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Walleye Pollock and Its Utilization and Trade

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Walleye Pollock and Its Utilization and Trade Foreign Fishery Developments ther subdivide stocks into local groups; details regarding the structure of each stock or local subgroup have not been investigated and analyzed in detail. Some fishery biologists believe that the Walleye Pollock and Its biomass of all these pollock stocks ex­ ceeds that of any other demersal species. Utilization and Trade Much of the walleye pollock fishery is conducted by bottom trawling, al­ though gillnetting, longlining, and mid­ water trawling are also used in the fishery. The length of a mature walleye Introduction Ocean from the Sea of Japan, the Ok­ pollock is between 30 and 60 cm and hotsk and Bering seas, the Gulf of Alas­ the weight of an individual averages be­ The annual harvest of walleye pol­ ka, and extend into waters off British tween 0.2 and 1.4 kg. Walleye pollock lock, Theragra chalcogramma, also Columbia. Although fishery biologists is harvested throughout the North Pacif­ called Alaska pollock, currently repre­ are uncertain about walleye pollock ic wherever stocks are found, but in re­ sents the world's largest single-species stock identification, it is generally ac­ cent years greater harvesting efforts have fishery; catches were between 5 and 6 cepted that there is a likely amount of been made in specific fishing areas (Fig. percent of the total world fisheries migratory mixing among neighboring 1). About 75 percent of walleye pollock harvest in 1984 and amounted to a stocks in certain areas of the North harvests are made in the eastern North record high 6.0 million metric tons (t). Pacific-especially in the Sea of Japan. Pacific; the other 25 percent are made Although walleye pollock is found A study made in 19]7 suggested that west of long. 175°W, primarily in U.S. throughout the North Pacific, stocks are there are at least 12 major pollock stocks waters. Although the flesh of walleye centered principally within the exclusive in the entire North Pacific. Four of these pollock is most commonly utilized for economic zones of the United States and stocks are located in the Sea of Japan human consumption, stocks are often the Soviet Union. In addition, there are at: 1) Western Hokkaido; 2) northern adversely affected by parasites in many several pollock stocks located in the Sea Japan (Honshu); 3) western Japan (Hon­ fishing regions. In this event, harvests of Japan. Four countries (the Soviet shu); and 4) Primorskiy-Korean penin­ are often used for fishmeal. Union, Japan, the United States, and the sula. North of Hokkaido there are two Ever since the 1m El Nino phenom­ Republic of Korea (ROK» harvest over more pollock stocks at: 5) Kuril Islands enon decimated the Peruvian anchovy 95 percent of the world walleye pollock and 6) east and southern Hokkaido. In fishery, walleye pollock has been the catch. About one-fourth of this total the Sea of Okhotsk, there are two stocks world's largest single-species fishery. catch has been harvested within U.S. identified as the: 7) Sakhalin-Hokkaido Despite this fact, the pollock fishery is waters in recent years. and 8) northern Okhotsk stocks. Mov­ remarkably little known to the general Walleye pollock is marketed through­ ing east from the Sea of Okhotsk, American public, considering that a out the world in various forms and the observers note the 9) Kamchatka penin­ large segment of it occurs within the potential for expanded uses of this sula stock. 200-mile fisheries zone of the United groundfish species is great. The most The three remaining pollock stocks States. The reason for the lack of infor­ interesting commodity produced from are found around North America in: 10) mation probably stems from the fact that pollock is surimi, a minced product The eastern Bering Sea; ll) the Gulf of the fishery is only about 20 years old which is used to manufacture such prod­ Alaska; and, finally, 12) waters around around Alaska and did not involve U.S. ucts as imitation crab legs, scallops, British Columbia. It should be noted commercial fishery participation until shrimps, and other analog foodstuffs. that within these stocks observers report recently. Worldwide pollock surimi production differing genetic characteristics that fur­ Historically, the North Pacific fishery exceeded 400,000 t in 1984 and ex­ periments are being conducted on other marine species to test their commercial viability for surimi production. Walleye Pollock Harvests Pollock stocks occur throughout the eastern and western North Pacific This news article was written by George Herrfurth of the Office of International Fisheries, ational Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Washington, DC 20235. Walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma 49(1), 1987 61 U.S.S.R. U.S.A. OCEAN PACI FIC Walleye pollock distribution • Major walleye pollock fishing grounds Figure I.