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American Samoa THE LITHICS OF AGANOA VILLAGE (AS-22-43), AMERICAN SAMOA: A TEST OF CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND SOURCING TUTUILAN TOOL-STONE A Thesis by CHRISTOPHER THOMAS CREWS Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS May 2008 Anthropology THE LITHICS OF AGANOA VILLAGE (AS-22-43), AMERICAN SAMOA: A TEST OF CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND SOURCING TUTUILAN TOOL-STONE A Thesis by CHRISTOPHER THOMAS CREWS Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Approved by: Chair of Committee, Suzanne L. Eckert Committee Members, Ted Goebel Frederic Pearl Head of Department, Donny L. Hamilton May 2008 Major Subject: Anthropology iii ABSTRACT The Lithics of Aganoa Village (AS-22-43), American Samoa: A Test of Chemical Characterization and Sourcing Tutuilan Tool-Stone. (May 2008) Christopher Thomas Crews, B.A., Colorado College Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Suzanne L. Eckert The purpose of this thesis is to present the morphological and chemical analyses of the lithic assemblage recovered from Aganoa Village (AS-22-43), Tutuila Island, American Samoa. Implications were found that include the fact that Aganoa Village did not act as a lithic workshop, new types of tools that can be included in the Samoan tool kit, a possible change in subsistence strategies through time at the site, and the fact that five distinct, separate quarries were utilized at different stages through the full temporal span of residential activities at the village. The assemblage was analyzed macroscopically using typologies for tools that are set and accepted by archaeologists of the area (Green and Davidson [1969] for adzes, Clark and Herdrich [1993] for flake tools). It was found that a possible new flake tool type is represented at Aganoa Village that combines the attributes of Class Ia and Class V. Analysis of the debitage refutes earlier conclusions that the site represents a lithic workshop. The presence of rejuvenation flakes with polish, a large amount of tertiary iv debitage as opposed to primary debitage, and the recycling/conservation of finished adzes indicates that this site was indeed not a lithic workshop area. In the earliest cultural period (c 2500-2000 years ago) there is a distinct lack of flake tool scrapers while the other two cultural periods presented 40 examples of such tools. These scrapers are used primarily for processing agricultural products. The fact that these tools are missing from the earliest settlement period suggests that these early inhabitants might have relied more on gathering marine resources from the nearby reef system rather then agricultural subsistence strategies. Finally, INAA results show that the lithic artifacts collected come from five different sources. Two of these sources were identified as the Lau’agae Quarry on the eastern side of Tutuila Island and the Tataga-Matau Quarry Complex located on the western portion of the island. Three other basalt types were distinguished but not sourced or located. v DEDICATION To Chief Chester and the Manaea Family, current residents of Aganoa Village vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee chair and mentor, Dr. Suzanne L. Eckert, for putting up with my random and constant questions and for guiding me through this experience. I also thank Dr. Frederic Pearl, without whom this thesis would not have been possible, and Dr. Ted Goebel, for educating me on how to tackle the lithic assemblage. Thanks also to Philip Johnson for taking me under his wing in this endeavor; David Foxe for his endless help in the ChemChar Lab; Danny Welch for the drawings of the tools, listening and bouncing of ideas; Lowell Kane for just being his ambassador self; Megan Hawkins for listening to my rants; Andrew Roberts, whose support has been instrumental; Dr. William James and Mike Raulerson from the Chemical Characterization Laboratory, for their enthusiasm in this study. Finally, I would like to thank my parents for their endless support and love. And, Rebecca Sager, for photos of the lithics and whose support, enthusiasm, and presence have bolstered me through this. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………. iii DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………. vii LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………….. ix LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………... xii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………. 1 II ARCHAEOLOGY IN SAMOA…….………………………………… 5 Pre-1960: Ethnography and Ethnoarchaeology…….……………. 8 1960-1990: Settlement Patterns and the Beginning of Scientific Excavation…………………...……………………………............ 11 1990-Present: The State of Archaeology in Samoa Today….…… 19 III THE EXCAVATION AT AGANOA VILLAGE (AS-22-43)……….. 24 Location…………………………………………………………... 25 Excavation………………………………………………………... 27 IV THE LITHIC ASSEMBLAGE……………………………………….. 32 Adze Analysis……………………………………………………. 33 Scraper and Flake Tool Analysis………………………………… 40 Debitage Analysis………………………………………………... 46 Results……………………………………………………………. 47 V CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION METHODS…………………. 49 Results……………………………………………………………. 54 viii CHAPTER Page Discussion………………………………………………………... 69 VI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS...………………………………. 71 Conclusions………………………………………………………. 76 REFERENCES CITED……………………………………...……………………. 78 APPENDIX A.......................................................................................................... 89 APPENDIX B.......................................................................................................... 92 APPENDIX C.......................................................................................................... 95 APPENDIX D.......................................................................................................... 141 APPENDIX E........................................................................................................... 144 VITA........................................................................................................................ 156 ix LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE Page 2.1 The Polynesian Triangle........................................................................ 6 2.2 The Samoan Archipelago...................................................................... 7 2.3 Map of American Samoa showing locations of major towns and archaeological sites................................................................................ 16 3.1 Aganoa Village with excavation units in place................................... 26 3.2 Planview of Block O............................................................................. 28 3.3 Profile of trench excavated in Block O................................................. 29 3.4 Profile of west well of Block L............................................................. 29 4.1 Artifact #667-1...................................................................................... 35 4.2 Type Ib scrapers recovered from Aganoa Village................................. 35 4.3 Artifact #939-1...................................................................................... 36 4.4 Artifact #1029-1.................................................................................... 37 4.5 Artifact #1118-1.................................................................................... 37 4.6 Artifact #978-1...................................................................................... 38 4.7 Type Ia scrapers from Aganoa Village.................................................. 41 4.8 Artifact #150-1 from Aganoa Village................................................... 43 4.9 Artifact #532-1...................................................................................... 45 4.10 Artifact #23-2........................................................................................ 45 5.1 Tutuila Island......................................................................................... 49 5.2 Johnson’s biplot of CDA functions 1 and 2.......................................... 53 x FIGURE Page 5.3 Johnson’s biplot of PCA scores 1 and 2................................................ 53 5.4 Scatterplot of factor scores 1 and 2....................................................... 56 5.5 Scatterplot of PCA factors 1 and 2........................................................ 56 5.6 Scatterplot of factor scores 1 and 2 with cluster membership identified................................................................................................ 57 5.7 Scatterplot of factor scores 1 and 2....................................................... 58 5.8 Scatterplot of Johnson et al.’s (2007) Quarry data................................ 59 5.9 Scatterplot of PCA factors 1 and 2 of combined Aganoa and Quarry data........................................................................................................ 60 5.10 Scatterplot of the factor scores for Group 2, Tataga-Matau, and Lau’agae................................................................................................ 62 5.11 Scatterplot of the cluster membership for Group 2............................... 63 5.12 Scatterplot of the CDA discriminant scores grouped by cultural period..................................................................................................... 64 5.13 Scatterplot of the CDA discriminant scares 1 and 3 after grouping by K-Means
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