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Storm Tide Risk Assessments in Tropical and Sub Tropical Areas Including Consideration of Climate Change Impacts and Emergency Management Needs

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Storm Tide Risk Assessments in Tropical and Sub Tropical Areas Including Consideration of Climate Change Impacts and Emergency Management Needs STORM TIDE RISK ASSESSMENTS IN TROPICAL AND SUB TROPICAL AREAS INCLUDING CONSIDERATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT NEEDS Ross Fryar1, Dr Bruce Harper2, 1 Manager Water and Environment, GHD, Brisbane 2 Managing Director, Systems Engineering Australia Pty Ltd, Brisbane. Abstract The assessment of tropical cyclone related storm tide risks is an essential planning tool for coastal councils in northern Australia, made even more critical due to the possible impacts of sea level rise and the climate change modification of storm intensity and frequency. With rapidly increasing coastal based centres of population, emergency managers are also under pressure and in need of better information and advice on how to cope with potential large scale disasters. This paper outlines key issues and approaches in dealing with the potential impacts of storm tide through reference to a number of recent studies in Queensland (in particular the Whitsunday, Townsville, South East Queensland and Innisfail regions). For each of these locations, climate change considerations have been fully built-in to storm tide study methodologies providing the opportunity to also service emergency management planning and training needs. The studies are based on the best practice methodology recommendations from the Queensland Climate Change Study conducted 2001 – 2004 . Aspects of these studies are presented, focussing on a blend of method and function, including best practice methodology, the importance of model calibration and testing, preparing results for emergency and planning functions, and the provision of insights into the specific likely climate change impacts for each region. Key Words: climate change, sea level rise, tropical cyclones, storm tide, emergency management also considered, the risk to Queensland Introduction coastal communities is potentially Tropical cyclones generating storm tides and significantly increased, with areas of cities flooding in Australia rank on top of the list of such as Cairns and the Gold Coast having a extreme events (geohazards), with large number of low lying properties. Key Queensland, Western Australia and the infrastructure (water, power, airports) will also Northern Territory particularly exposed. When be subjected to higher risk, with implications population is taken into account, Queensland for emergency management. coastal communities account for a high proportion of the population at risk from such events. Despite the existence of this risk, the Storm Tide and Impacts theory and application of storm tide The definition of storm surge and storm tide predictions are generally poorly understood is now generally well understood by by those most likely to have a need to apply emergency management and planning the results. The need for informed studies to personnel, as is the range of potential risks to be undertaken is therefore of paramount population and infrastructure as indicated importance. above. However, the process of estimating storm tides, and how to best make use of When sea level rises associated with climate such studies is not understood to the same change and increasing cyclone intensity are degree. Extreme storm tide levels caused by tropical Assemble cyclones cannot be estimated solely on the Data basis of historically measured water levels. This is because the available record of Historical Cyclone Coastal Tide Coastal Storm Tide Occurrence Bathymetry Information Infrastructure tropical cyclones affecting any single location Data on the coast is quite small, the resulting Determine storm surge response is often complex and Establish Regional Calibrate Wind Hydrodynamic Cyclone against Althea Information very site specific, and the final storm tide is Models dependent on the relative phasing with the Climatology astronomical tide. Hence, measured storm Define Wide Establish Range of Spectral Wave Cyclone tide data alone is typically inadequate for Model extrapolation to very low probabilities of Parameters occurrence. Simulate Tropical Storm Surge Cyclone Wind and Wave and Pressure To overcome this problem, it is necessary to Responses Model formulate a statistical model of the coastal Parameterise Simulate and Construct Validate Assess Numerical Predict Statistical Statistical Regional region that will attempt to re-create the Model Return Model Model Impacts observed region-wide tropical cyclone Responses Periods climatology and numerically generate long sequences of potential storm tide scenarios, a process that has been applied to many Figure 1 Example coastal hazard study storm tide studies along