DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING PLAN
FOR THE PECAN WEEVIL IN
A COM\1ERCIALLY MANAGED PECAN ORCHARD
By
MI 0-IAEL JOI-IN HALL I) Bachelor of Science Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 1974 Master of Science Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 1977
Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May, 1980 DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A SEQUENTIAL
SAMPLING PLAN FOR THE PECAN WEEVIL
IN A COMMERCIALLY MANAGED
PECAN ORCHARD
T) n~ ~the Graduate College
ii 1066245 ' ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to express my deepest appreciation to Dr. R. D. Eikenbary, Professor of Entomology, for the help, guidance, and encouragement he has given me throughout the course of my studies. I am greatly indebted to Dr. R. D. MOrrison, Professor of Statistics and Dr. W. D. Warde, Associate Professor of Statistics for their val uable assistance in designing the experiment, analyzing the data, and critically reviewing the manuscript. I would also like to thank all of the people in the Department of Statistics for the many hours which they spent in assisting me in the preparation of my data for analysis. I would like to express my gratitude to Drs. G. L. Barnes, Professor of Plant Pathology, J. R. Sauer, Professor of Entomology and M. W. Smith, Assistant Professor of Horticulture for their help in reviewing this manuscript. I would like to thank the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station for its financial support for this study.
I would also like to express my indebtedness to the Noble Foundation Ardmore, Oklahoma, and Mr. George Hedger for the use of the Noble Foundation's pecan orchard at the Red River Demonstration and Research Farm. Appreciation is also extended to Mr. Larry Taliaferro, and all the personnel of the Red River Demonstration and Research Farm for their assistance in setting up the experiment and collecting data. I am expecially grateful to Patsy Stafford for her warm and wonderful friendship over the past year. I wish to thank her for her
iii encouragement and support. M:>st of all I would like to say "thank you very much" to my parents, Heinz and Marliese Hall, and my brother, Mark, for the encouragement and support that they have given me throughout this study and throughout my college education. To them I am greatly indebted.
iv TABLE OF CONTENTS
Ol.apter Page I. INfRODUCfiON ...... 1 II • IMPACT OF PECAN WEEVIL DAMAGE ON PECAN PRODUCfiON. • 3 Methods and Materials . . • . • . . . . . • • . 4 Results and Discussion . . • . • • . • . . • • 6
III. EFFECfS OF PECAN NUT CLUSTER SIZE ON 11-IE SELECfiON OF NUTS FOR FEEDING AND OVIPOSITION BY THE PECAN WEEVIL, CURCULIO CARYAE (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) • 14 Methods and Materials . . . • • • • . . . . 15 Results and Discussion . . • • • . . . . . 15
IV. THE DEVELOPMENT AND FEASIBILITY OF USING A SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING PLAN FOR TilE PECAN WEEVIL • • • • • • • 23 Methods and Materials . . . • • • 25 Results and Discussion • . • . 31
V. REFERENCES CITED 51
APPENDIXES • . • 56
APPENDIX A- NUT DAMAGE AND NUT LOSS DATA FOR 1977 •• 56
APPENDIX B - NUT DAMAGE AND NUT LOSS DATE FOR 1978. • 78
v LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
I. Evaluation of Pecan Weevil Damage in a Commercially Managed Orchard ...... • . • • • . • 8 II. Randomized Block Design for Comparison of 1975 and 1976 Data Based on Punctured Clusters. Cultivar: "Squirrels Delight" ...... • • . . . . • . . • • 17 III. Factorial Analysis of Variance for Comparison of 1976 and 1977 Data Based on Punctured Clusters. Cultivar: "Squirrels Delight" and "Stuart". . . • • . . . . . • 18 IV. Randomized Block Design for Comparison of 1975 and 1976 Data Based on Punctured Nuts. Cultivar: "S qu1rre. 1s D e l'gh1 t II . • . . . . • • . . • • . . . • • . • 19 V. Factorial Analysis of Variance for Comparison of 1976 and 1977 Data Based on Punctured Nuts. Cultivars: "Squirrels Delight" and "Stuart" •••..••••...• 20 VI. Hypothetical Pecan Tree to Illustrate the Different Effects of Constant Percentage Punctured Clusters and Constant Percentage Punctured Nuts. . • . • • . . 22
VII. Sequential Table for Sampling Pecan Weevil Punctures. . 29 VIII. Summary of Pecan Weevil Damage by Tree. 1977. Cultivar: "Stuart". Burneyville, Oklahoma...... 32 IX. Summary of Pecan Weevil Damage by Tree. 1978. Cultivar: "Stuart". Burneyville, Oklahoma...... 33
vi LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1. Sequential Sampling Chart for the Pecan Weevil Using Punctured Nuts as the Sampling Unit • ...... 28 2. Number of Adult Pecan Weevil Trapped, Number of Nuts Punctured, and Number of Insecticide Applications Made by Tree and Date, for Trees in WhiCh Treatment Decisions were Made Using Cone Emergence Traps. 1977 35 3. Number of Adult Pecan Weevil Trapped, Number of Nuts Punctured, and Number of Insecticide Applications Made by Tree and Date, for Trees in Which Treatment Decisions were Made Using Cone Emergence Traps. 1977 37 4. Number of Adult Pecan Weevil Trapped, Number of Nuts Punctured, and Number of Insecticide Applications Made by Tree and Date, for Trees in Which Treatment Decisions were Made Using Sequential Sampling. 1977. 39 5 . Number of Adult Pecan Weevil Trapped, Number of Nuts Punctured, and Number of Insecticide Applications Made by Tree and Date, for Trees in Which Treatment Decisions were Made Using Sequential Sampling. 1977. 41 6. Number of Adult Pecan Weevil Trapped, Number of Nuts Punctured, and Number of Insecticide Applications Made by Tree and Date, for Trees in Which Treatment Decisions were Made Using Cone Emergence Traps. 1978 43 7. Number of Adult Pecan Weevil Trapped, Number of Nuts Punctured, and Number of Insecticide Applications Made by Tree and Date, for Trees in Which Treatment Decisions were Made Using Sequential Sampling. 1978. 45
vii CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
The pecan tree, Carya illionensis (Wang.) K. Koch is said to be one of the largest of the native hickories. According to Brison (1974), the pecan tree is the most horticulturally important plant native to the United States. In 1978 a total of 250,700,000 lbs. of pecans were produced in the United States, with a net value of $150,420,000. In Oklahoma 15,500,000 lbs. of pecans were produced in 1978, with a net value of $9,300,000. This tree, which produces a beautiful wood, is noted mainly for the very fine tasting, edible nut that it produces. The pecan tree is native to the United States (Brison 1974). Its native range follows the Nfississippi Rover and its tributaries. Native pecans are found primarily in Oklahoma, Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi, and to a lesser degree in Kansas, Missouri, Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, and Iowa (Brison 1974). Improved cultivars of pecans have been exten sively planted in states where pecans are not native. These states include New Mexico, Arizona, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina (Brison 1974). Improved cultivars are also being planted in the native pecan growing regions of the country. Each year numerous insect pests and diseases capable of inflicting severe damage attack both the nut and the tree. One of the more serious pests of the pecan throughout the pecan growing region (except New Mexico, Arizona, and West Texas) is the pecan weevil, Curculio caryae.
1 2
(Horn). Neel and Shepard (1976) indicated that this is the most import ant arthropod pest on pecans. The most common means used for controlling the pecan weevil is with chemical insecticides. Treatments are directed at the adult stage, since this is the stage that is most susceptible to the toxicant. Various sampling procedures have been developed to determine when treatments need to be made. To date, all of these sampling procedures have focused on sampling the adult stage of the pecan weevil. Current ly, no work has been reported on using punctured nuts as a means of making treatment decisions for pecan weevil control. The primary objective of this study was to determine the feasibil ity of a sequential sampling plan using punctured nuts as the sampling unit, and comparing it to another sampling method that uses adult pecan weevils as the sampling unit. Information regarding the types and amount of damage caused by the pecan weevil, and what effects nut cluster size has on the select ion of nuts for feeding and oviposition by the pecan weevil was needed before the sequential sampling plan could be implemented. rnAPTER II
IMPACT OF PECAN WEEVIL DAMAGE OF PECAN PRODUCTION
Throughout the growing season the pecan tree, Carya illinoensis CWang.) K. Koch and its fruit, the pecan, are susceptible to attack from numerous insect pests. From the standpoint of production one of the important pests of pecans in most pecan growing areas is the pecan weevil, Curculio caryae (Horn) (Eikenbary et al. 1977, and Harris and VanCleave 1974). The eggs of the pecan weevil are inserted into the nut during August, September, and October, but the oviposit ion period may vary as a result of the season or cultivar of pecan. Upon hatching, the larvae feed on the pecan kernel for about four weeks, drop to the soil and commonly burrow into the ground to a depth of 10-30 em., where the larvae remain for one to two years. The pupal stage lasts for about three weeks and the adults remain in the soil until the following summer. The complete life cycle requires two to three years (Harp and VanCleave 1976a, b, c, Harris 1976, and Osburn et al. 196 3) . Damage and nut loss due to adult weevil feeding, oviposition, and subsequent larval feeding can be classified into four general categories 1) premature nut drop due to adult feeding, 2) blackspots resulting from adult feeding, 3) shriveled kernels caused by adult feeding, and 4) destruction of the kernel by feeding larvae (Moznette
3 4 et al. 1931, 1940, Hinrichs and Thompson 1955, Boethel and Eikenbary 1979). The type and extent of this damage depends on three factors
1) population size, 2) when weevil emergence occurs, and 3) when a given cultivar reaches maturity (VanCleave and Harp 1971). VanCleave and Harp (1971) also observed that early maturing cultivars are the most severely damaged. Losses not only occur during growth and development of the pecan, they can also occur during the processing stage (harvesting, shelling, and packaging). Losses incurred during processing are due primarily to the extra time and labor that is needed to sort damaged nuts and kernels, and to remove weevil larvae (Boethel and Eikenbary 1979). Those portions of the damaged kernels that are good are subsequently packaged and sold at lower prices. Aside from the most obvious sign of pecan weevil damage (presence of a weevil emergence hole in the nut), very little seems to be known about the other types of pecan weevil damage (black spots, shriveled kernels, and premature nut drop). Therefore, to obtain a better under standing of pecan weevil damage, a study was conducted to determine the amount and type of damage to pecans due to pecan weevil feeding and oviposition in a connnercial orchard that is under a pest manage ment program.
Methods and Materials
The study was conducted at the Samuel Roberts No'ID1e Foundation, Inc., Red River Demonstration and Research Farm. The farm is located southeast of Burneyville, Oklahoma, in Love county. Ten pecan trees of the cultivar "Squirrels Delight" were selected 5 for the study in 1974 and 15 trees in 1976. The trees were not select- ed at random, but were selected on the basis of having high pecan wee- vil populations. Due to heavy pruning of the lower branches of the "Squirrels Delight" trees for disease control (pecan scab), ten trees of the cultivar "Stuart" were selected for study in 1977 and 1978. A high pecan weevil population was again the main criterion for tree selection. One hundred and fifty nuts were tagged on each tree (except in 1975 when 123-136 nuts per tree were tagged). The nuts occurred on both cultivars in cluster sizes of one, two, three, and four nuts per cluster. The nut cluster were tagged in such a way that the num ber of tagged clusters was proportional to the number of one, two, three, and four nut clusters estimated to occur in the trees. Since it has been determined that there is no significant differ ence in infestation between different height levels and sectors within a pecan tree (Boethel et al. 1974), all tagged nuts were located ca. 2-4 m. above the ground. Nuts were tagged in all four quadrants of the tree and at various distances outward from the trunk. Nuts were tagged using (2.5 em.) circular metal rirrnned cardboard tags on which was listed the tree number and nut number(s). All nuts within a sel- ected cluster were numbered and examined. In addition, strips of orange plastic flagging were fastened to branches containing tagged nuts to aid in their relocation. Observations were initiated during the first week of August and
f were continued nntil harvest. Observations were conducted at weekly intervals, except during periods of high weevil emergence and just prior to shuck split, when observations were conducted twice weekly· 6
Observations involved inspecting each of the nuts to determine if there was any damage done to the nut by either insects or disease. Nuts punctured by the pecan weevil could be distinguished by the presence of a small, but distinct hole in the shuck of the nut. However, it was not possible to distinguish between feeding and ovi positional punctures while the nut was on the tree. Weevil activity was monitored using the cone emergence trap method as described by Eikenbary et al. (1977, 1978). Because of interest in the occurrence and type of nut damage that occurred under a pest management program in a commercial orchard, the study trees were treated in the same manner as the rest of the orchard (Hedger et al. 1978). The remaining tagged nuts were l1arvested at shuck split and taken to the laboratory for further evaluation. Evaluation consist ed of cracking the nuts and checking for kernel damage at the place of nut puncture, and for the presence of pecan weevil larvae or lar val emergence holes in the nut.
