY OF RELEVANT TERMS 11 3 MANDATORY AND VOLUNTARY STANDARDS – AN OVERVIEW 21 4 STANDARD SETTING AND/OR BENCHMARKING ORGANISATIONS 24 4.1 Multilateral organisations 26 4.1.1 World Trade Organization (WTO) 26 4.1.1.1 WTO – General provisions 26 4.1.1.2 WTO TBT – Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade 29 4.1.1.3 WTO SPS – Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures 31 4.1.1.4 Difference between SPS and TBT measures 34 4.1.1.5 WTO TRIPS – Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights 35 4.1.1.6 WTO DSU – Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes 36 i CONTENTS 4.1.2 WTO-recognised standards (voluntary standards for benchmarking) 37 4.1.2.1 Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) 37 4.1.2.2 International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) 41 4.1.2.3 Office Internationale des Epizooties (OIE) 42 4.1.3 Other multilateral standard setting organisations (voluntary standards) 43 4.1.3.1 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN/ECE) 43 4.1.3.2 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 44 4.1.3.3 European Committee for Standardization (CEN) and European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) 51 4.1.3.4 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 52 4.1.3.5 Environmental and social standards 53 4.1.3.6 International Social and Environmental Accreditation and Labelling Alliance (ISEAL Alliance) 55 4.1.3.7 GS1 The Global Language of Business – solutions for bar codes and traceability 61 4.2 European Union (EU) 62 4.2.1 Brief introduction to EU legislature 63 4.2.2 The EU’s Food Safety and Quality Legislation – an overview 65 4.2.3 Food Safety 65 4.2.3.1 The White Paper on Food Safety 65 4.2.3.2 General Food Law – Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 68 4.2.3.3 General Food Law – Institutional set-up (EC DG SANCO, EFSA, RASFF, FVO) 71 4.2.3.4 EU Food Safety (mandatory standards) – Horizontal legislation 75 4.2.3.5 EU Food Safety (mandatory standards) – Vertical legislation 92 4.2.4 Food Quality 94 4.2.4.1 Common Market Organisation (CMO) for fruit and vegetables – an introduction 94 4.2.4.2 EU Food Quality (mandatory standards) – Marketing standards 97 4.2.4.3 EU Food Quality (voluntary standards) – Protection of geographical indications and organic farming 100 4.2.5 Harmonisation of EU Member States’ food laws 102 4.2.5.1 Germany 103 4.2.5.2 United Kingdom 104 4.2.5.3 France 105 4.3 Private Industry and Trade Standards 106 4.3.1 Introduction 106 4.3.2 Classification of private standards 108 4.3.3 Initiatives to harmonise private standards 109 4.3.3.1 Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI) 110 4.3.3.2 International Federation for Produce Standards (IFPS) 112 4.3.4 Collective standards – horizontal level 113 4.3.4.1 EUREPGAP 114 4.3.4.2 APS 116 ii CONTENTS 4.3.4.3 BRC Global Standard – Food (issue 4) 117 4.3.4.4 BRC Global Standard – Storage & Distribution and Packaging 118 4.3.4.5 IFS 118 4.3.4.6 IFS Logistics 119 4.3.4.7 Dutch HACCP Code 120 4.3.4.8 FPA-SAFE 120 4.3.4.9 COCERAL 121 4.3.5 Collective standards – vertical level 121 4.3.5.1 Safe Quality Food (SQF) 122 4.3.5.2 Qualitaet und Sicherheit – Quality and Safety (QS) 123 4.3.5.3 Label Rouge 124 4.3.6 Corporate standards 125 5 STANDARDS AND SMALLHOLDERS’ INTEGRATION INTO GLOBAL FOOD CHAINS – RECOMMENDATIONS AND CASE STUDIES 129 5.1 Legal and normative framework conditions 131 5.2 Institutional set-up 135 5.3 Networking and food chain integration 138 5.4 Technology Transfer, Information and Knowledge Management 141 5.5 Further supporting initiatives 144 6 ESTABLISHING A CENTRE OF COMPETENCE (CLEARING HOUSE) ON FOOD QUALITY AND FOOD SAFETY STANDARDS 149 7 USEFUL LINKS FOR THE RESEARCH ON FOOD STANDARDS 151 7.1 European Commission (EC) and Member States’ institutions 151 7.1.1 Food Safety from the farm to the fork – information about EC policies, strategies and legislation 152 7.1.2 Export Helpdesk for Developing Countries – information about market access conditions in the EU/EU Member States 152 7.1.3 Market Access Databank – information about market access conditions in non-EU countries 153 7.1.4 Food Quality Schemes Project – information about food supply chain dynamics and quality certification 153 7.1.5 Others 153 7.2 Multilateral organisations 154 7.2.1 World Trade Organisation 154 7.2.2 Others 154 iii CONTENTS 7.3 Further information sources on food safety 155 7.3.1 Databases and search engines 155 7.3.2 Newsletters 156 7.4 Private Standards 156 7.5 Research, Consultancy, Training 157 7.6 Associations 157 7.7 Technical assistance 157 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY 160 iv DISCLAIMER Disclaimer The information in this publication has been carefully researched and diligently compiled. Nevertheless, GTZ does not accept any liability or give any guarantee for the validity, accuracy and completeness of the information provided. GTZ assumes no legal liabilities for damages, be they material or immaterial, caused by the use or non-use of provided information or the use of erroneous or incomplete information, with the exception of proven intentional or grossly negligent conduct on the side of GTZ. This material is: • of a general nature only; • not intended to address specific needs of any particular individual or entity; • not necessarily comprehensive, complete, accurate or up-to-date; • not intended as professional or legal advice. This CD contains links to third-party web sites. The linked sites are not under the control of GTZ, and GTZ is not responsible for the contents of any linked site or any link contained in a linked site. Please note that it cannot be guaranteed that online documents exactly reproduce an officially adopted text. As regards European Union legislation, only documents published in paper editions of the Official Journal of the European Communities are deemed authentic. v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS List of Abbreviations ACP African – Caribbean – Pacific ADB Asian Development Bank AENOR Asociación Española de Normalización (Spanish Association of Standardisation) AFSSA Agence Française de la Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (French Food Safety Agency) AGPM Association Générale des Producteurs de Mais (General Association of the Producers of Maize) AIS Approved third country Inspection Service AMAGAP Agrarmarkt Austria Marketing AoA Agreement on Agriculture APS Assured Produce Scheme ARR Agrochemical Retailers Re-qualification ATDN Agriculture, Trade and Development Network BGI Verband des Deutschen Blumen-Gross- und Importhandels (Association of the German Flower Wholesale and Import Trade) BDH Bundesvereinigung Deutscher Handelsverbaende e.V. (German Union of Trade Associations) BfR Bundesinstitut fuer Risikobewertung (Federal Institute for Risk Assessment) BLE Bundesanstalt fuer Landwirtschaft und Ernaehrung (Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food) BLL Bund fuer Lebensmittelrecht und Lebenmittelkunde/Germany (German Federation of Food Law and Food Science) BMELV Bundesministerium fuer Ernaehrung, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz (Federal Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection) BMZ Bundesministerium fuer wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development) BRC British Retail Consortium BSE Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis BVL Bundesamt fuer Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit (Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety) CAC Codex Alimentarius Commission CAP Common Agricultural Policy CASCO Committee on Conformity Assessment CBI Centre for the Promotion of Imports from Developing Countries CCFAC Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants CCP Critical Control Point CEN Comité Européen de Normalisation (European Committee for Standardisation) CENELEC Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation) CEPAA Council on Economic Priorities Accreditation Agency CERQUA Centre de développement des Certifications
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