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Guidelines for the Forensic Analysis of Drugs Facilitating Sexual Assault and Other Criminal Acts
Vienna International Centre, PO Box 500, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel.: (+43-1) 26060-0, Fax: (+43-1) 26060-5866, www.unodc.org Guidelines for the Forensic analysis of drugs facilitating sexual assault and other criminal acts United Nations publication Printed in Austria ST/NAR/45 *1186331*V.11-86331—December 2011 —300 Photo credits: UNODC Photo Library, iStock.com/Abel Mitja Varela Laboratory and Scientific Section UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna Guidelines for the forensic analysis of drugs facilitating sexual assault and other criminal acts UNITED NATIONS New York, 2011 ST/NAR/45 © United Nations, December 2011. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This publication has not been formally edited. Publishing production: English, Publishing and Library Section, United Nations Office at Vienna. List of abbreviations . v Acknowledgements .......................................... vii 1. Introduction............................................. 1 1.1. Background ........................................ 1 1.2. Purpose and scope of the manual ...................... 2 2. Investigative and analytical challenges ....................... 5 3 Evidence collection ...................................... 9 3.1. Evidence collection kits .............................. 9 3.2. Sample transfer and storage........................... 10 3.3. Biological samples and sampling ...................... 11 3.4. Other samples ...................................... 12 4. Analytical considerations .................................. 13 4.1. Substances encountered in DFSA and other DFC cases .... 13 4.2. Procedures and analytical strategy...................... 14 4.3. Analytical methodology .............................. 15 4.4. -
Use of Human Plasma Samples to Identify Circulating Drug Metabolites That Inhibit Cytochrome P450 Enzymes
1521-009X/44/8/1217–1228$25.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/dmd.116.071084 DRUG METABOLISM AND DISPOSITION Drug Metab Dispos 44:1217–1228, August 2016 Copyright ª 2016 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Use of Human Plasma Samples to Identify Circulating Drug Metabolites that Inhibit Cytochrome P450 Enzymes Heather Eng and R. Scott Obach Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut Received April 19, 2016; accepted June 3, 2016 ABSTRACT Drug interactions elicited through inhibition of cytochrome P450 fractions were tested for inhibition of six human P450 enzyme (P450) enzymes are important in pharmacotherapy. Recently, activities (CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and greater attention has been focused on not only parent drugs CYP3A4). Observation of inhibition in fractions that correspond to inhibiting P450 enzymes but also on possible inhibition of these the retention times of metabolites indicates that the metabolite Downloaded from enzymes by circulating metabolites. In this report, an ex vivo method has the potential to contribute to P450 inhibition in vivo. Using whereby the potential for circulating metabolites to be inhibitors of this approach, norfluoxetine, hydroxyitraconazole, desmethyldiltia- P450 enzymes is described. To test this method, seven drugs and zem, desacetyldiltiazem, desethylamiodarone, hydroxybupropion, their known plasma metabolites were added to control human erythro-dihydrobupropion, and threo-dihydrobupropion were iden- plasma at concentrations previously reported to occur in humans -
Aerobic Treatment of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in Landfill Leachate Ove Bergersen1*, Kine Østnes Hanssen2 and Terje Vasskog2,3