Results and Discussion
There are four different categories of damage to pecans caused by the pecan weevil and all four categories were observed in the managed orchard. The most prevelent type of damage attributed to the pecan weevil during the four year study was premature not drop associated with adult feeding. It was also observed that ca. 20% of the total nut loss that occurred was from causes unknown at the present time. The amcnmt of premature nut drop was due in part to the period 7
of time when maximum weevil activity occurred and the stage of develop~ ment (Woodroof and Woodroof 1927, Hinrichs and Ramming 1973, and Calcote 1975), that the nut was in at that time. This was evident in 1975 and 1977 when pecan weevil activity occurred while the nut was still in the ''water stage" (endosperm is non-cellular). During these two years a large number of nuts punctured by the pecan weevil (Table I) dropped prematurely, with most of the nuts dropping within two weeks after puncturing. This is similar to the tindings of Hinrichs and Ramming (1972) and Calcote (1975). Premature nut drop as a result of weevil activity was also the primary cause of known nut loss in 1976 and 1978, although fewer nuts fell during those two years (Table I). Maximum pecan weevil activity occurred during late August and early September when the nuts were in the "gel" or "dough" stage (Harris 1976a). Besides the late wee vil emergence, relatively few weevil emerged from the soil possibly because of the drou~1t conditions that existed in 1978. Nuts punc tured while in the "dough" stage generally remained on the tree (Calcote 1975). With respect to the number of nuts tagged, nuts containing or having contained weevil larvae (ovipositional damage) were few during the four years the study was conducted. In 1976, 20 nuts were found to contain pecan weevil larvae. In 1975 and 1977, only one nut contained pecan weevil larvae, while in 1978 no nuts were found to contain pecan weevil larvae (Table I). The lack of ovipositional damage in 1978 could possibly be due to the low numbers of pecan weevil emerging and to proper timing of insecticide applications. Although emergence was heavy in 1975 and TABLE I
EVALUATIOO OF PECAN WEEVIL DAMAGE BY TREE IN A CCM1ERCIALLY MANAGED ORCHARD
# Pnnct. # Nuts with # Nuts #Nuts # Nuts Nuts # Nuts with Shriveled with #Nuts Tree # ·Tagged Ptmct. Dropped Black Spots Kernels Larvae .Unknown
(1975 Cultivar: "Sguirrels Delight") 1 126 13 7 34 2 129 5 2 27 3 123 8 4 30 4 129 15 4 46 5 127 33 12 9 6 123 6 2 41 7 126 11 1 56 8 127 9 6 33 9 136 9 8 41 10 127 13 3 39 Total 1273 122 49 356
00 TABLE I (Continued)
# Ptmct. # Nuts with # Nuts # Nuts # Nuts Nuts # Nuts with Shriveled with #Nuts Tree# Tagged Ptmct. Dropped Black Spots Kernels Larvae Unknown
(1976 Cultivar: "Sguirrels Delight") 1 150 5 0 2 0 0 30 2 150 1 0 0 0 0 21 3 150 4 0 0 0 0 27 4 150 2 1 1 0 0 22 5 150 10 7 2 0 0 40 6 150 17 2 1 1 2 20 7 150 7 1 0 0 1 16 8 150 13 2 0 2 0 24 9 150 29 8 0 3 2 25 10 150 21 9 0 1 2 17
11 150 9 3 0 1 1 30 12 150 16 2 0 1 4 12 13 150 19 4 2 0 5 18 14 150 8 0 0 1 1 20 15 150 7 0 0 0 2 10 Total 2250 168 39 8 11 20 342 TABLE I (Continued)
# Punct. # Nuts with # Nuts # Nuts #Nuts Nuts #Nuts with Shriveled with # Nuts Tree # Tagged Punct. Dropped Black Spots Kernels Larvae Unknown
(1977 Cultivar: "Stuart") 1 150 69 42 1 0 0 42
2 150 43 26 0 0 0 51 3 150 22 8 0 0 0 39
4 150 17 5 0 2 0 36 5 150 11 5 0 0 0 38 6 150 28 8 0 1 0 16 7 150 21 7 1 2 1 22
8 150 48 26 2 2 0 33 9 150 22 7 1 0 0 58 10 150 5 0 0 1 0 18
Total 1500 286 134 5 8 1 353
J--1 0 TABLE I (Continued)
# Nuts #Nuts # Ptmct. # Nuts with #Nuts Nuts # Nuts with Shriveled with # Nuts Tree # Tagged Ptmct. Dropped Black Spots Kernels Larvae Unknown
(1978 Cultivar: ''Stuart'') 1 150 14 2 0 1 0 28
2 150 8 5 0 1 0 39 3 150 0 0 0 0 0 26 4 150 0 0 0 0 29 5 150 2 0 0 0 0 36 6 150 6 1 0 0 0 34 7 ---~
8 150 12 3 0 0 0 55
9 150 7 1 2 0 0 57 10 i.50 7 1 0 0 36 Total 1500 56 13 2 3 0 340
~ No nuts on tree in 1978. 12 and 1977, it occurred at a time when the nut was not suitable for oviposition. By the time the nuts were suitable for oviposition very few weevil were found to be emerging. Two other types of damage encountered, when evaluating nuts punctured by the pecan weevil, were shriveled kernels and kernels with black spots. These two types of damage were also encountered in relatively low numbers (Table I). The shriveled kernels are caused when the puncture by the feeding female penetrates through the integt.m1ent while the nut is in the "dough" stage, while the black spots are the result of the punctures penetrating only into the integument (Boethel and Eikenbary 1979). After shell hardening the male feeds in the shuck and usually does not penetrate the shell, resulting in minimal or no kernel damage (Calcote 1975). This type of damage was light in comparison to the number of nuts dropped pre maturely due to weevil feeding. However, it was still higher than the number of nuts lost due to larval feeding within the nut for all years the study was conducted, except 1976. The presence of pecan weevil larvae in the nut and the presence of emergence holes in the nut have been the means by which most grow ers, researchers, and extension workers measure pecan weevil damage. Results from this study indicate that a significant portion of the damage by the pecan weevil occurs from feeding punctures while the nut is still in the free endosperm state ("water stage"), result ing in premature nut drop. 1ne full extent of damage during this per iod is seldom realized by the growers, researchers, or extension work ers because no quantitative data is obtained of nuts aborted from the tree. Premature abortion is usually attributed to some other insects 13 suCh as the hickory shuckworm, to some unknown physiological factor such as drought stress, or ignored. Other types of damage attribut ed to weevils such as black spots, shriveled kernels, and oviposit ional damage that occurred during the study were minimal in relation to premature nut drop. A1 though the amount of damage caused by the pecan weevil in re lation to the number of nuts tagged appears small, if projected over an entire orchard, the damage encountered can contribute significant ly to nut loss and to a reduction in nut quality. From this study it can be seen that more economic damage results from early weevil emergence and subsequent adult feeding than any other type of weevil induced damage in an orchard under a pest manage ment program. However, throughout the study losses due to unknown reasons was the most prominent type of nut loss. Further investigat ion is needed to try and determine the causes of this type of nut loss. GIAPTER III
EFFECTS OF PECAN NUT CLUSTER SIZE ON THE SELECTION
OF NUTS FOR FEEDING AND OVIPOSITION BY THE
PECAN WEEVIL, CURCULIO CARYAE (HORN) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Various sampling techniques by numerous investigators have been developed to determine when insecticide applications should be made for controlling the pecan weevil on pecan trees (Carya illinoensis
(Wang.) K. Koch) . However, none of these methods has come into wide spread use (Boethel et al. 1976a). These sampling schemes include jarring or shaking the lower limbs of pecan trees to dislodge wee vils onto a canvas or plastic sheet (Moznette et al. 1931, Dupree and Beckman 1953, Osburn et al. 1963, Boethel et al. 1976a), the use of a quick knockdown insecticide such as Pyrenone (Boethel et al. 1976a), tanglefoot spread in bands at different heights around the tree trunk to capture adult weevils as they crawl up the trunk of the tree (Beckman and Dupree 1954, Hinrichs and Thomson 1955, Nash and Thomas 1972, Boethel et al. 1976a), a cloth or burlap bag wrapped around the tree trunk (West and Shepard 1974, 1975), and various types of ground cover traps such as cloth tents and cone emergence traps (Raney and Eikenbary 1969, Raney et al. 1970, West and Shepard 1974, 1975, and Boethel et al. 1976).
14 15
One type of sampling that has not received any attention is to sample pecans for damage caused by the pecan weevil. However, before a sampling scheme based on damage can be utilized it is important to know whether or not the pecan weevil demonstrates a preference for a given nut cluster size. Therefore, a study was conducted to deter mine what effects nut cluster size has on the selection of nuts for feeding and oviposition by the pecan weevil.
~thods and Materials
The design for this study was nearly identical to the design for the study described in Chapter II. Nut prn1cture data collected in 1975, 1976, and 1977 was used for the analysis. Only trees 1-10 of the "Squirrels Delight" cultivar (cultivar used in 1975 and 1976) were used. The additional five trees sampled in 1976 were dropped from this study. All trees were treated, and all nuts were evaluated according to the procedures described in Chapter II.
Results and Discussion
Briefly summarizing the nut puncture data: in 1975, 105 out of 1271 nuts were punctured; in 1976, 127 out of 2250 nuts were punctur ed; and in 1977 286 out of 1500 nuts were punctured. During the 3 year study only 0.04% of the punctured nuts were ovipositional punctures, with 0.8% of the nuts punctured in 1975 and 0.9% of the nuts punctured in 1976 being ovipositional punctures. There was only one ovipositional puncture in 1977. For analyais, the data was divided into the number of clusters 16 ptmctured in relation to the m.unber of clusters within a given nut cluster size category. The data was then transfonned using an arc sine transfonnation to stabilize the variance. Comparisons were then made between the 1975 and 1976 data and between the 1976 and 1977 data. For the years 1975 and 1976 in which trees one through ten were identical, a randomized complete block design was used for analysis. As mentioned earlier, the extra five trees used in 1976 were dropped from the study. To compare the cultivar "Stuart" used in 1977 and the cultivar "Squirrels Delight" used in 1975 and 1976 a different means of anal ysis had to be employed. Because of similarities in weevil emergence and m.unbers of nuts pliDctured it was decided that a comparison be made between the data collected in 1976 and 19 77. A factorial anal ysis of variance was selected for the analysis primarily because of the switch to different trees of a different cultivar. In either case (randomized completed block design and factorial analysis of variance) when analyzing the number of nut clusters punctured, in relation to the number of clusters in a given cluster size category, no significant differences were found (Tables II, III). This seems to indicate that the pecan weevil, when selecting nuts for feeding and oviposition does not select nuts occurring in any particu lar nut cluster size category.
However, when breaking down the nut puncture data into the number of nuts punctured, in relation to the number of nuts in a given clu ster size category, and then analyzing this data by the same methods as above, one comes up with (in both cases) apparently the opposite results (Tables IV, V) • TABLE II
RANOOMIZED BLOCK DESIGJ FOR COMPARISON OF 1975 A""'D 1976 DATA BASED ON PUNCI'URED CLUSTERS. CULTIVAR: "SQUIRRELS DELIGIT"
Source D. F. Stnn of squares ?vfean squares F value
TREE 9 0.6069 0.0674 1.8207 cs 2 0.0903 0.0451 1. 2184
TREE * CS 18 0. 5095 0.0283 0.7642
YR (TREE CS) 30 1.1112 0.0370 TABLE III
FACTORIAL A.W..YSIS OF VARIANCE FOR COMPARISOO OF 1976 AND 1977 DATA BASED ON PUNCTURED CLUSTER. CULTIVARS: "SQUIRRELS DELIQIT" AND "STUART"
Source D. F. Sum of squares Mean squares F value
YR 1 1. 2561 1.2561 29.8762 cs 2 0.1313 0.0657 1.5615
YR * CS 2 0.1034 0.0517 1.2299
TREE (YR CS) 69 2.9011 0.0420 TABLE IV
RAL\lrufl:ZED BLOCK DESHN FOR CCMPARISON OF 1975 AND 1976 DATA BASED ON PUNCTIJRED NUTS. CULTNAR: "SQUIRRELS DELIQ-IT"
Source D. F. St.nn of squares Mean squares F value
TREE 9 0.2818 0.0313 1.6047 cs 2 0. 2136 0.1068 5.4732 TREE * CS 18 0. 2180 0.0121 0.6207 YR (TREE CS) 30 0.5855 0.0195 TABLE V
FACfORIAL .ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR CDMPARISON OF 1976 AND 1977 DATA BASED ON PUNCTIJRED NUTS. CULTIV.ARS: "SQUIRRELS DELIGIT" AND I 'STUART' I
Source D. F. Stm1 of squares Mean squares F value
YR 1 0.6812 0.6812 29.1803 cs 2 0.1599 0.0799 3.42504
YR * CS 2 0.0128 0.0064 0.2741 TREE (YR CS) 69 1.6107 0.0233
N 0 21
It should be noted that this apparent contradiction is, in fact, not a contradiction. This is exactly what one would expect mathemat ically if the pecan weevil selects a nut cluster at random, and after puncturing a nut within that cluster, moves to another cluster before all of the nuts in that cluster have been punctured. For example, in Table VI we assume a hypothetical pecan tree, and show that if the weevil attacks a constant 10% of all clusters, then there could be a variation of as much as 3.3% to 10% in the percentage of nuts punctured by the pecan weevil. If, however, the pecan weevil attacks a constant 10% of all nuts on the tree, there could be a var iation of as much as 10% to 30% in the percentage of clusters punctur ed. Such behavior tends to indicate that the pecan weevil does not select nuts for feeding and oviposition on the basis of nut cluster size. Data collected also supports the statement made earlier that the pecan weevil does not puncture all nuts within a multiple nut cluster before moving to another cluster. TABLE VI
HYPO'TiffiTICAL PECAN TREE TO ILLUSTRATE WE DIFFERENT EFFECT ON PERCENTAGE PUNCTIJRED CLUSTERS AND CONSTANT PERCENTAGE PUNCTURED NUfS
Assume 10% of clusters punctured Assume 10% of nuts punctured Cluster Number No. of Nuts Clusters Nuts Clusters size of nuts clusters punct. % ptm.ct. % ptm.ct. % punct. %
1 800 800 80 10 80 10 80 10 80 10 2 360 180 18-36 5-10 18 10 36 10 18-36 10-20 3 60 20 2-6 3.3-10 2 10 6 10 2-6 10-30
N N CHAPTER IV
THE DEVELOPMENT AND FEASIBILITY OF A
SEQUENriAL SAMPLING PLAN FOR TIIE PECAN WEEVIL
At the present time one of the better methods for determining when to spray for the pecan weevil is the use of cone emergence traps (Raney and Eikenbary 1969 and Boethel et al. 1976a, b). The traps are sensitive to the onset of weevil emergence, fluctuations in the weevil populations, and to periods of peak weevil emergence (Boethel et al. 1976a). These traps are also suited for daily monitoring of pecan weevil activity. Equations have been developed so that the number of adult weevil captured in the traps can be used to estimate the number of adult weevils in the tree (Boethel et al. 1976b). From this it is now possible for a pecan grower to determine when control measures are needed based on the number of adult weevils captured in the traps (Hedger et al. 1978 and Eikenbary et al. 1977, 1978). Despite the apparent advantages of using the cone emergence traps for sampling, several disadvantages do exist. These include the costs
and time involved in constructing, maintaining, and setting up and taking down the traps. If the orchard floor is grazed or cultivated the use of cone emergence traps may be incompatible, because the traps need to be removed to prevent them from being damaged each time the orchard is disced or mowed, or they need to be fenced off from grazing
23 24 cattle. Another problem with cone emergence traps is that during per iods of little or no weevil emergence this method may not give the pro per estimate of weevils in the tree. Pecan growers, especially those with small acreages or in an urban situation, need a sampling method that is inexpensive, reliable, and practical (Hammond and Pedigo 1976), because many growers will not spend the time and money to properly utilize the cone emergence trap method to sample for the pecan weevil. One technique that has not been used for sampling the pecan weevil is sequential sampling, using punctured nuts as the sampling unit. Sequential sampling was developed during WWII for use in quality control of wartime production (Wald 1945). According to Pieters (1978), the first use of sequential sampling in entomology was in the area of forest entomology. Stark (1952), Ives (1954), Morris (1954), and Waters (1955) used sequential sampling to estimate the populations of various forest insect pests. In agricultural entomology the first use of sequential sampling occurred during the 1960's (Pieters 1978). The primary advantage of sequential sampling is that it allows the
sampler to rapidly classify ins~ct populations that are either of low or high density without a fixed sample number size (Oakland 1950, Morris 1954, Mason 1969, Tostowaryk and McCleod 1972, and Pieters 1978).
