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The AC/DC Module User's Guide

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The AC/DC Module User's Guide AC/DC Module User’s Guide AC/DC Module User’s Guide © 1998–2018 COMSOL Protected by patents listed on www.comsol.com/patents, and U.S. Patents 7,519,518; 7,596,474; 7,623,991; 8,457,932; 8,954,302; 9,098,106; 9,146,652; 9,323,503; 9,372,673; and 9,454,625. Patents pending. This Documentation and the Programs described herein are furnished under the COMSOL Software License Agreement (www.comsol.com/comsol-license-agreement) and may be used or copied only under the terms of the license agreement. COMSOL, the COMSOL logo, COMSOL Multiphysics, COMSOL Desktop, COMSOL Server, and LiveLink are either registered trademarks or trademarks of COMSOL AB. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners, and COMSOL AB and its subsidiaries and products are not affiliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or supported by those trademark owners. For a list of such trademark owners, see www.comsol.com/trademarks. Version: COMSOL 5.4 Contact Information Visit the Contact COMSOL page at www.comsol.com/contact to submit general inquiries, contact Technical Support, or search for an address and phone number. You can also visit the Worldwide Sales Offices page at www.comsol.com/contact/offices for address and contact information. If you need to contact Support, an online request form is located at the COMSOL Access page at www.comsol.com/support/case. Other useful links include: • Support Center: www.comsol.com/support • Product Download: www.comsol.com/product-download • Product Updates: www.comsol.com/support/updates • COMSOL Blog: www.comsol.com/blogs • Discussion Forum: www.comsol.com/community • Events: www.comsol.com/events • COMSOL Video Gallery: www.comsol.com/video • Support Knowledge Base: www.comsol.com/support/knowledgebase Part number: CM020101 Contents Chapter 1: Introduction About the AC/DC Module 16 What Can the AC/DC Module Do?. 16 AC/DC Module Physics Interface Guide . 17 AC/DC Module Study Availability . 21 Common Physics Interface and Feature Settings and Nodes . 22 Where Do I Access the Documentation and Application Libraries? . 23 Overview of the User’s Guide 27 Chapter 2: Review of Electromagnetics Fundamentals of Electromagnetics 32 Maxwell’s Equations. 32 Constitutive Relations . 33 Potentials. 35 Reduced Potential PDE Formulations . 35 Electromagnetic Energy . 36 The Quasi-Static Approximation and the Lorentz Term . 37 Material Properties . 38 About the Boundary and Physics Interface Conditions . 39 Phasors . 40 Nonlinear Permanent Magnet Constitutive Relations . 41 Effective Nonlinear Magnetic Constitutive Relations . 41 The Jiles-Atherton Hysteresis Model . 42 References for Electromagnetic Theory . 44 Electromagnetic Forces 45 Overview of Forces in Continuum Mechanics . 45 Forces on an Elastic Solid Surrounded by Vacuum or Air. 47 Torque . 48 CONTENTS | 3 Forces in Stationary Fields . 48 Forces in a Moving Body . 52 Electromagnetic Energy, Coenergy and Virtual Work . 54 Electromagnetic Quantities 57 References for the AC/DC Interfaces 59 Chapter 3: Modeling with the AC/DC Module Preparing for Modeling 62 What Problems Can You Solve? . 63 Selecting the Space Dimension for the Model Geometry . 64 Simplifying the Geometry Using Boundary Conditions . 66 Applying Electromagnetic Sources . 67 Selecting a Study Type . 68 2D Field Variables . 69 About the AC/DC and Nonlinear Magnetic Material Databases . 70 Meshing and Solving. 70 Force and Torque Computations 72 Calculating Electromagnetic Forces and Torques . 72 Model Examples — Electromagnetic Forces. 73 Coil Features 75 About the Coil Features . 75 About the Coil Name . 78 Coil Excitation. 78 Coil Groups. 82 Lumped Parameter Calculations . 82 The Single-Turn Coil Feature . 84 Using Coils in 3D Models . 