Bergersen et al. Environmental Sciences Europe (2015) 27:6 DOI 10.1186/s12302-014-0035-0 RESEARCH Open Access Aerobic treatment of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in landfill leachate Ove Bergersen1*, Kine Østnes Hanssen2 and Terje Vasskog2,3 Abstract Background: Pharmaceuticals used in human medical care are not completely eliminated in the human body and can enter the municipal sewage sludge system and leachate water from landfill both as the parent compound and as their biologically active metabolites. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have a large potential for unwanted effects on nontarget organisms in the environment. Leachates from active or old closed landfills are often treated with continuous stirring and simple aeration in a pond/lagoon before infiltration into the environment. The aim of this work was to simulate the reduction of five SSRIs (citalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline and fluvoxamine) and three of their metabolites (desmethylcitalopram, didesmethylcitalopram and norfluoxetine) during aerobic treatment of leachate from landfills. This landfill leachate-simulation experiment was performed to see what happens with the pharmaceuticals during aerated treatment and continuous stirring of landfill leachate for 120 h. It is important to establish whether different pollutants such as pharmaceuticals can be removed (oxidized or otherwise degraded) or not before infiltration into the environment. Results: All the SSRIs had a significant concentration reduction during the aeration treatment process. Total SSRI concentrations were reduced significantly during aerobic treatment, and the individual SSRIs were reduced by 89% to 100% after 120 h. Among the high-concentration samples, fluoxetine (10 mg L−1) was the least degraded with 93% concentration reduction. -
Individual Patient & Medication Factors That Invalidate Morphine
Individual Patient & Medication Factors that Invalidate Morphine Milligram Equivalents Presented on June 7-8, 2021 at FDA Collaborative with various Federal Government Agency Stakeholders Jeffrey Fudin, PharmD, FCCP, FASHP, FFSMB Clinical Pharmacy Specialist & PGY2 Pain Residency Director Stratton VAMC, Albany NY Adjunct Associate Professor Albany College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Albany NY Western New England University College of Pharmacy, Springfield MA President, Remitigate Therapeutics, Delmar NY Disclosures Affiliation Role/Activities Abbott Laboratories Speaking, non-speakers bureau AcelRx Pharmaceuticals Acute perioperative pain (speakers bureau, consulting, advisory boards) BioDelivery Sciences International Collaborative publications, consulting, advisory boards Firstox Laboratories Micro serum testing for substances of abuse (consulting) GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) Collaborative non-paid poster presentations) Hisamitsu America Inc Advisory Board Hikma Pharmaceuticals Advisory Board Scilex Pharmaceuticals Collaborative non-paid publications Salix Pharmaceuticals Speakers bureau, consultant, advisory boards Torrent Pharmaceuticals Lecture, non-speakers bureau Learning Objectives At the completion of this activity, participants will be able to: 1. Explain opioid conversion and calculation strategies when developing a care plan for patients with chronic pain. 2. Assess patient-specific factors that warrant adjustment to an opioid regimen. 3. Identify important drug interactions that can affect opioid serum levels. 4. Describe how pharmacogenetic differences can affect opioid efficacy, toxicity, and tolerability. Not All Opioids are Created Equally Issues with MEDD & Opioid Conversion1-4 › Pharmacogenetic variability › Drug interactions › Lack of universal morphine equivalence › Specific opioids that should never have an MEDD – Methadone, Buprenorphine, Tapentadol, Tramadol 1. Fudin J, Marcoux MD, Fudin JA. Mathematical Model For Methadone Conversion Examined. Practical Pain Management. Sept. 2012. 46-51. 2. Donner B, et al. -
Prescription Drug Management
Check out our new site: www.acllaboratories.com Prescription Drug Management Non Adherence, Drug Misuse, Increased Healthcare Costs Reports from the Centers for DiseasePrescription Control and Prevention (CDC) say Drug deaths from Managementmedication overdose have risen for 11 straight years. In 2008 more than 36,000 people died from drug overdoses, and most of these deaths were caused by prescription Nondrugs. Adherence,1 Drug Misuse, Increased Healthcare Costs The CDC analysis found that nearly 40,000 drug overdose deaths were reported in 2010. Prescribed medication accounted for almost 60 percent of the fatalities—far more than deaths from illegal street drugs. Abuse of painkillers like ReportsOxyContin from and the VicodinCenters forwere Disease linked Control to the and majority Prevention of the (CDC) deaths, say deaths from according to the report.1 medication overdose have risen for 11 straight years. In 2008 more than 36,000 people died from drug overdoses, and most of these deaths were caused by prescription drugs. 