Other advantages include a reduction in average sampling time of up to 50% (Wald 1945), predetermined accuracy and a wide range of economic injury levels whicl1 can be incorporated into the sequential sampling plans (Onsager 1976). The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of using a sequential sampling plan, using punctured nuts as the sampling 25 unit, to determine when it is necessary to make insecticide applications for control of the pecan weevil.
Methods and Materials
Two sampling methods, a modified form of sequential sampling, and the cone emergence trap method were assigned randomly to each tree. Five trees of the cultivar "Stuart" were sampled for nuts punctured by the pecan weevil using sequential sampling and five trees of the cultivar "Stuart" were sampled for adult pecan weevils using cone emergence traps. Trees were selected on the basis of having high pop- ulations of the pecan weevil and its apparent resistance to pecan scab, Fusicladium effusum (Wint.). The sequential sampling plan was based on equations given by Waters (1955) for the binomial distribution. This distribution was selected since treatment decisions would be based on whether or not a nut was punctured. The upper and lower limits (m2 and m1) were arbitrarily set at 5% and 3% respectively. The assigned risks (~ and B) were both set at 0.10. The equation for computing the lower decision line is:
d1 = bn - h1 and the equation for computing the upper decision is:
d2 = bn + h2 Where:
~, d2 = cumulative number of nuts punctured
n = number of samples
b = slope of the line
h1, h2 = V - intercepts 26
For calculation of the slope and intercepts the following formulas were used:
log (i=:~ ) b = log [(~){t:;]
log (l-ace ) hl = log ~~ Ht:~] log ( 1 :a ) h 2 = log [I:~ ) e-ml1-m2 ~
Where: m1 = lower limit m2 = upper limit cc, S = assigned risks Once the slope and intercepts have been determined, values for n were put into the equations, and the decision lines were computed for the upper and lower limits (Fig. 1). For use in the Field a tabular version of this graph was used (Table VII). When the study was initiated it was decided to tag a fixed number of nuts per tree and take samples from these nuts. If the pecans were not tagged it would be possible, once a treatment was made, to sample from nuts that were used to make the previous treatment decision. If nuts were sampled, found to be punctured, and removed from the tree there may not be enough nuts left at a later date to sample, and undamaged nuts may also be removed. By tagging it is possible to Fig. 1. Sequential Sampling Chart for the Pecan Weevil Using Ptmctured Nuts as the Sampling Unit 28 co CX> <0 <0 LO lO m ~ + 0 c: lC') m (() - I"() 0 0 ~ 0 - II ,..,.,0 ..c: - 0 C\J I I - I 0 I I Q. I I - - I E - I 0 I (/') I 0 I -(b I "'t:J '- (b I ,_ (b I ::J I c:: -Q. I I ·- E I 0 I c:: I -0 (/') I (.....) I Cl) I I I ::J I - I < I I I I 0 I l - I '- I 0 (b I I <.o .C) I E I 0 ::J 1.0 <:
.....,.0
,..,.,0
-lC') 0
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I TABLE VII
SEQUENTIAL TABLE RJR SAMPLING PECAN WEEVIL DAMAGE
Cumulative Number of Damaged Nuts Nut Lower Running Upper Nut Lower Rl.mning Upper Nut Lower Running Nut No. Limit Total Limit No. Limit Total Limit No. Limit Total Limit
1 ND 2 50-. ND 4 100 2 6 5 ND 2 55 1 4 105 2 6 10 ND 2 60 1 4 110 2 6 15 ND 3 65 1 4 115 3 6 20 ND 3 70 1 5 120 3 7 25 ND 3 75 1 5 125 3 7 30 ND 3 80 1 5 130 3 7 35 ND 3 85 2 5 135 3 7 40 ND 4 90 2 5 140 3 7 45 ND 4 95 2 6 145 4 8
150 4 8 30 to make an accurate assessment of the number of nuts punctured at each sample date. Thus, only the number of new nuts punctured at each sample date is used to make a decision to treat. Because of heavy weevil emergence in late-July and August 1977 sampling was conducted twice weekly. As weevil emergence tapered off and punctures occurred less frequently sampling was conducted at week ly intervals. Throughout 1978, sampling, due to low weevil emergence, was conducted at weekly intervals. Although a fixed number of nuts per tree were tagged, not all nuts were required to be sampled before a decision to treat or not treat could be made. As shown in Table VII a minimum of SO nuts has to be sampled before a Jecision not to treat can be made. However, only four nuts must be sampled before a decision to treat can be made. Once the treatment decision has been made the remaining tagged nuts were inspect ed for the presence of weevil punctures. Treatment decisions were based on the cumulative mnnber of nuts punctured in relation to the number of nuts sampled. If a decision was made not to treat, nuts punctured the following week would be added to the nuts punctured the previous week until a decision to treat had been made. Once a decision to treat was made all nuts punctured (including those nuts not used to make the decision) were deleted from the sample. The remaining good nuts would then compose the next sample. The procedure for sampling trees using cone emergence traps is described by I1edger et al. (1978). The traps were checked at two day intervals. Each tree was sprayed with carbaryl when a threshold of 40 weevils per tree was reached (Eikenbary et al. 1977). Carbaryl 31 was considered to give control for about seven days and therefore counts were not resumed until the first weevil was trapped seven days after spraying. Each tree was treated independently from the other and to minimize the effects of insecticide drift each study tree was encircled by eight border trees. Each tree was treated independently from the others. The border trees were treated along with the study trees. All trees used (except the border trees), regardless of sampling method, contained tagged nuts and had cone emergence traps under them. The decision to treat or not treat was detennined by the sampling method assigned to that given tree and any other information collected had no influence on the treatment decision. At shuck split the remaining tagged nuts were harvested, numbered, and taken back to the laboratory for evaluation. In addition to the tagged nuts, samples were taken from each tree for further evaluation of weevil damage.
Results and Discussion
Tables Vl I I and TX sunnnarize by tree the amounts and types of damage encm.mtered on nuts punctured by the pecan weevil. Along with this, information on trap catch and number of insecticide applications per tree are given. further breakdown of this data is presented in Figures 2-7. Information presented in these figures include trap catch, number of nuts punctured, and number of insecticide applications made per tree, by date. In 1977, 128 nuts were punctured by the pecan weevil on trees sampled using cone emergence traps, while 158 nuts were punctured on TABLE VIII
Sill>MA.RY OF PECAN WEEVIL DAMAGE BY TREE. CULTIVAR "STUARI'" 1977. BURNEYVILLE, OK.
Tree No. Weevils No. Times No. Nuts No. Nuts Lost No. Nuts with No. Nuts with No. Nuts with Ntm:Der Trapped Sprayed Punctured Prematurely Weevil Larvae Black Spots Shriveled:Kem.
1 188 6 69 40 0 1 0
3 127 5 22 8 0 0 0
5 52 4 11 5 0 0 0
7 49 3 21 6 1 1 2
10 10 1 5 2 0 0 1
Total 426 19 128 61 1 2 3
Seguentia1 Sampling
2 67 4 43 27 0 0 0
4 75 2 17 4 0 0 2
6 24 4 28 8 0 0 1
8 162 3 48 22 0 2 2
9 33 3 22 13 0 1 0
Total 361 16 158 74 0 3 5
lN N TABLE IX
SU.MARY OF PECAN WEEVIL DAMAGE BY TREE. CULTIVAR "SIUARf" 1978. BURNEYVILLE, OK.
Tree No. Weevils No. Times No. Nuts No. Nuts Lost No. Nuts with No. Nuts with No. Nuts with Nunber Trapped Sprayed Punctured Prematurely Weevil Larvae Black Spots Shriveled Kern.
Cone Emergence Traps 1 39 3 1 39 3 14 2 0 0 1
3 16 2 0 0 0 0 0
5 12 3 2 0 0 0 0
7y 6 3
10 1 1 7 6 0 0 0
Total 74 13 23 8 0 0 1 Sequential Sampling
2 23 1 8 3 0 0 1
4 11 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 9 1 6 4 0 0 0
8 19 3 12 7 0 0 0
9 0 1 7 3 0 2 0
(.N Total 62 7 33 17 2 1 (.N Fig. 2. Number of Adult Pecan Weevil Trapped, Number of Nuts Punctured, and Number of Insecticide Applications Made by Tree and Date, for Trees in Which Treatment Decisions Were Made Using Cone Emergence Traps. 1977. 35
~ 30 1- ~ Tree I •t :>. ..0 0.. :>. 25t- (f) 0..... a. t (f) • 0201- t -o"O Q)Q),_o. ;::,0.
-o<..) ... cl- ~..!!! 15 f-- :>. .., > 0 -Q) ... ;::, Q) 0. ;;.., z:Jt (f) 0 ...... ,._ 0... 00..... (f) Q)Q) 10 1- t • ..0 ..0 E E ;::, ;::, t zz
:>. 51- • 0.. 0. r.J)
om n all t. • 24 31 5 10 15 20 25 31 5 10 15 20 Jul. Aug. Sept.
:;,... 0.... :>. 0. Tree 3 0 t r.J) 20 ..0. - r.J) .o ~ "0 t "OQ) 1- ~;::, 0~ 15 -Ol-... e ;::, .., a..:= (/) Q)> -Q) ,.... >. ~~ 10 ..0 • ...... ,._ 0. ..00 .. r.J) Q).8 ..oE :>. ~;::, t 0.... :zz 51- 0.. • r.J)
~ ~ 0 nn n r r nn 24 31 5 10 15 20 25 31... 5 10 15 20 Jul. Aug. Sept. Fig. 3. Number of Adult Pecan Weevil Trapped, Number of Nuts Punctured, and Number of Insecticide Applications Made by Tree and Date, for Trees in Which Treatment Decisions Were Made Using Cone Emergence Traps. 1977. 37
20 Tree 5
:>. 0,_ "'0 "'0 Q)Q) a. ,_ a. {/) ::I a. -0 (.)lo- c ..... t 6!.. .!!? 10 (I) ::> - Q) :>. :::JQ) 0,_ :Z:3t a. (j') :>. oo 0 --,_ ,_ ,_ Q)Q) a. ..c ..c (j') E E + :z::I :z::I 0 24 31 5 10 15 20 25 31 5 10 15 20 Jul. Aug. Sept.
Tree 7
~~ ~~10
2:?·~ :>. ;2;. 0.... a. • --005 en ~jl ..cE E:::J t ~z 0 24 31 5 10 15 20 25 31 5 10 15 20 Jul. Aug. Sept. ·D "'0 "'0 10 ~~ Tree 10 -a.uo §.:: a..J!l ...... (I)·- > :>. 0,_ ~~ a. (j') --oo ~}l • EE ~ zz::I ::::I 0 24 31 5 10 15 20 25 31 5 10 15 20 Jul. Aug. Sept. Fig. 4. Number of Adult Pecan Weevil Trapped, Number of Nuts Punctured, and Number of Insecticide Applications Made by Tree and Date, for Trees in Which Treatment Decisions were Made Using Sequential Sampling. 1977. 39
Tree 2• -c ~8: .2g ....~ 15 c..::::::1 > Ill Q) ..... oil:. .... -10 0...... 0 Q) Cl> ~E ~ E zz::::1 ::::1
0 • 24 31 5 10 15 20 25 31 5 10 15 20 Jul. Aug. Sept.
