Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized
Public Disclosure Authorized THE URBAN REHABILITATION OF MEDINAS The World Bank Experience in the Middle East and North Africa Public Disclosure Authorized
THE OF The World Bank Experience in the Middle East and North Africa
Anthony G. Bigio Senior Urban Specialist Urban and Social Development Unit Middle East and North Africa
Guido Licciardi Junior Professional Officer Urban Development and Local Government Unit Sustainable Development Network
May 2010, No. 9 Urban Development Series
Produced by the World Bank’s Urban Development and Local Government Unit of the Sustainable Development Network, the Urban Development Series discusses the challenge of urbanization and what it will mean for developing countries in the decades ahead. The Series aims to explore and delve more substantively into the core issues framed by the World Bank’s 2009 Urban Strategy Systems of Cities: Harnessing Urbanization for Growth and Poverty Alleviation. Across the five domains of the Urban Strategy, the Series provides a focal point for publications that seek to foster a better understanding of (i) the core elements of the city system, (ii) pro-poor policies, (iii) city economies, (iv) urban land and housing markets, (v) sustainable urban environment, and other urban issues germane to the urban development agenda for sustainable cities and communities.
© 2010 THE WORLD BANK
An initial version of this paper was presented at the Medinas 2030 conference organized by FEMIP and the European Investment Bank which took place in Marseilles, France, on October 8–9, 2009. The statements, findings, and conclusions expressed in this paper are those of the authors only, and do not reflect the view of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank, or of the governments they represent.
The photo on the cover depicts the medina of Sousse (Tunisia) and its kasbah, or fortified town. THE URBAN REHABILITATION OF MEDINAS
Table of Contents FIG. 1 Traditional urban reservoir in the heart Foreword v of Hababa (Yemen), storing a precious 1. Summary 1 urban resource
2. Significance and decay of medinas in the Arab world 2
3. Defining contemporary medina users 4
4. Objectives of medina rehabilitation 6
5. Winners and losers in medina rehabilitation 9
6. Roles of the public, private, and non-profit sectors 11
7. Institutional framework and urban management 12
8. Urban planning and property titling 15
9. Cultural preservation, public space, and infrastructure upgrading 17
10. Pro-poor housing and welfare programs 20
11. Fiscal and financial mechanisms to promote private investments 24
12. Cultural tourism and the Medina Tourism Potential Index 27
References 29
THE URBAN REHABILITATION OF MEDINAS
Foreword
How can cultural heritage support economic # FIG. 2 development? This monograph—under the Major cultural heritage $ % & assets and historic Urban Development Series—examines the urban neighborhoods role of cultural heritage in creating livelihoods, are present in Fez in reviving communities, and in establishing ! (Morocco) identities. It focuses on the Middle East and North Africa and on the benefits gained from historic centers—or medinas—being revital- ized and rehabilitated. '()* !a +,' # -+*. // 0 1 2, 3 '') -'** ') 0 !a # 1 2+ 4 # & a # ! vi URBAN DEVELOPMENT SERIES – KNOWLEDGE PAPERS
# ! ' ! T +**' !X6 7 8 3 9 a ! 4 : ; <9= ! 9 6 7 8 9 & ! 3 & a ! 3 & a 6 1; @ A 1 8 ; 8 ! # 6 7 8 9 3 6 # <-0 1 ; 1 & & 6 7 8 9 ! $ > -0 T T ' 3 A +*** a ! 3 = # ! 3 & +*'* A < # a 3= 3 a 3 # ! THE URBAN REHABILITATION OF MEDINAS 1
Summary
3 ! # # @ B 6 3 T T C !DA& 9 6 7 8 9 ! ! 3 a 3 <-0 >-0 ! > -0 # # # 3 = a a & ! a 9 3 a a a a 6
FIG. 3 The thriving medina of Moulay Driss Zerhoun (Morocco), attracting pilgrims to its sanctuary 2 URBAN DEVELOPMENT SERIES – KNOWLEDGE PAPERS
Significance and decay of medinas in the Arab world
9 $ $ ! 6 & b 3 ! b $ !
9 FIG. 4 Medinas are endowed with a rich and diverse & Traditional cultural heritage; however, in the last fifty neighborhoods in Sana’a (Yemen), years they have suffered a steady decay across showing very compact the Middle East and North Africa. and ornate residential 3 buildings 6 8 9 6 7 9 ! & ! 3 Notwithstanding their decay, the medinas car- ! ry a unique significance for the countries of the region and the world, but such significance is not always reflected in urban policies. &$ 6 C a 9 9 a & 4 $ : ! 3
3 # FIG. 5 <b 6 $ Very high urban & 9 density is to be found in the neighborhoods 187 4F : of the medina of b > 3 ' ! Damascus (Syria) a > : @ 9 a a 3 6 7 8 9 ! !