1 A health economics study analyzed managed care claims of more than 18 million patients, finding that patients undergoing opioid therapyThe CDCfor chronic analysis pain found who that may nearly not 40,000 be following drug overdose their prescription deaths were regimenreported in 2010. Prescribed medication accounted for almost 60 percent of the fatalities—far more than deaths have significantly higher overall healthcare costs. from illegal street drugs. Abuse of painkillers like OxyContin and Vicodin were linked to the majority of the deaths, according to the report.1 ACL offers drug management testing to provide information that can aid clinicians in therapy and monitoring to help improve patientA health outcomes. -
LC-MS for Pain Management Support
LC-MS for Pain Management Support Gwen McMillin, PhD, DABCC(CC,TC) University of Utah ARUP Laboratories Outline .Overview of drug testing, as a component of the therapeutic plan, in the management of chronic pain .A mini-SWOT analysis for application of LC- MS to pain management drug testing .Considerations for optimizing utility of LC-MS results Drug testing in pain management . Baseline testing, before initiating opioid therapy . Routine testing . Periodic, based on patient risk assessment . To evaluate changes . Therapeutic plan (drugs, formulations, dosing) . Clinical response (poor pain control, toxicity) . Clinical events (disease, surgery, pregnancy) . Patient behavior Objectives of drug testing Non- Detect and encourage Adherence appropriate drug use Detect and discourage Adherence inappropriate drug use Traditional approach . Immunoassay-based screen Screen . Confirm screen positive results with mass spectrometric method (GC-MS, LC-MS) Not appropriate for pain management Confirm + . Reflex testing leads to unnecessary expenses if the results are consistent with expectations, or if results are not used to make patient care decisions Confirm + . Confirmation of negative results may be more important than confirmation of positive results . Immunoassay-based screens may not be available Confirm + for specimens and drugs of interest Drugs monitored for pain management represent ~25% of “Top 200” prescriptions filled, 2011 .Analgesics .Anxiolytics, muscle . Hydrocodone (#1, 2, 14, 139) relaxants . Oxycodone (#45, 48, 121, 129, 196) -
An Active Metabolite of Hydrocodone
JPET Fast Forward. Published on August 30, 2013 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.207548 JPET FastThis articleForward. has not Publishedbeen copyedited on and August formatted. 30, The 2013final version as DOI:10.1124/jpet.113.207548 may differ from this version. JPET #207548 In vivo Activity of Norhydrocodone: An Active Metabolite of Hydrocodone Downloaded from Dipesh M. Navani and Byron C. Yoburn Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences jpet.aspetjournals.org St. John's University 8000 Utopia Parkway Queens, NY 11439 at ASPET Journals on October 3, 2021 1 Copyright 2013 by the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. JPET Fast Forward. Published on August 30, 2013 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.207548 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #207548 Running Title: Norhydrocodone: An Active Metabolite of Hydrocodone. Corresponding author: Byron C. Yoburn, Ph.D. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences St. John's University 8000 Utopia Parkway Downloaded from Queens, NY 11439 Tel: 718-990-1623 jpet.aspetjournals.org Fax: 718-990-6036 Email: [email protected] at ASPET Journals on October 3, 2021 Number of text pages: 35 Number of tables: 3 Number of figures: 5 Number of references: 34 Number of words in the abstract: 248 Number of words in the introduction: 531 Number of words in the discussion: 863 Abbreviations: HYC, Hydrocodone; HYM, Hydromorphone; NHYC, Norhydrocodone; CYP, Cytochrome P450; DMAGO, [D-Ala2,N-MePhe4,Gly-ol5]Enkephalin; DPDPE, [D-Pen2,D- Pen5]Enkephalin; CL, Confidence limit. -
169 2016 Interim Meeting Science and Public Health - 1