the Queensland methodology. coast (for example, the Whitsunday, Townsville and Innisfail regions) and throughout Australia and nearby regions Planning and Emergency Management (Harper at al. 2007). One of the most commonly encountered queries when commencing a storm tide study There remain two key aspects which are not is that relating to how emergency always consistently addressed. These are: management procedures might be affected, (a) understanding the relative importance of and whether the study will deliver a better planning (as compared to emergency understanding of “exact” water levels for any management), and (b) the inclusion of the given cyclone. This line of thought fails to potential affects of climate change (other than recognise that during an extreme event, through a simplistic adjustment of sea level). emergency management procedures are Each issue is addressed in the following reliant on an inherently uncertain forecast of sections with an overview of the common peak water level provided by the Bureau of analysis methodology is provided in Figure 1. Meteorology, and that the extent of areas that may require evacuation for a given storm tide This approach is fully consistent with the level can be easily defined when needed. recommendations from the Government- sponsored Queensland Climate Change and Hence, it is not always apparent that a Community Vulnerability to Tropical Cyclone fundamental purpose of conducting storm – Ocean Hazards Assessment-Stage 1 tide studies should be to facilitate future (Harper 2001). This study (hereafter referred planning. In this context, planning primarily to as the “Blue Book”) provides a state-of-the- refers to land use planning (i.e. the reduction art methodology for ocean hazard of risk to life and property through a reduced assessments and a technical pathway to best encounter probability in the form of practice assessment of climate change appropriate siting). A well conducted study impacts. Building on the advantages of the will therefore provide two benefits: provision QCC methodology, GHD teamed with SEA in of a greater level of the understanding of risk, 2007 to provide a revised “Blue Book” such that better informed decisions can then standard of service to coastal councils in be made in both a planning and emergency order to meet their regional study context. requirements. Addressing Climate Change Details from a number of completed studies Climate change can exert an influence on follow. The possible effects of greenhouse- cyclonic activity, and hence storm tide in induced climate change have been several ways. It can generally be assumed considered in these studies, whereby a that: possible future climate scenario is simulated and those results compared with the estimates for “present climate”. A rise in sea level will occur; A rise in mean sea level (MSL) will also lead to a rise in HAT and the tidal Whitsunday Region characteristics may also change slightly as The Whitsunday Storm Tide Study, a result, but this effect is commonly completed in 2003, was the first to apply ignored. Also, although AHD is based on “Blue Book” regional standards of storm tide MSL, it is assumed that the AHD datum risk analysis to a Local Government fine will remain where it is now. scale study. A principal challenge in the area was the complex nearshore island An increase in tropical cyclone maximum environment and the very high tidal ranges, potential intensity or MPI1 will also occur. which vary markedly throughout the region It should be noted however, that it is not a (refer Figure 3). straightforward concept to apply to the statistical description of individual cyclone central pressure values. The interpretation made here is that the most intense of cyclones may increase their intensity but that not all cyclones will be more intense. The way that this can be applied is illustrated in Figure 2, whereby the potential % increase (relative to 'p) is blended into the present climate description used by the statistical model. 990 Present Climate 970 +10% MPI +20% MPI 950 930 910 890 Central Pressure pc (hPa) Pressure Central Figure 3 The Whitsunday region study area 870 with its complex island environment and high 850 tidal variability 1 10 100 1000 10000 Return Period (y) The study highlighted the principal locality at Figure 2 Assumed Possible Changes in the risk was the Repulse Bay area near the Intensity of Tropical Cyclones under mouth of the Proserpine River, where the low Enhanced Greenhouse Conditions lying land and limited evacuation routes combined with a dynamic storm surge amplification effect to produce increased risk. 1 The MPI is the theoretical peak storm intensity A secondary benefit was the increased level available from the regional thermodynamic of understanding that the study provided: properties of the atmosphere and ocean, subject storm tide levels can be highly variable along to a range of other favourable conditions.
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