>o 0.... a. (/) t Tree 4
...... >o 0 0 0 0.... jj_i (/) • zz55
0 24 31 5 10 15 20 25 31 5 10 15 20 Jul. Aug. Sept. ·0 '0 -c ~& Tree 6 •>o .2..., 8'... 10 ....0 § ..... 0. >o (f) C...!!l 0 >o >o ... 0.... .f!.! > 0 a. 0. ~~ (f) t ....0 -0 ,gz... .. ~J E E oi:i! • 0 • • • 24 31 5 10 15 20 25 31 5 10 15 20 Jul. Aug. Sept. Fig. 5. Number of Adult Pecan Weevil Trapped, Nl.Ullber of Nuts Punctured, and Number of Insecticide Applications Made by Tree and Date, for Trees in Which TreatiOOnt Decisions were Made Using Sequential Sampling. 1977. 41
0 :>. 30 - ... 0 Tree 8 ~ Q. (f)- t t 25 r- .o ~ "'0"0 20 Q)Q) -a. ;:,Q. -0 O'looo Cl- ;:, a..~ 15 1- en> • -Q) ::::JQ) z~ • --oo r- Q)Q)... - 10 ..Q..Q E E ;:, ;:::, zz >. 0 Q. 5 1- (f)- ~ • ~ n n 0 .~ I 24 31 5 I0 15 20 25 31 5 10 15 20 Jul. Aug. Sept.
• tSpray
• • Fig. 6. Ntunber of Adult Pecan Weevils Trapped, Number of Nuts Punctured, and Number of Insecticide Applications Made by Tree and Date, for Trees in Which Treatment Decisions were Made using Cone Emergence Traps. 1978. 43 .o Tree I
0""' i ~ J!" (f) . as ji 5 '515 ~ t • 0 !! 23 25 31 5 10 15 20 25 31 5 10 15 20 Jul. Aug. Sept. .o 'i '0 10 Tree 3
~""' » ~! 0 a. .!!!I 5
.o ~~10 Tree 2 >- 0.. 0. ~i (/) ~~ 5 t '150- • • !l'o23 25 31 5 10 15 20 25 31 5 10 15 20 Jul. Aug. Sept. •D 'i }lo ji j 5 '15'15 jj 0 23 25 31 5 10 15 20 25 31 5 10 15 20 Jul. Aug. Sept . • o Tree 6 >. ~ a. ~r (/) j) 5 t oo • • 0 Jl 23 25 31 5 10 15 20 25 31 5 10 15 20 Jul. Aug. Sept. .o 'i~IO Tree 8 ,.., e""' :>. 0 a. ... (/) ,_0 . c. 0. ~~ (/) (f) ~~ 5 t '15'15' t • t
0 • !! 23 25 31 5 10 15 20 25 31 5 10 15 20 Jul · Aug . Sept • o 'ill Tree 9 ,.., ~ 0. j~ (J) :¥1 ~~5 + 't5't5 • jj 024 • • • 31 5 10 15 20 25 31 5 10 15 20 25 30 Jul. Aug. Sept. 46 trees sampled using sequential sampling. A total of 426 adult pecan weevils were trapped under the trees using cone emergence traps, com pared to 361 trapped under the trees sampled with sequential sampling. Trees sampled using cone emergence traps were sprayed 19 times, com pared to 16 times for trees sampled using sequential sampling. In 1978, substantially fewer weevil emerged, due to the dry con ditions, than in 1977. Weevil emergence totaled 74 for trees using cone emergence traps, and 62 for trees sampled using sequential sam pling. As a result of reduced weevil emergence, fewer nuts were punctured. On the trees where cone emergence traps were used to time insecticide applications 23 nuts were punctured, while on trees using sequential sampling 33 nuts were punctured. The number of insecticide applications were fewer in 1978 than in 1977. Where cone emergence traps were used to determine when to treat 12 insecticide applications were made, compared to 7 times where sequential sampling was used. The data that was collected for the two sampling methods were analyzed by using general linear modeling to predict the number of nuts punctured based on the number of weevil trapped, and the number of insecticide applications made (Tables VIII and IX). Results of the analysis for 1977 indicates that there could possibly be some differences in the number of nuts punctured between the two sampling methods. However, there is not enough nut puncture data to determine whether the differences are statistically different. Because of the low numbers of nuts punctured in relation to the number of nuts tagged in 1978, it was not possible to determine whether differences, if any, occurred between the two sampling methods. Through the course of the study several advantages and disadvant ages in using this particular method of sequential sampling became readily apparent. As mentioned earlier cone emergence traps may not give the proper estimate of adult weevils in the tree. With this method of sampling, once the first weevil has been trapped, it would be possible to reach the threshold of 40 weevils per tree, without catching another ·pecan weevil. Even though no weevils are trapped, the equations used to estimate the number of weevils in a tree, take into account the immi gration of pecan weevils from other areas in the orchard that are not covered by cone emergence traps. However, it would still be possible that the number of nuts punctured in the tree would be low enough not to warrant any treatment. For example, in 1978, tree 3 was sprayed twice and tree 5 was sprayed three times. The number of nuts punctured on tree 3 was zero, while on tree 5 only two nuts were punctured. If sequential sampling had been used instead of, or in conjunction with cone emergence traps, these trees would not have been sprayed.
By using sequential sampling in conjunction with the cone emer gence traps during periods of low emergence, a grower would be able to more accurately assess the amount of pecan weevil damage that has occurred. Therefore, the grower would be able to determine more precisely when to make an insecticide application. Another advantage found in using this sequential sampling plan was the opportunity to detect and assess other types of insect and
disease damage, in particular the hickory shuckworm, pecan nut case bearer, and pecan scab. Sequential sampling also provides the grower with an opportunity to assess the various types of pecan weevil damage, 48 especially premature not drop. This method of sequential sampling, and any other type of sampling that uses punctured nuts as the sampling unit would be impractical to use on trees devoid of low branches (those branches that cannot be reached from the ground or from a ladder). Sampling nuts on higher branches would prove to be time consuming and expensive. Tagging nuts also takes longer than setting up traps. Each year new tags need to be made, then nuts need to be located and tagged. It has since been found that the pecan weevil exhibits no preference for any given nut cluster size (Chapter II); therefore, nut clusters can be tagged at random. This could reduce the amount of time needed for tagging. The amount of time needed to make a decision to treat or not treat is comparable to the time needed to make a treatment decision using cone emergence traps. However, once a decision to treat had been made, all remaining tagged nuts must be sampled to determine the total number of nuts punctured, so that these nuts can be deleted from the sample. This additional sampling would prove to be much more time consuming than checking traps (15 minutes compared to 2-5 minutes). During years when the pecan crop is light (i.e. alternate bearing) it is possible that there will not be enough nuts to tag. Had tree 7, in 1978, been sampled using sequential sampling a lack of nuts would have prevented this sampling method to be used. From the data, it appears that more than 150 nuts per tree need to be tagged. Because of nut loss during the sampling period there may not be enough tagged nuts left to make a treatment decision. This 49 would be true, especially in a situation where a minimum of SO nuts need to be sampled before a decision not to treat can be made. This was the case in 1977 for trees 1 and 2. Towards the end of the sam pling period there were only 39 and 56 nuts left on each tree respect ively. Thus, if more nuts need to be tagged, the additional time needed to tag and sample the nuts could be prohibitive . .Another problem enc01.mtered in using pln1.ctured nuts as the sam pling unit is that it is possible for damage, in excess of the thres hold limit to occur, before a decision to treat is made. This was evident in 1977 during periods of high weevil activity on trees 2, 6, 8, and 9. Because of the low numbers of nuts punctured, this was not a problem in 1978. Considering the infrequency in which samples were made, this could be the reason why more nuts were pln1.ctured on the trees where sequential sampling was used to make treatment decisions, than on trees where cone emergence traps were used to make the treat ment decisions. Another possible explanation for more nuts being punctured on trees where sequential sampling was used is that, after a decision to treat was made it was usually the next day before treat ments could be implemented. By the time treatments were made additional nuts could be subject to puncturing by the pecan weevil. Using punctured nuts as a sampling lmit appears to show some poten tial. In comparing the two sampling methods there does not appear to much difference in the nUJTber of nuts pln1.ctured. However, further research needs to be conducted to determine if this is true. It was also noted, that during periods of low weevil emergence sequential sampling can prove to be valuable in reducing the nubmer of insecticide applications needed. During both years the study was conducted, trees so using sequential sampling were sprayed fewer times than the trees using cone emergence traps. The primary disadvantage of using this method of sampling is having to tag the nuts. In the long nm, more time is needed to tag and evaluate nuts, than is needed to set up and check the cone emergence traps. And, if the trees do not have any low branches this method of sampling cannot be used. It was also observed, that during periods of high weevil activity, especially if sampling is done infrequently, that the threshold limits can easily be exceeded before treatments are made. REFERENCES CITED
Beckham, C. N. and M. Dupree. 1954. Pecan weevil control investiga tions. Proc. Southeastern Pecan Growers Assoc. 47: 93-96.
Boethel, D. J. and R. D. Eikenbary. 1979. Pecan weevil pest management. In Pest Management Programs for Deciduous Tree Fruits and Nuts. Pienurn Press, New York. 256 pp. Boethel, D. J., R. D. Eikenbary, J. R. Bolte, and C. R. Gentry. 1974. Sampling pecan weevil infestations: Effects of tree, height and sector. Environ. Entomol. 3: 208-210.
Boethel, D. J., R. D. Morrison, and R. D. Eikenbary. 1976. Pecan weevil, Curculio caT¥ae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). 2. Estirnat- _ion of adult populat1ons. Can. Ent. 108: 19-22. Boethel, D. J., R. D. Eikenbary, R. D. MOrrison, and J. T. Criswell. 1976. Pecan weevil, Curculio caryae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). 1. Comparison of adult sampling techniques. Can. Ent. 108: 11- 18. Brison, F. R. 1974. Pecan Culture. Capital Printing Austin, Texas. 292 pp. Calcote, V. R. 1975. Pecan weevil: Feeding and initial oviposition as related to nut development. J. Econ. Entomol. 68: 4-6. Dupree, M. and C. M. Beckham. 1953. A two year study of insecticides for control of the pecan weevil. Proc. Southeastern Pecan Growers Assoc. 46: 95-98. Eikenbary, R. D., W. G. Grovenburg, G. H. Hedger, and R. D. Mbrrison. 1977. Modification and further evaluation of an equation for pre dicting populations of Curculio caryae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Can. Ent. 109: 1156-1159. Eikenbary, R. D. , R. D. Morrison, G. H. Hedger, and D. B. Grovenburg. 1978. Development and validation of prediction equations for estimation and control of pecan weevil populations. Environ. Entomol. 7: 113-120. Hammond, R. B. and L. P. Pedigo. 1976. Sequential sampling plans for the green cloverworrn in Iowa soybeans. J. Econ. Entomol. 69: 181- 185.
51 52
Harp, S. J. and H. W. VanCleave. 19 76a. Biology of the pecan weevil. Southwestern Entomol. 1: 21-30. Harp, S. J. and H. W. VanCleave. 1976b. Biology of the subterranean life stages of the pecan weevil in two soil types. Southwestern Entomol. 1: 31-34. Harp, S. J. and H. W. VanCleave. 1976c. Evidence of diapause in the pecan weevil. Southwestern Entomol. 1: 35-37. Harris, M. K. 1976a. Pecan weevil adult emergence, onset of oviposit ion and larval emergence from the nut as affected by the phenology of the pecan. J. Econ. Entomol. 69: 167-170. Hedger, G. H., R. D. Eikenbary, and R. D. Morrison. 1978. Computer prediction and control of the pecan weevil. Pecan South. 5 (6): 198-208. Hinrichs, H. A. and H. J. Thompson. 1955. Insecticide tests for pecan weevil control. Bull. Okla. Agric. Exp. Stn. 450. 12 pp.
Hinrichs, H. A. and D. W. Ramming. 1972. Effect of puncturing shuck and shell on nut drop of pecans. Proc. Okla. Pecan Growers Assoc. 42: 36-41.
Hinrichs, H. A., and D. W. Ramming. 1973. Flowering and nut development of pecans. Proc. Okla. Pecan Growers Assoc. 43: 21-28. Ives, W. G. 1954. Sequential sampling of insect populations. For. Chron. 30: 387-291. Ives, W. G. and W. L. Warren. 1965. Sequential sampling for white grubs. Can. Ent. 97: 596-604. Mason, R. R. 1969. Sequential sampling of Douglas-Fir tussock moth pop ulations. U. S. For. Serv. Res. Note. NWP-102. 11 pp. MOrris, R. F. 1954. A sequential sampling technique for spruce bud worm egg surveys. Can. J. Zool. 32: 302-313. Mbznette, C. F., T. L. Bissell, and H. S. Adar. 1931. Insects of the pecan and how to combat them. U. S. Dept. of Agric. Farmers Bull. 1964. 59 pp. Moznette, C. F., C. B. Nickels, W. C. Pierce, T. L. Bissel, J. B. Demaree, J. R. Cole, H. E. Parson, and J. R. Large. 1940. Insects and diseases of the pecan and their control. U. S. Dept. Agric. Farmers Bull. 1829. 70 pp. Nash, R. F. and C. A. Thomas. 1972. Adult pecan weevil emergence in the upper coastal plains of South Carolina. J. Econ. Entomol. 65: 908. 54
Neel, W. W., and M. Shepard. 1976. Sampling adult pecan weevils. Southern Coop. Series Bull. 208. 17 p.