85 Automatic Coil Geometry Analysis . 90 Accurate Coil Voltage Calculation . 91 4 | CONTENTS Lumped Parameters 93 Calculating Lumped Parameters with Ohm’s Law. 93 Calculating Lumped Parameters Using the Energy Method . 95 Studying Lumped Parameters . 96 Lumped Parameter Conversion . 97 Stationary Source Sweep . 99 Lumped Ports with Voltage Input 101 About Lumped Ports . 101 Lumped Port Parameters. 101 S-Parameters and Ports 104 S-Parameters in Terms of Voltage and Electric Field . 104 S-Parameter Calculations. 105 S-Parameter Variables . 105 Port Sweeps/Manual Terminal Sweeps and Touchstone Export . 105 Connecting to Electrical Circuits 106 About Connecting Electrical Circuits to Physics Interfaces . 106 Connecting Electrical Circuits Using Predefined Couplings . 107 Connecting Electrical Circuits by User-Defined Couplings . 107 Solving . 109 Postprocessing. 109 SPICE Import and Export 110 SPICE Import . 110 SPICE Export . 111 Reference . 111 Chapter 4: Electric Field Interfaces The Electrostatics Interface 114 Domain, Boundary, Edge, Point, and Pair Nodes for the Electrostatics Interface . 116 Charge Conservation . 119 Initial Values . 120 CONTENTS | 5 Space Charge Density . 120 Force Calculation. 120 Zero Charge . 121 Ground . 122 Electric Potential . 122 Surface Charge Density . 123 External Surface Charge Accumulation . 123 Electric Displacement Field . 124 Periodic Condition . 124 Thin Low Permittivity Gap . 125 Dielectric Shielding . 126 Terminal . 127 Floating Potential . 129 Distributed Capacitance . 131 Line Charge . 131 Line Charge (on Axis) . 132 Line Charge (Out-of-Plane) . 132 Point Charge . 133 Point Charge (on Axis) . 134 Change Cross Section . 134 Change Thickness (Out-of-Plane). 135 Charge Conservation, Piezoelectric . 135 Electrostatic Point Dipole . 136 Archie’s Law . 137 Effective Medium . 137 The Electrostatics, Boundary Elements Interface 139 Domain, Boundary, and Edge Nodes for the Electrostatics, Boundary Elements Interface . 143 Initial Values . 143 Charge Conservation . 144 Electric Potential . 144 Floating Potential . 145 Ground . 145 Surface Charge Density . 145 Terminal . 146 Zero Charge . 147 Electric Scalar-Scalar Potential Coupling . 147 6 | CONTENTS The Electric Currents Interface 149 Domain, Boundary, Edge, Point, and Pair Nodes for the Electric Currents Interface . 151 Current Conservation . 153 Initial Values . 155 External Current Density . 155 Current Source . 156 Electric Insulation . 157 Floating Potential . 157 Boundary Current Source . 159 Normal Current Density . 159 Distributed Impedance. 160 Terminal . 162 Electric Shielding . 164 Contact Impedance . 165 Electrical Contact . 167 Sector Symmetry . 168 Line Current Source . 169 Line Current Source (on Axis). 169 Point Current Source . 170 Point Current Source (on Axis) . 170 Electric Point Dipole . 171 Electric Point Dipole (on Axis) . 171 Piezoresistive Material . 172 The Electric Currents, Single Layer Shell Interface 173 Boundary, Edge, Point, and Pair Nodes for the Electric Currents, Single Layer Shell Interface . 176 Current Conservation . 177 Initial Values . 179 Current Source . 179 Change Shell Thickness . 179 Normal Current Density . 180 Electric Shielding . 180 The Electric Currents, Layered Shell Interface 181 The Layer Selection Section. 183 Electrical Continuity in the Electric Currents, Layered Shell Interface . 187 CONTENTS | 7 Using the Extra Dimension Coordinates . 187 Boundary and Edge nodes for the Electric Currents, Layered Shell Interface. 188 Layered Shell . 189 Interlayer Connection . 190 Homogenized Shell Connection . 191 Homogenized Shell . 191 Varying Thickness . 193 Layer Current Source . 193 Interface Current Source. 194 Electric Currents Solid to Shell Via Boundary . 195 Theory for the Electrostatics Interface 196 Charge Relaxation Theory . 196 Electrostatics Equations . ..
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