169 2016 Interim Meeting Science and Public Health - 1 REPORTS OF THE COUNCIL ON SCIENCE AND PUBLIC HEALTH The following reports, 1–4, were presented by S. Bobby Mukkamala, MD, Chair: 1. URINE DRUG TESTING Reference committee hearing: see report of Reference Committee K. HOUSE ACTION: RECOMMENDATIONS ADOPTED AS FOLLOWS REMAINDER OF REPORT FILED See Policies H-95.985 and D-120.936 INTRODUCTION Over the past two decades, the rate of opioid prescribing, especially for patients with chronic non-cancer pain, has increased dramatically. It is estimated that between 9.6 and 11.5 million Americans are currently being prescribed long-term opioid therapy.1 The overall increase in prescribing has been associated with a parallel increase in unintentional overdoses and deaths from prescription opioids.2 In 2014, a total of 47,055 drug overdose deaths occurred in the United States; 61% of these involved some type of opioid, including heroin. Overdose deaths from heroin have quadrupled in recent years, and the majority of past year users of heroin report they used opioids in a nonmedical fashion prior to heroin initiation; hence, the availability of pharmaceutical opioids is relevant to the national heroin use and overdose death epidemics. In the most recent available report, benzodiazepines were involved in 31% of the opioid-related overdoses.3 Despite clinical recommendations to the contrary, the rate of opioid and benzodiazepine co-prescribing also continues to rise.3-5 Identifying patients at risk for drug misuse is a challenge. There is no definitive way for physicians to predict which of their patients will develop misuse problems with controlled substances. -
Determination of Antidepressants in Human Plasma by Modified Cloud
pharmaceuticals Article Determination of Antidepressants in Human Plasma by Modified Cloud-Point Extraction Coupled with Mass Spectrometry El˙zbietaGniazdowska 1,2 , Natalia Korytowska 3 , Grzegorz Kłudka 3 and Joanna Giebułtowicz 3,* 1 Łukasiewicz Research Network, Industrial Chemistry Institute, 8 Rydygiera, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] 2 Department of Bioanalysis and Drugs Analysis, Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, 61 Zwirki˙ i Wigury, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland 3 Department of Bioanalysis and Drugs Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] (N.K.); [email protected] (G.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 5 October 2020; Accepted: 7 December 2020; Published: 12 December 2020 Abstract: Cloud-point extraction (CPE) is rarely combined with liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC–MS) in drug determination due to the matrix effect (ME). However, we have recently shown that ME is not a limiting factor in CPE. Low extraction efficiency may be improved by salt addition, but none of the salts used in CPE are suitable for LC–MS. It is the first time that the influences of a volatile salt—ammonium acetate (AA)—on the CPE extraction efficiency and ME have been studied. Our modification of CPE included also the use of ethanol instead of acetonitrile to reduce the sample viscosity and make the method more environmentally friendly. We developed and validated CPE–LC–MS for the simultaneous determination of 21 antidepressants in plasma that can be useful for clinical and forensic toxicology. The selected parameters included Triton X-114 concentration (1.5 and 6%, w/v), concentration of AA (0, 10, 20 and 30%, w/v), and pH (3.5, 6.8 and 10.2). -
Analysis of Oxycodone and Its Metabolites-Noroxycodone, Oxymorphone, and Noroxymorphone in Plasma by LC/MS with an Agilent ZORBAX Stablebond SB -C18 LC Column
Analysis of Oxycodone and Its Metabolites-Noroxycodone, Oxymorphone, and Noroxymorphone in Plasma by LC/MS with an Agilent ZORBAX StableBond SB -C18 LC Column Application Note Pharmaceutical Authors Abstract Linda L. Risler Oxycodone and its oxidative metabolites (noroxycodone, oxymorphone, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research noroxymorphone) were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography/mass Center, spectrometry (HPLC/MS), coupled with chromatographic separation by an Agilent Seattle, WA 98109 ZORBAX Rapid Resolution High Throughput (RRHT) StableBond SB-C18 column. The method used an ammonium acetate/acetonitrile gradient with detection by a mass Anne E. Mack spectrometer in electrospray mode with positive polarity. Spiked human plasma Agilent