Oakland, G. B. 1950. An application of sequential analysis to white fish sampling. Biometrics 6: 59-67. Onsager, J. A. 1976. The rationale of sequential sampling with emphasis on its use in pest management. USDA Tech. Bull. No. 1526. 19 pp.
Osburn, M. R., W. C. Pierce, A. M. Phillisp, J. R. Cole, and G. L. Barnes. 1963. Controlling insects and diseases of the pecan. U. S. Dept. Agric. Handbook 240. 52 pp. Payne, J. A., H. L. Malstrom, and G. E. KenKnight. 1979. Insect pests and diseases of the pecan. USDA. ARM-S-5. 43 pp. Pieters, E. P. 1978. Bibliography of sequential sampling plans for insects. Bull. Ent. Soc. Amer. 24(3): 372-374. Pieters, E. P. and W. L. Sterling. 1975. Sequential sampling cotton squares damaged by boll weevils and Heliothis spp. in the Coastal Bend of Texas. J. Econ. Entomol. 68: 543-545. Raney, H. G. and R. D. Eikenbary. 1969. A simplified cone trap for collecting adult pecan weevils. J. Econ. Entomol. 62: 722-723. Raney, H. G., R. D. Eikenbary, and N. W. Flora. 1970. Population density of the pecan weevil under Stuart pecan trees. J. Econ. Entomol. 63: 697-700. Stark, R. W. 1952. Sequential sampling of the lodgepole needle miner. For. Chron. 28: 57-60.
Tostowaryk, W. and J. M. McLeod. 1972. Sequential sampling for egg clusters of the Swaine jack pine sawfly, Neodiprion swainei (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae). Can. Ent. 104: 1343-1347. VanCleave, H. W. and S. J. Harp. 1971. The pecan weevil: Present status and future prospects. Proc. Southeastern Pecan Growers Assoc. 64: 99-111. Wald, A. 1945. Sequential tests of statistical hypotheses. Ann. Math. Stat. 16: 117-186. Waters, W. E. 1955. Sequential sampling in forest insect surveys. For. Sci. 1: 68-79. West, R. P. and M. Shepard. 1974. A comparison of trapping methods for the pecan weevil. Proc. Southeastern Pecan Growers Assoc. 67: 67-69. 55
West, R. P. and M. Shepard, 1975. Analysis of sampling techniques for the pecan weevil, Curculio caryae. Proc. Southeastern Pecan Growers Assoc. 68: 55-61. Woodroof, J. G. and N. C. Woodroof. 1927. The development of the pecan nut (Hicoria pecan) from flower to maturity. J. AGric. Res. 34: 1049-1063. APPENDIX A
NUT DAMAGE AND NUT LOSS
DATA FOR 19 77
56 57
1977 APPENDIX A CODE m =Month
DA= Day TR = Tree Number CD = Card Number Card Number 1 = Nuts 01-25 2 = Nuts 26-50 3 = Nuts 51-75 4 = Nuts 76-100
5 = Nuts 101-125 6 = Nuts 126-150
G = Good Nuts
F = Nuts punctured by the Pecan Weevil
L = Light Scab M = Medium Scab Blank = Lost nuts Tree 11 = Tree 9 Tree 12 = Tree 10 MJ DA YR TR CD r" I"' 080477 01 1 f G f f F \::J"' G F G G G F G F -.3 G F F F G G G \,;1 G 0 80<177 01 M >.7 G G G G F G G G F G l G G M 1 -,. ,. 081277 01 l M ~ G G M G F \,;1 G G G G G M F 081677 01 1 ,..G G G G G G G G G 082377 01 1 .., G G G G G G G F G 082677 01 1 G G G G G G G G F G 090277 01 1 G G G G G G G G F G .... 0<10<171 Ol l 'J G G G G G G F G 091677 01 1 G G G G G G G F G 0<12377 01 1 G G G G G G G F G ,.. 080477 01 2 G G G G G G G G G F G G F G G G G \_' G G G G G I"' ,. 0€0977 2 G G G l u ·~ G G G F G F G G G G u G G G Ol ,.. 0 81277 01 2 M G G G G J G G F G F G G G G G G G G /" F \~ 081677 01 2 G G ~ M ,.G G G G G G G G F F 082377 -0 l 2 G G G M 'J G G F G G G G G G F F r ) A2677 01 2 G \,;1 M F G G F G G G G F F 090277 Cl 2 \.1 G M F G G G G G G F ,.. (' 090S77 01 2 G G ,"1 F J G G G u G F ,... ,... 091677 01 2 G G M F G u G J G G F ,... ,.. 092 377 01 2 0 G M F G u lJ G G G F
~ ,. ,. ,.. )80477 0 1 3 G u G G F F G F G \.1 u G G G "'-, G G G \3 G G F 080977 01 3 G G F G F F F G G G G G G G G G G F G F ,.. ,. J 81277 01 3 G (, F ~ F G G G ;~ G F F G G G F G (' (' 081677 0 1 3 f "' G F F F G G,.. G F F G G lJ F G 0 82 37 7 01 3 F G c F F F G 'J G F F G G G F G 082677 01 3 F F F F F F G F F F G F G F G 090 277 01 j F F F F G F F F F G F G 090<;77 01 j f F F F F F f G G 0916 77 01 J F F F F F F F G G (J1 CS2~77 01 3 F F F F F F F G G 00 :tvD DA YR TR CD 080477 Ol 4 F G G F G G G G G G G G G F F G G G G F G 08:S ~ 082377 01 4 F G G G J G F F G G F F G G F G 082677 01 4 F G F G F G F F G G F F G G F G 0<10277 01 4 F G F G F G F F G·r-.., F F G G F G r 090977 01 4 F G G F G F F G G F F •:J G F G 091677 01 4 F G G F F F F G G F F G G,. 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F F G G G F G F F 082 377 01 6 G G G F G G G F F .., F G F G G G F G F F 082677 01 0 ~- G v F G G G F F F F G G F F F F F ,.. 090 27 7 01 b v.- v F G F F F r, G f F F F t= 090S77 01 6 G,.. ~ F G F F F G F F F F Q r ,.. ,.. ,.. 080477 02 2 G G G ~ F F ~ G G G G G G l7 G G 1..1 G G -- ,.. 0 8097 7 02 2 F G G ~ G G G G G G G G 1..7 G G G -- -- r" 0 c 1277 02 2 1..1 l1 Ul s G G " G G G G G G G G 081677 02 2 G G G G G G J.- G G G G G G G 08237;7 02 2 G 1..1-- F G G F G G G 082677 02 ....) G G F G G F G G G ,.. ,. ,.. 090 27 7 02 2 G 1..1 F ~ 'J F l7 G G Q(jCS77 C2 2 G G F G G F G G G .. ~ 0916 77 02 2 u v F G G F G G G 0 S2 3 7 7 C2 2 G G F G G F G G G ,.. ,.. -- I"" 0 80 477 02 3 G G G l7 f G \3 G F F f G G oJ- F ~' G G G \J G G G .~ r 080977 02 3 u \J G G F G 'J G F F u.- G F G G G G G G G G f",J (' r ,_,,.. r.: r 081277 '-'~ 3 G G \J v u Ul G F F G F ,, 'J G c; G G G ,.. ,.. r r 0811-:,77 02 3 G G \J \J G G Ul F F G G F F F G G u G u ,- 082377 02 3 v u F u.- G F F G F F G G G G r 082677 02 3 u G F G G F F u F F G G G G 090277 02 3 G G F G F F F G F G G G G r CSCS77 C2 - \J F F G F J G v F ,.. F G G G... G 091677 02 3 G G F 'J F F F G F G G I.J G - 0\ C<;2377 02 j v- G F G F F F G F G G G G 0 MJ DA YR TR CD 080477 02 4 G G G G ~ G G G G G G G G G G F F G G G G G G 080977 02 4 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G F G G G G G 081677 02 4 G G G G G G G G G G GG FG GGGGF 081277 02 4 G G ~ ~ G G G G G G GG GG FGGGGF 082377 C2 4 G G G G G G G G G F G F G G G J82677 02 4 G G G v G G G GG FG FGGG 090277 C2 4 v G v G G G G G G F G F G G G 090977 02 4 G ~ G ~ G G G G G F G F G G G 091677 02 4 G G G G G G G G G F G F G G G 092377 02 4 C G ~ u G G G G G F G F G G G 080477 02 5 G G G F l1 F G G G G F G G G G G G G G G G G F 0 80977 02 5 {j ~ uFUFG(;G F G G G L G G G G G G G F 081277 02 5 G G G F G F G G G GGG GGGG G G G F 081677 02 5 ~ G FFGFGGG G G G G G G G G G G F oe2677 02 5 G G F f G G G G G G G G G G G G 082377 02 5 G G F u ;; G G GGG GGGG G G 090277 02 5 G G f G G G G G G G G G (; G G C9C977 02 5 v G F GGG GGGG G G 091677 02 5 G G F G G GGG GGGG G G 092 377 02 5 G G F G G G G G G G G G G G G 080477 02 6 F F G G G G G G G G G G F G G F G G G G G G G G 08C~77 02 6 F F G ~ G G G G G G G G F G G F G G G G G G G G 081277 02 6 f F G G G G ~ G G G G G F G G G G G G G G 081677 02 o F F G G G G G G G G G G F G G G G G G G G 082377 02 b G v G G G G F G G G G G G G G 082677 02 6 u G G G G G F G G G G G G G G 090277 02 6 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 090~77 02 b u G G G G G G G G G G 091677 02 6 G G G GGGGGGGG 092377 02 o G G G G G G G G G G G MJ DA YR TR CD 080477 03 1 G G G G G G G G G G F G G G G G G G G G G G G G 080977 03 1 G G G G G G G G M G G G G G G G G G G G G G 081277 03 1 (j G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 081677 03 l v u G G G G G G G G G G F G G G G G (- ,..._ " G 082377 03 1 u. G \.1 uo ~ G :; G G G G G G G F G G G G G 08?677 03 1 G G G G G G G G G G F G G G F G G G G G 090277 03 l G v G G G G G G G G F G G G F G G G G G 09J977 0 3 l v u G G G G G G G F G G G F G G G 091677 03 1 G G G G G G G G G F G G G F G G G 092377 03 l G u G G G G G G F G G G F G G G 080477 03 2 G G G G G G G G G G GGGGGF G G G F G G G 080S77 03 2 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G F G G G F G G 0 81277 03 2 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G F l G 081677 03 2 G G G f G G G G G G G G G G G G F G 082377 03 2 G G G F G G G G G G G G G G G G F G J 82 6 7 7 03 2 G v G F G G G G G G G G G G G F F G C90277 03 2 G " G F G G G G G G G G G G G F F G 09J977 C3 2 v G G F G G G G G G G G G G F f 0916!7 03 2 G G G F G G G G G G G G G G F F 092 37 7 03 2 G G G F G G G G G G G G G G F F 080477 03 3 F G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 080977 C3 3 1.1 G G G G G ::; G G G G G G G G G G G G 081277 OJ J G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 081677 03 3 (; G G G G G G G G G F G G G G G G G G 082377 C3 3 G SGGGGGG G G F G G G G G G G G 082677 G3 3 G F G G G G G G FFFGGGFG G G G 090277 C3 J G F G G G G G G F F F G G G F G G G G 09iJS77 03 3 F G G G G G FFFGGGFG G G J91677 03 3 G F G G G G G FFFGGGFG G G 0\ OS2177 C3 .3 G F G G G G G F F F G G G F f G G N M) DA YR TR CD 080477 03 4 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G F G G G G 080977 03 4 G u u G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G F F G G G G 081277 03 4 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G F F G G G G 081677 03 4 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 082377 C3 4 v G G v G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 082677 03 4 G G G G G G F G G G G G G G G G G G G G G CSC277 C3 4 G G G G G G F G G G G G G G G G G G G G 09J977 03 ~ u ~ G ~ G G F G G G G G G G G G 091677 03 4 G G G G v G F G G G G G G G G G 092377 03 4 G G G G G G F G G G G G G G G G 080477 03 5 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 080977 03 5 G G G G v G G G G E G G G G G G G G G G 081277 03 5 G G G C G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 081677 03 5 F G G v G G G l G G G G G G G G G G G 082377 C3 5 F G G G G '; G l G G G G G G G G G G G 082677 03 5 F F G F G G G l G G G G G G G G G G G 090277 03 5 F F G F G G G l ( G G G G G ( G G G G 090 080477 03 6 C G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 08C977 01 o ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G JB1277 03 b G u G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 081677 03 6 u G ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G F G G 082377 03 6 G G G u ~ v G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G F G G 082677 03 o G G ~ G G G G G G F G G G G G G G G G G G F G G 090277 03 b G G G G G ~ G G G F G G G G G G G G G G G F G G OGOG77 C3 6 G ~ G v G G G G F G G G G G G G G G G G G G 091677 03 b G G G G G G G G F G G G G G G G G G G G G G 0~?377 03 6 v ~ G G G G G G F G G G G G G G G G G G G G M) DA YR TR CD 080~77 04 1 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G aa0977 04 l ~ G G G ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 081277 04 1 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 081677 04 l G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 082377 04 l G G ~ ~ ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 082677 04 l f G G F G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 090277 04 1 F G F G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 090S77 04 1 F G F G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 091677 04 l f G F G G G G G G G G G G G G G G C92377 04 l F G F G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 080477 04 2 G G G F ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 080977 04 2 G G G v G G G G L G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ) 8 1 27 1 0 4 2 G ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 081677 04 2 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G F G ,... 