Subklinik Mastitisli Keçilerden Izole Edilen Stafilokok Türlerinin Farkli Virulens

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Subklinik Mastitisli Keçilerden Izole Edilen Stafilokok Türlerinin Farkli Virulens T.C. AYDIN ADNAN MENDERES ÜNİVERSİTESİ SAĞLIK BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ MİKROBİYOLOJİ YÜKSEK LİSANS PROGRAMI SUBKLİNİK MASTİTİSLİ KEÇİLERDEN İZOLE EDİLEN STAFİLOKOK TÜRLERİNİN FARKLI VİRULENS ÖZELLİKLERİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI EVRİM DÖNMEZ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ DANIŞMAN Prof. Dr. Şükrü KIRKAN Bu tez Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından VTF-19034 proje numarası ile desteklenmiştir. AYDIN–2020 KABUL VE ONAY SAYFASI T.C. Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Programı çerçevesinde Evrim DÖNMEZ tarafından hazırlanan “Subklinik Mastitisli Keçilerden İzole Edilen Stafilokok Türlerinin Farklı Virulens Özelliklerinin Araştırılması” başlıklı tez, aşağıdaki jüri tarafından Yüksek Lisans Tezi olarak kabul edilmiştir. Tez Savunma Tarihi: 26/08/2020 Aydın Adnan ....………. Üye (T.D.) : Prof. Dr. Şükrü KIRKAN Menderes Ünivesitesi İstanbul Üniversitesi- ....………. Üye : Prof. Dr. Serkan İKİZ Cerrahpaşa Aydın Adnan ....………. Üye : Doç. Dr. Uğur PARIN Menderes Üniversitesi ONAY: Bu tez Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim-Öğretim ve Sınav Yönetmeliğinin ilgili maddeleri uyarınca yukarıdaki jüri tarafından uygun görülmüş ve Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsünün ……………..……..… tarih ve ………………………… sayılı oturumunda alınan …………………… nolu Yönetim Kurulu kararıyla kabul edilmiştir. Prof. Dr. Süleyman AYPAK Enstitü Müdürü V. i TEŞEKKÜR Bu çalışmanın gerçekleştirilmesinde, değerli bilgilerini benimle paylaşan, bana kıymetli zamanını ayırıp büyük bir ilgi ve sabırla bana faydalı olabilmek için elinden geleni sunan kıymetli danışman hocam Prof. Dr. Sükrü KIRKAN’a teşekkürü bir borç biliyorum. Yine çalışmamda konu, kaynak ve yöntem açısından bana sürekli yardımda bulunarak yol gösteren her sorun yaşadığımda yanına çekinmeden gidebildiğim, güler yüzünü ve samimiyetini benden esirgemeyen Arş. Gör. Dr. Hafize Tuğba YÜKSEL DOLGUN’a de sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Teşekkürlerin az kalacağı hocalarım Prof. Dr. K. Serdar DİKER’e, Prof. Dr. Süheyla TÜRKYILMAZ’a, Prof. Dr. Serap SAVAŞAN’a, Doç. Dr. Göksel ERBAŞ’a, Doç. Dr. Uğur PARIN’a bana 2 yıllık yüksek lisans hayatım boyunca kazandırdıkları her şey için ve beni gelecekte söz sahibi yapacak bilgilerle donattıkları için hepsine teker teker teşekkürlerimi sunuyorum. Ve son olarak çalışmamda desteğini ve bana olan güvenini benden hiçbir zaman esirgemeyen beni bu günlere sevgi ve saygı kelimelerinin anlamlarını bilecek şekilde yetiştirerek getiren bu hayattaki en büyük şansım olan aileme sonsuz teşekkürler. ii İÇİNDEKİLER KABUL VE ONAY SAYFASI ………………………..………………….…………... i TEŞEKKÜR …………………………………………………………….…………….. ii İÇİNDEKİLER ..…………………………………………….………...………….…... iii SİMGELER VE KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ …..…………………….…………….….. vii ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ ….………….…………………………...……………………….. viii RESİMLER DİZİNİ ….………….…………………………...……………………….. ix TABLOLAR DİZİNİ ….………….…………………………...……………………… x ÖZET …………………………………………………………………………………. xii ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………………... xiii 1. GİRİŞ …………………….