Technologies, Inc. samples underwent solid phase extraction (SPE) prior to LC/MS analysis. This method provided good linearity (R 2 > 0.9900) and reproducibility (< 10% difference between duplicates) for all compounds, while increasing productivity with a fast, efficient analysis and minimal solvent usage. Introduction Experimental Oxycodone was developed in 1916 as an opioid analgesic An Agilent 1100 Series LC/MS was used for this work: medication intended to replace the far too addictive analgesic at the time, heroin. Today, oxycodone is a Schedule II drug in • Agilent G1312A Binary Pump. Mobile phase A: 20 mM the US, which means, while it has proven medical uses, it is ammonium acetate, pH 4.0 and B: acetonitrile. Flow rate still considered highly addictive with the possibility of both was 0.300 mL/min. Hold 5% B for 2.33 minutes, then physical and psychological dependencies. Figure 1 shows increase B from 5% to 20% from 2.33 to 4.33 minutes, stop oxycodone and its metabolic scheme, yielding noroxycodone, time is 6 minutes, and post time is 4 minutes. -
New High-Resolution Targeted Opioid Screen Superior Sensitivity and Specificity to Evaluate Adherence to Prescribed Opioid Therapy
4/7/2020 New High-Resolution Targeted Opioid Screen Superior Sensitivity and Specificity to Evaluate Adherence to Prescribed Opioid Therapy © MFMER | slide-1 Presenter: Paul J. Jannetto, PhD Associate Professor of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Director, Clinical and Forensic Toxicology, Clinical Mass Spectrometry Lab and Metals Lab Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota © MFMER | slide-2 1 4/7/2020 Disclosures • None © MFMER | slide-3 Objectives • Describe the clinical utility and limitations of the following urine drug tests used to support pain management/monitoring of controlled substances: • Traditional opiate immunoassays • Mass spectrometry-based targeted screening assays • Define the metabolic profiles of opioids commonly used in pain management and discuss how to interpret screening/definitive test results. © MFMER | slide-4 2 4/7/2020 Opioid Crisis in America1 • Sale of opioid pain relievers (OPR) quadrupled between 1999 and 2010 • Enough OPR were prescribed in 2010to medicate every American adult around the clock (every 4 hours) for a month • Large number of patients (>40%) still report inadequate treatment of pain • Medical examiner reports also continue to show an increase in opioid related fatalities • Chronic pain costs up to $635 billion/year in medical treatment and lost productivity © MFMER | slide-5 Why Do Clinicians Use Urine Drug Tests (UDT) to Monitor Opioids? • Clinical Practice Guidelines: • American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians (ASIPP) Guidelines2,3 -
Presentation Slides (PDF)
Urine toxicology testing to support pain management and treatment for substance use disorder Yifei Yang, PhD, DABCC Medical Director, Toxicology, ARUP Laboratories Assistant Professor, University of Utah Learning Objectives and Presentation Outline • Describe the general analytical workflow of urine drug testing • Understand the testing approaches for medication compliance in pain management and treatment for substance use disorder (SUD) settings • Recognize the utilities and limitations of qualitative and quantitative test results • Discuss case-based unexpected urine drug testing results and considerations for results interpretation Urine toxicology testing to support controlled substance prescription and monitoring • Pain management and SUD treatment • Long-term prescription of controlled substances • Various opiates: hydrocodone, oxycodone, etc. at various doses • Buprenorphine, with naloxone (Suboxone) • Co-medication with benzodiazepines, heroin, and other opiates can increase risk for over-dose • Urine toxicology testing is recommended: • Baseline testing prior to prescription • Annual monitoring (minimal), interval up to clinician discretion • Detect undisclosed medication use • Confirm expected medication use CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain. (2016) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Urine toxicology testing is used to confirm the presence of prescribed medications • Drug presence prevalence: • High positivity rate • Patients are mostly taking medications • Appropriate positive cutoffs are needed