082377 C4 2 v G G v G G G G G G G G G G G G G G F G 082677 04 2 G G G G G G F G G F G G G G G G G F 090277 C4 2 G G G G G G F G G F G G G G G G G F 09C<;77 C4 2 G ~ G G G G F G G F G G G G G G G 091677 04 2 u G G G G F G G F G G G G G G G GS2377 04 2 (I G G F G G F G G G G G G G 080477 04 3 C G G ~ ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 08C977 04 3 ~ G v G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G C8l277 04 3 u ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 081677 04 3 G v G G ;., G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G GB2377 04 3 G G G G G G G G G G F G f F G G F 082677 04 3 u G G u G G G G G G G G G G G F G G F G G 090277 04 3 G G G G G G G G G G G G S G G F G G F G G O<;OS77 C4 3 ~ G G G u G G G G G G G G G G F G G F G G 091677 04 3 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G F G G F G G Ct:;2 377 C4 3 ~ G G G G G G G G G G G F G ( F G G M) DA YR TR CD 080477 04 4 G u G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G C80977 04 4 G G v G G G G G G F F G G G G G G G G G G G 081277 04 4 G G G G G F F G G G G G G G G G 081677 04 4 1.7 G G G G F F G G GGGGGG G 082377 04 4 G G G G G F F G G G G G G G G G 08?.677 04 4 G G G G F F G G G G G G G G G C~0277 04 4 G G G G F F F G G G G G G G G C90<:177 04 4 G G F F G G G G G G G G 091-'>77 04 4 G G F F G G G G G G G G 092377 04 4 G G F F G G G G G G G G 080477 04 5 G G G G 0 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 080977 C4 5 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 081277 04 5 G G ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 081677 04 5 G G G v G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 08~377 04 5 v v G ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 082677 04 5 G G f G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 0 90 2 7 7 0 4 5 J ~J F G G G G G G G G G G ~ GGGGGGG 090~77 04 5 G G F G G G G G G G G G u G G G G G G G G 091677 04 5 C v F G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 092377 C4 5 G ~ F G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 0 804 77 04 0 G G G G u G G G G G G G G G G ~ G G G G G G G G G C8CS77 04 6 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 081277 04 6 G i3 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G r 081677 04 0 v G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G r· 082377 04 6 v v G G G F G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 082677 04 6 G G G G G F G F G G G G G G G G G G G G G 09)?.77 04 b G v G G F F G F G G G G G G G G G G G G G 090S77 C4 6 G G G G F F G F G G G G G G G G G G G G G 091677 04 6 G .:1 G G F F G F G G G G G G G G G G G G G 0\ 0<72377 04 v G G G G F F G F G G G G G G G G G G G G G V1 MJ DA YR TR CD 080477 05 1 G u G G G F G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ()80977 05 1 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 081277 05 1 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 081677 05 1 :; G G G G G F G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 082377 or; 1 G G G G G G F G G G G G G G G G G G G G G J 82677 05 1 G G G G G F G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 090277 05 1 G G G G G G G ( G G G G G G G G G G G 090977 05 1 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 091677 05 1 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G CS2371 05 1 G G v u G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 080477 05 l f G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 080977 05 2. G G G G G G G G ~ G G G G G G G G G G G 081277 05 2 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 081677 05 2 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 082377 05 2 u F G G G G G G G F G G G G G G G G G 082677 05 2 G F G G G G G G G G F G G G G G G G G G 090277 05 2 u F G· G G G G G F G G G G G G G G G cc;cs11 cs 2 l:i F G G G G F G G G G G G G G G 091677 05 2 G F G G G G F G G G G G G G G G G92377 C5 2 G F G G G G F G G G G G G G G G 080477 05 3 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G C80977 05 3 u G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G C8l677 O'i 3 ~ u G G F G G G G G G G G G G G G G 081277 05 3 u G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G C 82 37 7 05 3 G G G G F G G G v G G G G G G F G G 082671 05 3 v G G G F G G G G G F G G G G F G G 090 277 0 5 J G G G G G G G G G F G G G G F G G 090]77 05 .3 G C. G G G G G G G F G G G G F G G 091677 05 .; v G G G G G G G G F G G G G F G G 092377 O'i 3 G u G G G G G G GFGG GGF G G ID DA YR TR CD .- 080477 05 4 G G u" G G G G G G G G G u G G,. G,. G G G G G G G G G 08CS77 05 4 G G G G (; G G G G G G G G G u IJ G G G G G G G G G - ~ ,.. 081277 05 4 1.1 G G G G .., u G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 081677 05 4 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G .., 082377 05 4 G G G G G G G G G F G G G ,.G G G G G G G G G G 082677 05 4 G G G G G G G G G G F G G G u G G G G G G G G G ~ r ,. ,.. .- 09')277 05 4 \.> G v G u G G u F v G G G v G G G G G G G G ~ 090<;77 05 4 1.1 u G J G G G G F G G G G ,.. G G G G G G F G 091677 05 4 G G G G G G G G F G G G G v G G G G G F G O 080477 05 5 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 080977 05 5 u G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ,, r' 081277 05 5 v 1.1 G G G G G G G G G G u G G G G G G G ,.. ,.. G ,.. G G ,.. G 081677 05 5 G G .-i..J G G G G G G 'J G 'J G G G G v G G G G v G G ,.. ,.. ,.. ,.. 082 37 7 05 5 G G u G G G u G G G G lJ G G G G G u G G G G G v 082677 05 5 v G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ,, ,.. ,. 090 277 05 5 v G G G l; G G G G G G G G 'J v G G G G G G G G G 09C 080 477 05 b G G .., G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G F G G G ,- ,.. ,.. ,... 080977 05 6 v G G G G G G v ,_, G G ,_, G G G G F G G G 081277 05 6 G G,.. G G G G G G G G G G G G G G F G G G 081677 05 6 G v G G G G G G G G G G G G G G F G G G 082377 05 6 G G G G G G G G G G G F G G G G G G r ,.. u 82 677 05 6 v u G G G G G G G G G F G G f G G G 090277 05 b G G G G G G G G G G G F G G G C9CS77 05 6 G G G G G G G G G G F G G G 091677 05 6 G G G G G G G G G G F G G G r 0\ c 92 ~? 7 C5 b G G G G G u G G :; G F G G G -..:] M) DA YR TR CD ,.. 080477 06 l u G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 080 977 06 l G G G .:; G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ,, 081277 06 1 G u G G G G G G F G G G G G G G G G G G G G G - ,. 081677 06 1 v \7 ll G G 5 G F F J G G M G G G G G G G G G G .~ 082 377 06 1 G G G y G G G F F F F G G G F G G G F F F F 082677 06 l G G G G G G G F F F F c G G F G G G F F f F - 090 277 C6 l G v G \.J G G G f F F F G G G F G G G F F F ~ 090977 06 l \7 G G G G G F F F F \3 G F G F G F F F ,~"" I"' 0<;1677 C6 l u G G f G G G F F F F u G F G F G F F F ~ r ,... 092377 06 1 v G \7 F G G \7 F F F F G G F G F G F F F ,.. ,... 080477 06 2 G G G ~ G J .., G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G -. ,. 080<777 06 2 u G G G F G G G lJ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 081277 06 2 G G M L F G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G f G G G .... 081677 06 2 G u L G G G G G u G G G,.. G G G G G G F G G G 082377 06 2 F G 'J G G G G G G G u G G G G G G G G G ..... ,. 082677 06 2 f \7 G G G v G G G G G G G G G G ( G G G ,... 090277 06 2 F G F G G G 13"' G G G G \:1 G G G G G G G G ,.. ~ ,... 090977 06 2 F G F G G G v G G G 1.1 G G G G G G G G ,... "' ,... 0<;1677 06 2 F G F G G G G 1.1 G G \:1 G G G G G t E G G ~ 0<;2377 06 2 F G F G G G u G G G G G G G G G G G G G ,.. 080477 06 3 G G G G G G G G G G u G G G G G G G G G G G G G ,... 080<;77 06 3 F G G G u G G G,.. G G G G,.. G G,.. G G G G G G G G G G 081277 06 3 G G G G G G \3 G G G C1 G lJ G u"' G G G G G G G G r cel67l C6 J v v G G G G G G G u G G G G G G G G G G G G r.., :)82377 06 3 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G f' 082677 06 3 G G '-' .,..G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G C~C277 C6 3 G G G,.. iJ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 090977 06 3 G u \.7 G G G G G G G G G ,.. G G G,.. G G C91677 06 3 G G G G G '-' \J" G G G G G G G v G G 0\ 0'12311 C6 J G (; G G G G G G G G c·G G G G G G 00 M) DA YR TR CD 080477 06 4 G G G ~ G G J G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 080977 06 4 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 081277 06 4 G G v ~ G G G G G G G G G L f L G G G G G G G G G 081677 06 4 G v G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G F F G 082377 06 4 F G G F G G G G G G G G G G F G G G G F F G 082677 06 4 F G C F G G G G G G G G G G F G F G F F F G 0 90 2 7 7 0 6 4 f G G F G G G G G G G G G G F G F G F F F G 0 90 9 7 7 0 6 4 F G u f G G G G G G G G G G f G FGFFFG 091677 C6 4 F G G F C G G G G G G G G G F G F G F F F G 092377 06 4 F G ~ F G G G G G G G G G G F G F G F F F G 080477 C6 5 G GGGGGGGG G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 080977 06 5 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G F F G G G G G G 081277 06 5 F G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G F f G G G ( G G C81677 J6 5 G G G G G G G G GGGGGGGG G G G ( G G 082377 06 5 u G G G G G G G G G F G G G G G G G G G G G C82677 06 5 G G G G G G G G G ( F G G G G G G G G G G G 090277 u6 s u G G G G G G G G G F G G G G G G G G G G G C90977 06 5 G F G G G G G G G G F G G G G G G G G G G G 0<;1677 06 5 G F :; G G G G G G G F G G G G G G G G G G G Qq23 77 06 5 G F G G G G G G G G F G G G G G G G G G G G 080477 C6 6 ~ G G v G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 080S77 06 6 ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 0Bt277 06 o u u G G u G G G G G u G G G G G G G G G G G G G 081677 06 6 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 082377 06 6 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 082677 06 6 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 090277 06 6 G u G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 090977 06 6 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 091677 06 b G u G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 092377 06 6 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G M:> DA YR TR CD 080477 07 l G G G ~ G :; G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G J 80977 07 l G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 081277 07 1 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 081677 07 l "' G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G C: G G G G 082377 07 l G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G (82677 07 l G G G u G G G G G G G G G G G G G F C: G G F G 090 277 0 7 l G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G f G G G F G 090977 07 l GGFuG~ G G G G G G G F G G G G G F G 0Sl677 C7 1 GGFGGG G G G G G G G f G G G G G F G 092 377 07 l GGFGGG G G G G G G G F G G G G G F G 0 80477 C7 2 "' F G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 08)977 07 2 G F G G G G G F G G G G GGGGGG G G G G G G 081277 07 2 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 081677 07 2 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G C: G G G G 082 377 07 2 1.1 ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G C 82 677 C7 2 G u G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G C: G G 090277 07 2 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 09J977 07 2 (j G F G G G F G G G G G G G G G G G G G 091677 07 2 G G F G G G F G G G G G G G G G G G G G 092 377 0 7 2 G G F G G G F G G GGGGGG G G G G G 080477 07 3 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 080977 C7 3 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 081277 07 3 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G L G G G G G 081677 C7 3 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G L G G G G G G 082377 C7 3 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G C82677 07 3 G F G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 090277 C7 3 u F G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 090977 07 3 G F ~ G.G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 091677 C7 3 u F G G G G G G G G G u G G G G G G G G OS2377 07 3 G F G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G M) DA YR TR CD 0804 77 07 4 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G r 080977 01 4 G G G U' G G G G G G G ·G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ·' C8l277 07 4 u G G G ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 081677 G ~ F G F G G G G G G G G G G G 07 4 G G G .. G,. G G G G 082377 07 4 G G G G \:1 u F G G F G G G G G G G G G G F G G G r /• ,.. 082677 01 4 1:7 F G u u G F G F F G \J G G ,..G G G G G F G G 090 277 01 4 ~ F G G G G F G F F G G G G u G G G G F G G ,... r .... 0909 77 07 4 G F \J G u G F F G ;J G G J .... J G G F G oc;t677 07 4 G F G .-\J G G F F G G G G G G G G G F G -~ ,... 092 377 07 4 G F G G G G F F G G G G G ~ G ..., G F G ,, ,. ,.. 080477 C7 5 G G G \J G G G G G G u \::) G G G G G G G G G G G G G r ... ,.. 080977 07 5 \J u G G G G G G G G G G G .... F G G G G G G G G ,... C81277 C7 5 G u G G G G G G G G G G G F G G G G G G G G r ,... 081677 01 5 G G G \J G G G G ..., G G G G G G G G G G G G r 082377 07 5 G G G G G \.J G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ,~ ,.. C82677 01 5 G ~ G G G G G G ..., G G G G G G G G G G G 090277 07 5 \.J G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ,... ,.. G \.J 1.1 G G G G G G G G 09J977 07 5 G G ,.. G G G G G G G 091677 07 5 G G G G G \3 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 092377 07 :> G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ,.. r r- 0804 77 01 6 \.J G G G G \J G G ,.. G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 080<;77 07 6 G G G G G G G G "''J G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G r ,.. 081277 C7 6 G G u G G G G G G G u G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 081677 01 6 G f G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 082377 07 6 F G G G G G G F G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 082677 01 6 F G G G G G G F G G G G G G F G G G G G F 090 277 01 6 F G G G G G G F G G G G G G F G G G G G F (90977 07 6 F G G G G G G G F G G G G F G G G G G F ,... ·G 0<11677 07 6 F G \.J G G G G F G G G G F G G G G G F -...:J r 1-' 0 92 377 C7 6 F G G \J G G G G F G G G G F G G G G G F MJ DA YR TR CD (" r- ,.. 