-Distribution and major fishing grounds for walleye pollock. for walleye pollock was limited to the Table 1.-World walleye pollock catch, by country, 1975-84.' coastal waters of Japan and Korea until Catch (1.000 t) the late 1950's, when it underwent a Country 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984' rapid expansion as a distant-water fish­ USSR. 1.958.1 2.090.9 1.975.1 2.011.9 2.048.8 2,111.7 2.137.9 2,497.9 2.747.0 3,449.6 ery. Japanese operations, in particular, Japan 2.677.4 2,445.4 1.927.6 1.546.1 1.551.1 1,552.4 1,595.3 1,570.4 1,434.4 1.605.9 spread quickly up into the Sea of Ok­ United States neg!. 0.2 0.3 1.8 3.1 1.4 60.7 130.4 284.5 455.1 S. Korea (ROK) 387.8 532.6 390.6 361.9 297.2 286.2 278.6 262.1 367.4 398.6 hotsk and across into the Bering Sea Poland 0.5 neg!. 1.4 1.2 40.4 61.0 92.9 0.4 53.7 during the 1960's. The Japanese harvest Germany (FRG) 6.0 10.3 16.1 23.7 24.4 1.3 of walleye pollock in the Bering Sea in­ Canada 0.9 2.4 3.4 2.2 1.1 0.9 1.0 0.7 creased from 25,800 t in 1960 to over Total' 5,023.9 5,070.4 4.295.9 3,925.3 3,944.0 4,020.8 4,176.8 4,478.2 5,047.3 5,986.0 655,800 t in 1969. At the same time, 'Sources: FAG "Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, various years; NMFS "Fisheries of the United States, 1984" pollock fishing efforts elsewhere in the North Pacific, particularly by Soviet fishermen, also expanded. During the 1960's, annual pollock harvests in­ potential for increased harvests depends 200-mile zones of the United States and creased from 465,000 t in 1961, to nearly upon the size of the walleye pollock the Soviet Union, vessels from Japan, 3.6 million tons by 1971. biomass, which is not known with any China, Korea (ROK), and other coun­ The annual world catch of walleye certainty by biologists. tries, have reportedly concentrated fish­ pollock was about 5.0 million tons in In an interesting development to the ing efforts there in recent months to 1975 (Table 1). Following the establish­ North Pacific pollock fishery, surveys offset restrictions made by either the ment of 200-mile fishery zones in the carried out by Japanese research vessels United States or the Soviet Union in North Pacific in 1977, the catch de­ have indicated that substantial schools their respective fishery zones. creased by over 20 percent. After 1980, of large adult-sized Alaska pollock in­ when Japan and Korea secured catch habit the surface and midwater layers of Soviet Union allocations within U.S. waters and the the 3,000-4,000 m deep Aleutian basin The Soviet Union currently maintains Soviet Union increased fishing efforts in the central Bering Sea. Observers the world's largest walleye pollock fish­ within their own waters, catches again believe that these fish are associated ery (Fig. 2), and harvests annually ac­ increased. Harvests exceeded 6.0 mil­ with stocks in the area and are not an count for about one-fourth of the total lion tin 1984, or about 20 percent more isolated population. Because a large part Soviet fisheries catch. Soviet fishermen than the catches made in 1975. The of the area in question lies outside the caught a record-high 3.4 million t in 62 Marine Fisheries Review 1984, accounting for 55 percent of the ~ world's pollock harvest. Soviet catches 3.500 have increased steadily since 1978 be­ cause of expanded fishing efforts within domestic waters. Estimates on the bio­ mass of the four pollock stocks located ~::t~ ~"'~ __..:u:;:;;.s;;..s;o.R_.__... within the Soviet 200-mile zone are un­ ,=[ _ available, and observers are not sure ~ . __~Ja~p~an~ _ whether Soviet stocks can withstand an­ ~ 1,500 - nual harvests of over 3.0 million t on a .Q" ~ sustained basis. 1.000 The Soviet Government, under terms of a bilateral treaty with Japan, permits 500 Japanese fishermen to harvest pollock Rep. of Korea ........ ···\is·~ Other within the Soviet 200-mile zone. Annual o ----,--.-r-,-==r,==;::,:::-;:;;~·::;:·r·":------:S;;;i~~T'~~~=:;- pollock quotas for Japanese fishermen 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 in the Soviet waters decreased from 290,000 to 250,000 t between 1980 and 1985, and decreased further in 1986, Figure 2.-World walleye pollock catch, 1975-84. after the Soviet-Japanese annual agree­ ment resulted in a quota of only 150,000 t of pollock for Japanese fishermen.
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