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El Deshielo Cubano: Realismo, Dinámicas De Poder Y Seguridad Tesis De Maestría En Análisis De Problemas Políticos, Económic

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El Deshielo Cubano: Realismo, Dinámicas De Poder Y Seguridad Tesis De Maestría En Análisis De Problemas Políticos, Económic EL DESHIELO CUBANO: REALISMO, DINÁMICAS DE PODER Y SEGURIDAD TESIS DE MAESTRÍA EN ANÁLISIS DE PROBLEMAS POLÍTICOS, ECONÓMICOS E INTERNACIONALES CONTEMPORÁNEOS Luis Felipe Suárez Zambrano Director Dr. Armando Chaguaceda Facultad de Finanzas, Gobierno y Relaciones internacionales Universidad Externado de Colombia Bogotá, D.C., diciembre 06 de 2020 Luis Felipe Suárez Zambrano Tabla de contenido INTRODUCCIÓN .......................................................................................................................... 2 CAPÍTULO 1. LA RUTA TEÓRICA Y CONCEPTUAL ....................................................... 11 1.1 ENFOQUE TEÓRICO ........................................................................................................ 11 1.2 CONCEPTOS .................................................................................................................... 17 CAPÍTULO 2. ANTECEDENTES HISTÓRICOS DE LAS RELACIONES CUBANO- ESTADOUNIDENSES................................................................................................................. 20 2.1 ANTES DE LA GUERRA FRÍA .......................................................................................... 20 2.2 EL MUNDO BIPOLAR Y LA REVOLUCIÓN CUBANA ......................................................... 35 2.3 SANCIONES Y RUPTURA DE LAS RELACIONES ESTADOS UNIDOS – CUBA ..................... 44 CAPÍTULO 3. EL PROCESO DE NORMALIZACIÓN DE LAS RELACIONES ENTRE CUBA Y ESTADOS UNIDOS .................................................................................................... 52 3.1 INTENTOS PRESIDENCIALES PREVIOS ............................................................................ 52 3.1.1 John F. Kennedy. ...................................................................................................... 52 3.1.2 Lyndon B. Johnson. .................................................................................................. 54 3.1.3 Richard Nixon. .......................................................................................................... 57 3.1.4 Gerald Ford. .............................................................................................................. 58 3.1.5 Jimmy Carter. ............................................................................................................ 60 3.1.6 Ronald Reagan. ......................................................................................................... 65 3.1.7 George H. W. Bush.................................................................................................... 70 3.1.8 Bill Clinton. ............................................................................................................... 71 3.1.9 George W. Bush. ........................................................................................................ 78 3.2 BARACK OBAMA Y EL DESHIELO ................................................................................... 81 3.2.1 Primer mandato (2008-2012). ................................................................................... 81 3.2.2 Segundo mandato (2012-2016). ................................................................................ 86 CAPÍTULO 4. INICIOS DEL “NUEVO CONGELAMIENTO” ........................................... 92 4.1 LA ADMINISTRACIÓN TRUMP Y EL GIRO HACIA UN “NUEVO CONGELAMIENTO” ........ 92 4.2 LA INFLUENCIA DE CHINA Y RUSIA EN CUBA ............................................................... 96 CONCLUSIONES ...................................................................................................................... 102 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ........................................................................................................................ 107 ÍNDICE DE TABLAS Tabla 1. Cubanos no inmigrantes admitidos a Estados Unidos con visas B-2, 2008-2018. ......... 93 Tabla 2. Llegadas de turistas a Cuba por país de origen, 2008-2018. ........................................... 