0 80477 08 G G ~ F F G \,) G G G G l G G G ,.. G G G G G G,.. G G ,- "' .., ;_, 080977 08 1 G G G u G "' G G G G G G F ,.. G G G G G G G 082377 08 1 F G u G G M ,..G G l G G J G G F G G G G 0816 77 08 l F G G G G M u G l G G G G G F G G G G 081277 08 1 \) G G G u- G G G G G G G G G l G G G G G G ,.. ,. ,.. 082677 08 1 F \,) \,) G M G G l F G G G G G G F G 0902 77 08 l F G G G "'G M G G l F G G G G G G F G 090977 08 1 F \,) G G G G G F G G G G G F 091677 08 l F G G G G G G F G G G G G F r· 092377 08 l F G \,) G G G G F G G G G G F ,.. ,.. ,.. 'J J80477 08 2 G G G G G ·~ G G G G G G ·~ G G G G G G G G 080977 08 2 G G G u G G G G G G G G G G G G G G F G G G r ,.. ,.. 081277 08 2 I.J G G G G G \J G G G G G G G G G G F G G G - "' ,. 081677 08 G F i.l G G J F G G G G G G l G G G G F G G G ., ,.. ,.. r 082377 08 ' G F G G G \,) F G G G G G L G IJ G G G G G "- ,.. ,... '-" 082677 08 2 G F G F u G G .., F F F L F G G F G F F 090 277 08 2 G F G F G G G,.. G F F F l F G G F G f F 090977 08 2 G G F G \,) G F F F F G G F G F .., F F 0~1671 ca 2 ,.. "' F G G G F F G G F G F J92377 08 2 u G F G G G F F F F G G F G F ~ 080477 G8 3 /\,)~- F G G G G _, G G G G G G G G G F F G F G G G G G ,- J 8J<;77 08 3 G G G G G G G G G J G G F G G G G G ~ 081277 08 3 \J G G G G G G G G G G G F G G G G G ,-. JE1617 08 3 \,) F G G G G G G G G G G G G f G G ,._ ~ 082377 08 3 u F G G G G .., G G G G G G G F G G C82677 08 3 G f G G G F G G F G ,..G G G G G G 090277 08 3 i.l·- F G G G F G G F G G G G ,..'-' G G 090977 08 3 F G G,.. G F G G F G \.7,.. G G G G G 091677 08 3 F G u G F G G F G \J G G G G G -....] 092377 08 3 F G G G F G G F G G G G G G G N MJ DA YR TR CD 080477 C8 4 G G G G G G G G G G G F F G G G G G G G G F 0 80 977 08 4 G ur' G G G G G G G G F F G G G G G G F CS1277 C8 4 G G G G G G G G G G F G G G G G G F ,. r 081677 08 4 F G G G 'J G F G G 'J F G G G G G G F 082377 08 4 F G G G G G F G G,. G F G G G G G G F 082677 08 4 f G G G G G F G ..., G F G G G G G G F r..., 090 277 08 ... r' ,. 080477 08 5 G G G G F F J 'J G G F F G ..., G G G G G G G G ( G G 08)977 08 5 G G G F F G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G€1277 08 5 G G ...,~ G F G F G F G G G G G G G G G G G81677 OB 5 G G .G F F G F G F G G G G G G G G G G r ,. ) 82377 08 5 ..., G G F F G F G F G -.3 G G G G G G G G ,. 082677 08 5 G u u{' F F F F G F G G G F G G G G G G 090277 08 5 G G F F F F F G F G G G G G G G G G 09J977 08 5 G G F F F G G G G G G G G G G 091677 08 5 G G F F F G G G G G G G G G G 092377 08 5 G G F F F G G G G G G G G G G ,, 080477 08 6 ..., G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 080(}77 08 6 u G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ,, ,.. ,. ,. 081277 6 G u G L G G G G L L L L ..., G l~ G G G G G G G G 08 G ,. ,. '-',.. JAl~77 08 6 G \.J G G L F ..., G G l L L G ',J G \.1 G F G G G G G G r \.J" F G ..., G l L L G G G G G F G G G G G G 0 82377 08 6 G G G L ,. ,.. 082677 08 6 G G G u L F G G 'J L L L F F F \..J G F G G G G G G 0'30277 C8 6 G G G G L F G ...,r' G L L L F F F G G F G G G G G G ,. r ,.. ,.. )C}Q 977 08 0 u ..., F 'J G \J L L L F F F G G G G G G G C<;l677 08 6 G G F G G G L L F F F G G G G G G G ,. r -.] Qq2377 F J L L F F F G G G G G G G 08 6 v G G G U-1 MJ DA YR TR CD 0 8047 7 11 l G G G G G G G G uI" G G G G G G G G 080977 ll 1 G G (; ~ G G G G G G G f G G G G 081277 11 l G G G G G G G G l G G G G G G 081677 11 1 G G G G G G G G G G G G 082 377 1l 1 ~" u F G G G G G 1 ,-. c 82 6 7 7 11 .L G ~ F G G G G G 090277 11 l G G G G G G G 1 090977 11 .L G G G G G F G 091677 11 l G G G G G F G ,-. 092377 11 l ~ G G G G F G ,.. 080477 11 2 G G v G G G G G G G G G G G u G G G G G G G ,... I" o aog77 11 2 G G G G v G G ~ G G G G G G G G G G G 081277 11 2 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G r ,... u G G G u G G G G F G G G G G 081677 11 2 G G G ,... 082 377 11 2 G G G u u G G F G G,. G G G G G 082677 11 2 G G G G G G G F G " G G G G G F G F G G CSC277 11 2 G G v G G G G G ,... G r (' 090977 ll 2 G \.1 G G G G F G 'J F F G \3 G 091677 11 2 G G G G G G F G G F F G G G ,, 0 92 377 11 2 G G u G G G F G G F F G G G C80477 11 3 G G G G G G G G G G G G uI" G G G F G G \, G G ,... 0 80977 11 3 G ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ,. I" ,. 081277 11 3 l G v G G G G G G " u" G \;1 G G G G G G G 081677 11 ) L G G G G G G G G G G u G G G G G G G 082377 ll j L (.j (., G u G G G G G F F G F F G G G ,.. I" l ~ G G G G G u F F G F F G G G 082677 11 3 ,,G G 090277 11 J 1.1 (.j G G G G G G G F F G F F G G G (' 1.1 G G F F G F F G G G 090977 11 3 G G,... G G G G en 677 11 3 G G \;1 G G G G G G F F G F f G G G -....] 092377 11 j G G G G G G G G G F F G F F G G G +::> MJ DA YR TR CD f' ,. 080477 11 4 G G G ::; G i.7 G 1.7 F F F G G G G G (; G G r- 080977 11 4 G G G G u G G G G G G G G G G G 081277 11 4 G G G G G G G G G ,.G G G G G G G 081677 11 4 v G G G G G G G G u G G G G G G 082377 11 4 G G G G f G G G G G G G G G G G 082 677 11 4 v G G G f G G G (; G G G G G G G G 090 211 11 4 G G G G f G G G G G,.. G G G G G 090977 11 4 G \.J G G f G G G G ~ G G G G G G G F ~ G G G G G G OS1677 11 4 G,... G G G G G G 092 377 11 4 G u G G f G G G G G G G G G G G ,.. ,. 080471 11 5 G G G G G G G G G 1.:1 G G 'J G G G ,-. 080977 11 5 G G G G u G G G G G G G G G G G 081277 11 5 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G r f' 081677 11 5 I.J G G :; G G G G i.7 G G G G G G G f' 082377 11 5 G F G F F G G IJ F G G 082677 11 5 G F G F F G f G F G G 090 271 11 5 F F G F F G F G F G G 09J977 11 5 f F G F F G F G F G G 091677 11 5 f F G F F G F G F G G A 092377 11 5 F F G F F G F v F G G 0 80417 11 6 G G u"' G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G - ,. ,.. J8JCH7 11 6 i.7 G G G G G 1.:1 G G l.l' G G G G G G G G G G G G G ~ I"' ,.. ,.. 081277 11 b u G 1.:1 u G G G G G G G G \3 G G l7 G G G G G G 081611 11 6 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ,- 0 82 377 11 6 G \,1 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 082 6 7 7 11 o G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ~ 090277 11 b v,., \.1 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 090977 11 6 \3 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 091611 ll 6 ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 0 q2 37 7 11 6 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G -..,] Ul lvO DA YR TR CD ,... 080477 12 1 ~- G G G ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ,.... r ,... 0 80 977 12 l G G G G G G G u G G G G G G G G G G G G 081277 12 l G G G" G G G G "G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ,... 081677 12 1 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 082377 12 l G G G v-~ "G F G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 082677 12 l - G v v G F G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 090 277 12 1 "G G G G G F G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 09)977 12 1 G G G G G F G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ,. 0<;1677 12 l v G G G G F G G G G G G G G G G G G G G r ,. 0 92377 12 l \) G G v G F " G G G G G G G G G G G G G 080477 12 2 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G r e ,.. 08J977 12 2 G i.:l G G G G G \1 G G G G G G G G G G G G ,.. " " r 081277 12 2 ~ G G G G G G G G G ~ G G G G G G G G G G G r r 081677 12 2 G ~ G \3 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ,~. 082 377 12 G"' G u ~ G G G G G G G G G 2 G,. G G G G G G G G C82677 12 2 G G G G 'J G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 0 CJO 277 12 2 G G G G G,. G G G G ...G G F G G G G G G G G G 090(}77 12 2 G u G v (' ,. 080477 1 2 3 u G G G G G G G G ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G " ,. r .) 80s 7 7 12 3 G (I G G G \3 G G G v G G G G G G G G G G G "~ 081277 12 3 ~- G G G G G G G G G ( G G G G G G G G G G " ,.. ,... Ccl677 12 3 (J G G i.:l G >J G G G G I..J G G G G G G G G G G r r ,.. ,... 0 82 37 7 12 3 i; G G ~ v G G 'J G G G G G G G. G G G G G ' ,.. 082 6 77 12 3 ~ G v G G G G G G G "G G G u G G G G G G G ~ ,... 09027 7 12 3 G v G u i.:l G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ,. r- 090977 12 3 G ~ G G (7 G G G G u G G I..J G G G G G G G r _, ,.. r 091677 12 3 G G G v v l.J G G G G v G G G G G G G G G ,.. i.:l -..] 092377 12 3 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 0"1 ~M~mm 080477 12 4 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 080977 12 4 ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 081277 12 4 G G G & G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 081677 12 4 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 082377 12 4 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G J82677 12 4 ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 090277 12 4 G ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 09J977 12 4 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G CG1677 12 4 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 0~2377 12 4 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 080477 12 5 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 080977 12 5 G G G G G G G G G G G u G G G G G G G G G G G G 081277 12 5 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G J81677 12 5 G G G ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 082377 12 5 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G F G G G G G G G G G 082677 12 5 G G G u G G G G G G G G G G F G G G G G G G G G 090277 1~ 5 G G G ~ G G G G G G G G G G F G G G G G G G G G 09J977 12 5 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G F G G G G G G G G G 0~1677 12 5 G ~ u G G G G G G G G G G G F G G G G G G G G G 092377 12 5 G G G ~ G G G G G G G G G G F G G G G G G G G G 080477 12 6 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 080977 12 6 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G J81277 12 6 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 061677 12 6 G G G ~ ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 082377 12 6 G G G G ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 082671 12 6 G G G G u G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 09J277 12 6 ~ F f G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 090977 12 6 G F f G u G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 091677 12 6 G F F G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 092371 12 6 G F f G ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G APPENDIX B NUT DAMAGE .AND NUT LOSS DATA FOR 1978 78 79. 1978 APPENDIX B CODE ill = :r.bnth DA = Day TR = Tree Number CD = Card Number Card Number 1 = Nuts 01-25 2 = Nuts 26-SO 3 = Nuts 51- 7S 4 = Nuts 76-100 5 = Nuts 101-125 6 = Nuts 126-150 G = Good Nuts P = Nuts punctured by the Pecan Weevil C = Nuts damaged by the Pecan Nut Casebearer Blank = Lost Nuts Tree 11 = Tree 9 Tree 12 = Tree 10 M) DA YR TR CD .- p 081578 Cl 1 G G ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G "' r p 082278 01 1 G G ~ G \l' G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 082978 01 1 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 090578 G G G p G G Cl 1 u G G G G G G G ,.. G G G G G G G 091278 01 l G G G G G G G G G G G p G G G G G G G G 091<;78 01 l u G G G G G G G G "' G G p G G G G G G G G 092678 01 l G G G G G G G G G G G p G G G G G G G G 101C78 01 1 G G G G G G G G G G G p G G G G G G G G ,. ,. 081578 01 2 G G G G u' G G G G G G G G G G G G G G p G ,- r- " 082278 01 2 v G G G G "'G G G G G G G G u G G G G G p G G CS2978 G "' G G u/"' G G G G G G G G G 01 2 G,.. G G 090578 01 2 G G G G G G G G p G G G G G G ,, 091278 01 2 G"' G G G G G G G p G G G G G G 09lg78 01 2 G v"' G G G G G G G p G G G G G G .~ r- ,. G 'J G p G G G G G 092678 01 2 ,.. G G G G G 101078 01 2 u'"' G G'"' G G G G G G p G G G G G G r 081578 01 3 G G I.J G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ,.. 0 82 278 J1 3 G G G G G G G G G G u G G G G G G G G G G G G 082978 01 .3 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G r ,.. ,. ,.. 090578 01 3 G G G G G G G G •J G '3 u G u G G G G G G "' I" ,. r •J .., QCH278 01 3 v G u G G G ,. G G \J G G G G G G G G G 091<;78 01 3 G G p G G p .., G G G G G G p G G p G G r 092678 01 3 u G p G G p G G G G \:1 G G p G G p G G {' ,.. r 101C78 Ct 3 u G p G G p u G G u G G p G G p G G 00 0 MJ DA YR TR CD 081578 01 4 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 082278 01 4 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G r c 82 c; 78 01 4 G u G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G r ,... 090578 Ol 4 G ~ ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 091278 01 4 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G f' 091'i78 01 4 G ~ u P G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G f"' 092678 01 4 u u G p G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 101078 01 4 G G u- p G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ,. 