…………………...……………………………….….... 1 2. GENEL BİLGİLER.…………………..……………………………………………. 4 2.1.Stafilokokkal Koagulaz………………………………………………………..…... 8 2.1.1. Koagulaz………………………...……….….…… …………………………..... 8 2.1.2. Stafilokokkal İnfeksiyonlarda Koagulazların Rolü ……...…….……….………. 11 2.2. Stafilokokkal Hemolizin .......................….………….....…………………………. 12 2.2.1.Stafilokokkal α-Hemolizin……….………………………….…………............... 12 2.2.2. Stafilokokkal β-Hemolizin ……………………………………………………... 15 2.2.3.Stafilokokkal γ-Hemolizin …………..………………………………………….. 16 2.3. Stafilokokkal Panton-Valentine Lökositdin (PVL)…………………………...….. 17 2.4. Stafilokok Türlerinde Antibiyotik Direnci …………………………...................... 18 2.4.1. Stafilokok Türlerinde Metisilin Direnci ……...………………………………… 19 2.4.2 Stafilokok Türlerinde Vankomisin Direnci ……………………………………... 20 2.5. Stafilokokkal Enterotoksinler ………………………………..….........………....... 23 2.6. Stafilokokların Moleküler İdentifikasyonu ve Genotiplendirilmesi ……………… 26 2.6.1. Stafilokokların Moleküler İdentifikasyon Yöntemleri..……………………….... 27 2.6.2. 16S rDNA Dizisine Dayalı Tür İdentifikasyonu ……………………………….. 28 2.6.3. tuf gen Dizisine Dayalı Tür İdentifikasyonu …………….……………………… 28 3. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM ………………………………………………………........... 30 3.1. Gereç ……………….………………………………….………............................. 30 3.1.1. Örnekleme…………………………………………………….….……………... 30 iii 3.1.2. Kullanılan Solüsyonlar, Besiyerleri, Ayıraçlar..…………………...……………. 30 3.1.2.1. Gram boyama…………………………………………….…….……………... 30 3.1.2.2. Besiyerleri…………...……………………...……...….……………...…......... 30 3.1.2.2.1. Blood Agar (Merck® 1. 10886)………………………………………..…… 30 3.1.2.2.2. Trypton Soya Agar (TSA) (Merck 105458) ……………………………....... 31 3.1.2.3. Lam Katalaz Testi……...……….……….…….……….……….…………….. 31 3.1.2.4. Lam Koagulaz Testi.......................….………….....………………………….. 31 3.1.2.5. BD Phoenix™ ID/AST Broth ve AST İndikatör………….…………............... 32 3.1.2.6. Solüsyonlar……………………………………………………...……………. 32 3.1.2.6.1. 50X TAE (Tris, Asetik Asit, EDTA) Elektroforez Solüsyonu (Thermo Fisher Scientific®)….…………………..……….……….……….……….…………... 32 3.1.2.6.2. 6X DNA Loading Dye (Thermo Fisher Scientific®) ………………….…... 33 3.1.3. BD Phoenix™ M50 Otomatize İdentifikasyon Sistemi………………................ 33 3.1.4. Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu (PCR)……...………………………… …………. 33 3.1.4.1. DNA Ekstraksiyonu……..……………………….……….……….………….. 33 3.1.4.2. ExPrime Taq Premix (2X) (GeNet Bio®).......……………….……….………. 33 3.1.4.3. Primerler……………………….……….……….……….……….…………... 34 3.1.4.4. Agaroz Jel..…………………………... ……….……….……….……….……. 35 3.1.4.5. Marker ……….………………………….…………...............……………….. 35 3.1 4.6. Ethidium Bromür (AppliChem®) ………………………………………......... 35 3.1.4.7. PCR Ürünü Saflaştırılması …………..……………………………..….……... 36 3.1.4.8. Sekans PCR ürünü saflaştırılması……………………………………………. 36 3.1.4.9. Kullanılan Cihazlar………………………………....……….……….……….. 36 3.1.4.9.1. Santrifüj Cihazı ……………………………………….…….……………… 36 3.1.4.9.2. Termal Döngüleme Cihazı …………...………...….……………...…...……. 36 3.1.4.9.3. Elektroforez Cihazı ………………………………………..………………... 36 3.1.4.9.4. Görüntüleme Cihazı ……………………………..……….……….………... 37 3.1.4.9.5. Saflaştırılmış PCR Ürünü Ölçüm Cihazı ……...……….……….………….. 37 3.1.4.9.6. DNA Sekans Cihazı…………………………………………………………. 37 3.2. Yöntem………….