94 1 Luis Felipe Suárez Zambrano El deshielo cubano: realismo, dinámicas de poder y seguridad “No vemos a Cuba como una amenaza y espero que mi visita sirva para iniciar un nuevo episodio en las relaciones bilaterales.” (Obama, 2016) Introducción El 17 de diciembre de 2014 el presidente de los Estados Unidos, Barack Obama, por medio de un discurso televisado, anunció su decisión de restablecer las relaciones bilaterales con Cuba. Tras este pronunciamiento se dio inicio al proceso de normalización de las relaciones entre los dos Estados, las cuales se encontraban rotas oficialmente desde el “30 de diciembre de 1960” (Tokatlian, 1984, p. 23), debido al nuevo sistema político de corte totalitario establecido en Cuba en la primera mitad de los años 60, a la política económica de expropiaciones y nacionalizaciones y a la alianza establecida por el gobierno encabezado por Fidel Castro con la Unión Soviética. Antes de proseguir, conviene hacer una breve digresión para entender que la relación entre Estados Unidos y Cuba, así como sus dinámicas propias, provienen de un contexto histórico que data de principios del siglo XVIII. Ambos Estados han mantenido una relación que se entrelaza desde la época de la colonia, debido a las actividades mercantilistas españolas en las que Cuba solo podía comerciar con España. Por lo que la isla frecuentemente incurría en prácticas comerciales ilegales con otras potencias y colonias vecinas, ya que les resultaba más provechoso y económico que negociar solo con Sevilla (Staten, 2003). Gracias a ello, Cuba y Estados Unidos antes de independizarse, mantuvieron un contacto cercano. Del mismo modo, por la cercanía geográfica entre los dos países, se generó un interés por parte del Estado norteamericano por dominar e incluso anexar la isla a sus dominios (Aguilar, 1995). Con el éxito de la Revolución Cubana en 1959, se inició el declive de las relaciones entre Estados Unidos y Cuba, empezando con la crisis del 17 de mayo de ese año, cuando el gobierno de La Habana promulgó la primera Ley de Reforma Agraria que eliminó las grandes propiedades, al nacionalizar todas las posesiones que tenían una extensión mayor a 420 hectáreas. Además, otorgó títulos de propiedad a decenas de miles de campesinos, agricultores arrendatarios y ocupantes 2 Luis Felipe Suárez Zambrano ilegales, terminando así con los latifundios privados (Guzmán, 1992). Esta medida que eliminó uno de los pilares principales de la dominación, provocó una respuesta del gobierno de los Estados Unidos (Berbeo, 2010). El inconformismo americano se agudizó, aun más, a partir de 1960 cuando se establece una alianza entre La Habana y Moscú. Este acercamiento entre Cuba y la Unión Soviética, en el contexto de lo que hoy conocemos como Guerra Fría, activó una serie de eventos -incluyendo el embargo económico y financiero sobre Cuba- que encrudecieron las relaciones entre la potencia del Norte y la isla caribeña, e iniciaron el conflicto ideológico en el cual se encuentran hasta el día de hoy (HIIK, 2018). Indistintamente, esto llevó a otro nivel la disputa entre las dos superpotencias mundiales del momento, confluyendo en la Crisis de los Misiles de octubre de 1962, que involucraba a los tres Estados. Tras esa crisis, los Estados Unidos y la Unión Soviética llegaron a un acuerdo, en el que los soviéticos se comprometían a no desplegar armas estratégicas en Cuba, ni utilizar la isla como base de operaciones para armas nucleares. Los estadounidenses, a su vez, no buscarían invadir Cuba (Bethell, 1993). En contestación, Castro presentó varias demandas que debían cumplirse antes de considerar que la crisis había terminado. Entre ellas, pidió que se le diera fin al embargo económico sobre la isla por parte de Estados Unidos, que se culminaran todas las actividades subversivas apoyadas por el país norteamericano y que se le quitara el apoyo a los exiliados cubanos que intentaban derrocar a su gobierno. También, que se respetara el territorio y espacio aéreo cubano, así como la devolución de la Bahía de Guantánamo a Cuba (Staten, 2003). Estas demandas fueron ignoradas por los Estados Unidos y así se mantienen hasta hoy. No obstante, con la llegada de Barack Obama a la presidencia en 2009, se iniciaron nuevas dinámicas entre ambos Estados, frente a las relaciones que hasta ese momento se conservaban congeladas. Partiendo de lo anterior, en esta investigación estudiaremos el proceso de restablecimiento de relaciones entre Estados Unidos y Cuba, para lo cual se tomará como espacio temporal el período comprendido desde el 2013, año del inicio de las negociaciones secretas adelantadas durante 18 meses en Canadá y con la mediación del Vaticano (Mesa-Lago, 2015), hasta el 2018, donde ya se ha consolidado el mandato de Donald Trump. 3 Luis Felipe Suárez Zambrano La importancia de este tema radica en que investigar en el plano hemisférico sobre las problemáticas que han surgido alrededor de Cuba, en sus disensos y tensiones con Estados Unidos, es de gran relevancia. Esta indagación permite entender el modo en que las relaciones entre Cuba y Estados Unidos expresan las dinámicas políticas y geopolíticas de ambas naciones, por separado y en conjunto. Asimismo, contribuye a generar conocimiento a partir de la comprensión de su comportamiento en las relaciones internacionales. Así pues, durante la investigación se revisarán los documentos que serán de vital importancia para su desarrollo. Inicialmente se abarcará una amplia bibliografía, que incluye entre otros, la directiva presidencial emitida por el presidente Obama
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