081578 01 5 G G G G G G G G G G G,.. G G G G >J G G G G G G G 082278 01 5 G G G \1 G G G G G G u G G G G G G G G G G G G 082978 01 5 b G \1 G p G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 090578 01 5 G G G G p G G. G' G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 091278 01 5 G G G G p G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 091~78 01 5 G G G G p G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G P ,.. p p 092678 01 5 G ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 101078 01 5 G G G G p G G P G G G G G G G G G G G G G P 081578 01 6 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G /" ,.. ,.. 082278 01 0 u G G G u G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G "' p 082<;78 01 6 G G G G G G G G G,. G G ? G G G G G G G G G G G 090578 01 6 G G G G G G G G u G G p G G p G G G G G G G G G ,... r' ,.. r 0<11278 01 0 G G G u u G u G G G p G G p \,1 G G G G G G G G - p p 091S78 01 6 p ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ,. r ,. 092678 01 6 p G G G u G G G u G p G u p G G G G G G G G G ... r' 101078 01 6 p G u u G G G G G G p G G p G G G G G c: G G G 00 1--' MJDAYRTRCD ,... r- 081578 C2 1 G G G G G G G G G ~ G u G G G G G G G G G G G 08227€ 02 l G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ~ ,.. 082978 02 l. G u G G G G G G \J G G G G G G p p G G 090578 C2 l ~"' G \J G G G G G G G G G G G G G p G G ~ (' ~ f"' 091278 02 l u u u G G !J G G G G G G G G G G p G G cc;1c;7a 02 l G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G p G G 092678 02 1 G v G G G '""v G G G G G G G G G p G G r· 101)78 02 l u... u G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ,- cet578 02 G G G ~ G G G G G G G 2 G ,.. G G G G G G G G G G G G 082278 u u G G p 02 2 G G u G G,.. G G G G G G G G G G G G G G cezc;7a 02 2., G (J G G G G IJ G G G G G G G G G G G 090 578 u G G G 02 ' G G G G G,.. G ,.. G G G G G ,.. G 091278 02 2 G G G G G G ..., G !J G G G G G G O(jtc;7a 02 2 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G "'G 092678 02 2 u G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ,.._ lClC78 C2 2 v G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G r ,.. 081578 02 3 u G G G G G G G G G G G G u G G G G G G G G G G r ,.. ,. ,. 082~78 02 3 \.J G u G u-- G '3 G G G u G ..., G G G G G G G G G G G 082<;78 02 3 u \J G v G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ,.. ~ r 090578 02 3 G u G G u,.. 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G 00 N MJ DA YR TR CD 081578 02 4 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G (; G G G G ,- 082278 02 4 u- G G ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G p p , .. -~ ,. 082978 02 4 u G >J G ~ G G G G G G u \JO G G G G G G G G G ,... 090578 02 4 \J G G G G \JO G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G -. .~ 091278 02 4 \JO G \.'i G \JO G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ('91<;78 02 4 ># u.- G G G G p G G G G p G G G G G oc;267B 02 4 G G G G G G p G G G G p G G G r- 101078 02 4 u G u G G G p G G G G p G G G ~ 081578 02 5 G G G ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 0 82278 02 5 G G i.1 \.7 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G J82S78 02 5 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G (; G G G G 090578 02 5 u (; G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 091278 02 5 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 091978 02 5 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 092678 02 5 G G G G G G,. G G G G G G G G G G p G 1010 7 8 02 5 v u v"' G Q-- ·J G G G G G G G G G G p G 081578 02 6 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ,, r· ,., r- ,... ,... 082978 02 6 v G v G v G G G G G G v ...., G v G G G G G G G G ,.. C9C578 02 6 v G G u v"' G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G (' ,... I"' J91278 02 6 G G G G v u G G G ...., G G G G G G G G G G G G G 091978 02 0 ...., G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 092678 02 0 1.1 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ,-. 101J78 02 6 G G v G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G M) DA YR TR CD ,. -081578 03 l G G G G G G G G G G G G G,.. G G G G G G G G J G G G C82 278 03 l v v- 1.1 u 1.1- G G G G G G G \,I G G G G G G G G G G G G r 0 82S 78 C3 l G G (J 1.1 G G G G G G G G G G G G u G G G G G G G -- ,... 090 578 03 1 G G G G u G G G G G G \.7 G G G G G G G G G G G G .- ,- 091278 03 1 G G G 1.1 1.1 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ~ r 091978 J3 l G G G u u G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G CS2678 03 l G G G li G G G G G G G G G G G G G <: G G G - ,.. 101078 03 1 G G G ~ G G \,I G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 081578 C3 2 u G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ., - ,.. 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G G G G G G G G G G G ,.. G G G G G 0<)0578 03 4 .., G G \.7 .., G G G ,..G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 091278 03 4 G G u G 1..1 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 091978 03 4 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ,... G G G G 092678 03 4 G G G G G \.7 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 101(78 C3 4 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ,. ,. 081578 03 5 ~ G G G G G 1..1 G G G G G G G G ~ G G G G G G G G G r 082278 03 5 G \.7 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 082S78 03 5 G G G G G G G G G ..,~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 090578 G3 5 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G r ,. ,.. 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G G G G G G G G G 090578 04 2 G G G G G G G G G G G u G G G G G (; G G G 091278 04 2 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G r 091978 04 2 1.1 ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G,.. G G 0<12678 04 I G G G G G G G G G ( G G G G G u G G " ,... ,... ,.. ,... 101C78 04 2. u u G G J G G ·J G G ~ G G G G G G€1578 C4 3 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 082278 04 3 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G (' r ,... 082978 04 j G G G ..:1 u G G G G G G G G G G G G ~ G G G G 090578 C4 3 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 0<11278 04 .. 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G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 0 d2978 04 b v G G G v G G G v G G G G G G G G G G G G G G C9C578 C4 6 G G G ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ~- ,... ,.. 091278 04 0 G G G v G lJ G G G G G G G G lJ G G G G G 091978 04 0 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G .. .. 092678 04 6 v G G G v G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 1)1078 04 6 G G G G v G GG G G G G G G G G G G G G 00 -....] M:> DA YR TR CD ,.. 081578 05 4 G G G G G G G G G ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G 082278 05 4 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 08297€ 05 4 G G G u,~ G u~ G G G G G G G G G G G G I" G G ,.. 090 578 05 4 G G G ".., G G G G G G G G G G G G G G"' G G 091278 05 4 G G G"' G v'"' G G ...,I" G G G G G G G G G G G G G r p O«il978 05 4 G G u G G G G ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G (' r 0926 78 05 4 v u G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G p G 101C78 05 4 G G G G u G G G G G G G G G G G G G G p G ,~ 081578 05 5 ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G I' C82278 05 5 G G \.J G G G G G G G "' G G G G G f G G G G oa2c;1a 05 5 ~ G iJ G G G G G G G G G G G G G r I" 090578 05 5 u G G G G G G G G G G G " G G r "' "' 091278 05 5 v v G lj G G G G G G G G G G G 091S78 05 5 G I..J- G G G G G G G G G G G G G .~ ,.. ,. 092678 05 5 (j v u G G \.J G G G G u G G G G l01C78 C5 5 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G /" r ,.. 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CS1978 08 6 p G u u G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ~ 092678 08 6 p G G G G J G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 101078 08 0 p G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ID tJ"l M) DA YR TR CD ,~ ,.... 081578 11 4 u u G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G -- ,. C82278 11 4 G G G G u G G G G G u G G G G G G G G G G G ,.. ,.. ~ ... 0 824:; 78 11 4 G G G u IJ "..7 G G G G G G G G G G G G l..l G G G 090578 11 4 G G G G G p G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ,.... ,.. ,. 091278 11 4 G G G ~ p G G G G G G G u G G G G G G G ... ,. ,. 091978 11 4 u G ~"' G u p G ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G p 092678 11 4 G G G G G G G,. G G G G G G G G l01C78 11 4 v G p G G G G ~ G G G G G G G G ,-. 081578 11 5 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G \:11 G 082278 11 5 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 082<}78 1 1 G G G G G G G G G G G G G 5 G G G ,.. ,.. G G,... 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G G 082278 12 1 G \.J G G u G G G G G G \J G G G G G G G G G G G G ,- ,.. ,.. ,- 082S78 12 l G G \.J G \3 G ~ G G \.J G \.J G G G G G G G G G G G G I" ,.. ,.. 090578 12 l p u \.J \.J u l1 G u G G \.J G G G G G G G G G G G G G r Ct;127S 12 1 p G \.J G u G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ( G G G ,. ,.. ,.. 091<;78 12 1 p G G G v \.J ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 0926 73 12 l p G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G,.. G 101078 12 1 G G G u u G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G u ,.. 081578 12 2 G G G G G \.' G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G C82278 12 2 G G G G \.J G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 082S78 12 2 v G v G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ,, ,.. ,.. ,.. 090578 12 2 G G ~ G G G G G G G G u u G .., G G G p G G G G G /'o ,.. OS127€ 12 2 G G \1- u u G J G G G p G G G G G p p G G G G G ,.. C91S78 12 2 G G G v v G G G G G p !3 G G G G p p G G G G G 'l ..... OS2o78 12 .;. G G G G u G G G G G p G G G G G p p G G G G G ,. p p p l01G78 12 2 G G G G u G ·~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G 081578 12 3 G G r· G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G " ' t' 0 82 27 8 12 3 (.; G G J u G G G G G G G u G G G G G G G G G G G G ,- r ,.. r 0 82978 12 J ~ G u G u G G G G \.J \.J G G G G ;> G G G G G G G G G C9C'578 12 3 v G v v G G G G G G G G G G G p G G G G c; G G G G •' 091278 12 J \.J u .-1.:1 J G G G G G G G G p p G p G G G G G G G G G 091978 12 3 G G G G G G G G G G G v.- p p G p G G G G G G G G G ;' .,.. 092678 12 3 \.J G v G u G G G G G G G p p G p G G G G G G G G G 10l.J78 12 3 G G u G G "l1 G G G G G G p p G p G G G G G G G G G \.0 0\ M) DA YR TR CD r- 081578 12 4 G G G ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G .~ r; 082278 12 4 G G G ~ G G ,.G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 082 - ,. ~ 081578 12 5 i.l G G G G G G u G G G G G u G G G G G G G 082278 12 5 \,7 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G r ,~ 082978 12 5 G G G G 'J G G G G ,~ G G G G G G G G G G r 090578 12 5 u G G G G G G \,7 G G G G G G G G G G G ('. ,. ,.. 091278 12 5 G u G G G G G u G .., G G G G G G G G 091978 12 5 G G G G,. G G G G G,. G G,.. G G G G G G G 092678 12 5 G G G u G G G G 1.1 G \7 G G G G· G G G 101~78 12 5 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 081578 12 6 u G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G - ,. 082978 12 6 G G v G G,.. u G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 090 578 12 6 G G u G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 091278 12 6 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G C91<;78 12 6 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ,.G G G 092673 12 6 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G J G G ,... lClC78 12 6 ~ G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G -z_ VITA Michael J. Hall Candidate for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Thesis: DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING PLAN FOR THE PECAN WEEVIL IN A COM-ffiRCIALLY MANAGED PECAN ORCHARD. Major Field: Entomology Biographical: Personal Data: Born in SchweiUlingen a/N, West Gennany, November 15, 1951, the son of Heinz and Marliese Hall. Education: Graduated from C. E. Donart High School, Stillwater, Oklahoma, May, 1970; received a Bachelor of Science Degree from Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, December, 1974; received a Master of Science Degree from Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, May, 1977; completed the requirements for a Doctor of Philosophy Degree at Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, May, 1980. Professional Experience: Graduate research assistant, Department of Entomology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 1975-1980; Teaching Assistant, Department of Entomology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 1975-1979. Organizations: Entomological Society of America