…………...............……….……….……….……….…………. 37 3.2.1 Örnekleme……………………………………………………...……….……….. 37 3.2.2. Stafilokok İzolasyonu ………….…………………..……….……….…………. 38 3.2.3. Gram Boyama…………………………….……….……….……….…………... 38 iv 3.2.4. Otomatize İdentifikasyon Cihazına Yükleme………………....……….……….. 38 3.2.5. Bakteriyel İzolatların BD Phoenix™ ile İdentifikasyonu……..………………… 39 3.2.6. BD Phoenix™ ile Teşhis Edilen Bakteriyel Türlerin Antibiyotik Duyarlılığının Belirlenmesi……………………………….……….……….……….………………… 39 3.3. DNA Ekstraksiyonu …………………………….……….……….………………. 40 3.4. Staphylococcus sp. izolatların PCR ile Virulens genlerinin tespiti……….……… 41 3.4.1 16S rRNA Geninin PCR Yöntemi ile Tespiti……………..................................... 41 3.4.2. nuc Geninin PCR Yöntemi ile Tespiti ……….……….……….……….………. 42 3.4.3. coa Geninin PCR Yöntemi ile Tespiti……...………………….……………….. 44 3.4.4. tuf Geninin PCR Yöntemi ile Tespiti ……………………………….………….. 45 3.5. Staphylococcus sp. Türlerinin Enterotoksin Genlerinin Tespiti……….………….. 46 3.6. Staphylococcus sp. İzolatlarında Toksik Şok Sendrom Toksin Geninin Varlığının Belirlenmesi……………………….……….……….……….…………….................... 50 3.7. Staphylococcus sp. İzolatlarının PVL, CLFA, Hla, Hlb, Ý-hlg, BAP Virulens Genlerinin Belirlenmesi..…………………………... ……….……….……….………. 51 3.8. Staphylococcus sp. İzolatlarının Antimikrobiyel Direnç Genlerinin Belirlenmesi... 53 3.8.1. Staphylococcus sp. İzolatlarının mecA Direnç Geninin Belirlenmesi……........... 53 3.8.2. Staphylococcus sp. İzolatlarının mecC Direnç Geninin Belirlenmesi…………… 54 3.9.Staphylococcus sp. İzolatlarının vanA-vanB-vanC Direnç Geninin Belirlenmesi……………….……….……….……….……….……….………………… 56 3.10. PCR ürünlerinin Elektroforez Tankına Yüklenmesi ve Görüntülenmesi …….…. 58 3.11. Stafilokok Türlerinin Sekans Analizleri…………………………………………. 58 3.11.1. DNA Sekans Sonuçlarınn Elektronik Ortamda Karşılastırılması………………. 58 4. BULGULAR……………………………………….…….…………………………. 59 4.1. İzolasyon ve İdentifikasyon…………...………...….……………...….................... 59 4.2. BD Phoneix™ 50 otomatize identifikasyon cihazı ile identifikasyon……………. 59 4.3. Genotipik İdentifikasyon ……………………………...……….……….………… 64 4.3.1. 16S rRNA Geni Tespiti……...……….……….……….……….……….………… 64 4.3.2. nuc Geni Tespiti.......................….………….....………… ………….………….. 65 4.3.3. tuf Geni Tespiti………….…………...............……….……….……….…………. 65 4.3.4. coa Geni Tespiti……………………………………………………...………….. 66 4.3.5. Enterotoksin A-B-C-D-E Genlerinin Tespiti………….…………………..…….. 66 4.3.6. Enterotoksin G ve H Genlerinin Tespiti ………………………………………… 67 v 4.3.7. mecA Geni Tespiti..………………………... ……….……….……….…………. 67 4.3.8. mecC Geni Tespiti…........……….……….……….……….…….……….………. 67 4.3.9. PVL, Hla, Hlb Virulens Genlerinin tespiti ……...……….……….……….…… 68 4.3.10. CLFA, BAP, γ-Hlg genlerinin tespiti ………..……….……….……….………. 68 4.3.11. TSST Geni Tespiti………………………….…..….……….……….………… 69 4.3.12. vanA-B-C Genlerinin Tespiti………………………..……....………………… 69 4.4. Sekans Bulguları ………………………………………………………………….. 71 5. TARTIŞMA …………...……….…………………...……...….………...…............. 73 6. SONUÇ VE ÖNERİLER ……………………………..…………..……….……….. 80 KAYNAKLAR ..………………………………...……...…………………………….. 82 ÖZGEÇMİŞ …………………………………………...……………………………… 119 vi SİMGELER VE KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ % : Yüzde < : Küçüktür > : Büyüktür °C : Santigrat Derece bp
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