TABLE 1 Cultural World Of which Country Heritage Sites medinas Medinas classified as WHS Medinas inscribed on the World Algeria 6 2 M’Zab valley (five medinas), Kasbah of Algiers Heritage List in Egypt 6 1 Old Cairo North Africa and the Middle East Iran 10 2 Esfahan, Bam Israel 6 1 Acre Lebanon 5 3 Baalbek, Byblos, and Tyre Libya 5 1 Ghadamès Morocco 8 6 Fez, Marrakesh, Meknes, Tétouan, Essaouira, and El Djadida Syria 5 3 Damascus, Bosra, and Aleppo Tunisia 7 3 Tunis, Kairouan, and Sousse Yemen 3 3 Shibam, Sana’a, and Zabid Total 61 25 4 URBAN DEVELOPMENT SERIES – KNOWLEDGE PAPERS
Defining contemporary medina users
Historic medinas have evolved from self- sufficient cities to becoming central urban cores of much larger urban agglomerations. This has transformed the profile of medina users. 6 3 4 + =& 9 '+ : & 3 $ ! b 3
TABLE 2 Residents of Attractiveness of Medina other National International medina economic Activities Products and services residents neighborhoods visitors tourists activities and Educational Medersas, schools services to different user Health-care Health-care centers groups Commercial Basic products Specialized products Handicrafts Fashion products Souvenirs Hospitality Cafes Restaurants Boutique hotels Entertainment Theatres and cinemas Gaming halls Community centers Cultural Museums Art galleries Cultural centers Religious Mosques
Attractiveness Nil Low Moderate High THE URBAN REHABILITATION OF MEDINAS 5
FIG. 6 9 Heritage-related products displayed 9 $ in the medina of a # Essaouira (Morocco)
Medina users in the contemporary setting can be classified into four distinct groups.
3-0 >-0 >-0 > -0 7 9 3 + ! 3 3 ! ! 3 ! $ $ 4 4 & !
% FIG. 7 Informal commercial 3 activities in the historic city of Meknes (Morocco) X 3 $ ! & ! 3 ! 6 URBAN DEVELOPMENT SERIES – KNOWLEDGE PAPERS
Objectives of medina rehabilitation
The World Bank has given active support to governments in medina rehabilitation, as part of its world-wide support to cultural heritage and sustainable tourism development.
'()* !a +,' -+*. // 0 1 2, 3 '') -'** ') 0 1 2+ 6 7 8 9 ! X.* ! 3 3 / FIG. 8 The citadel is one of Aleppo’s (Syria) most ancient monumental areas
TABLE 3 Project costs WB lending Of which for World Bank projects Project name P# Country Duration US$ m US$ million rehabilitation for the rehabilitation of medinas in the Third Urban Development P005652 Tunisia 1982–1993 25.00 25.00 25.00 Middle East and Fez Medina Rehabilitation P005524 Morocco 1998–2005 27.60 9.60 9.60 North Africa Bethlehem 2000 P053985 West Bank & 1998–2003 28.41 28.33 28.33 Gaza First Social Fund for P041199 Yemen 1997–2003 85.00 29.30 0.92 Development Second Tourism Development P035997 Jordan 1997–2005 44.00 29.22 29.22 Second Social Fund for P068830 Yemen 2000–2006 175.00 76.24 8.81 Development Cultural Heritage P048825 Tunisia 2001–ongoing 23.79 17.00 17.00 Cultural Heritage and P050529 Lebanon 2003- ongoing 61.89 31.50 31.50 Urban Development Cultural Heritage, Tourism, P081823 Jordan 2007–ongoing 71.08 56.00 56.00 and Urban Development Total 541.77 298.86 203.05 THE URBAN REHABILITATION OF MEDINAS 7
Most World Bank-financed operations pursue three objectives for medina rehabilitation: (i) ensuring the conservation of key cultural heritage assets; (ii) fostering local economic 3 development; and (iii) addressing the basic needs of the resident population. 3 a # ! ! # & $ 3 = #
FIG. 9 Traditional multi-story earthen buildings create the unique architecture of Sana’a (Yemen) 8 URBAN DEVELOPMENT SERIES – KNOWLEDGE PAPERS
Project Development Objectives of urban medina rehabilitation
The Tunisia Third Urban Development Project which has included sites preservation, training of aimed at (i) helping the local authorities design and young masons, and capacity building of organizations implement better shelter and improved urban ser- and individuals to document, restore, rehabilitate, and vices for low-income people living in the medinas; protect Yemen’s cultural assets by using local materi- (ii) enhancing housing policy to increase housing ac- als and traditional building techniques. cessibility; (iii) strengthening the institutional frame- work of agencies involved in urban and housing The Jordan Second Tourism Development Project development; and (iv) promoting the implementation is making available funding for (i) developing sustain- of a national approach to housing planning in inner able tourism; (ii) generating tourism related employ- cities. This project provided funding for the rehabilita- ment; (iii) enhancing infrastructure; (iv) developing tion of the Hafsia neighborhood in the Tunis medina. environmental conservation; and (v) providing techni- cal assistance to improve the institutional framework. The Morocco Fez Medina Rehabilitation Project pro- Focuses of the project are the historic cities and sites BOX 1 BOX vided resources for (i) improving vehicular network; of Petra, Wadi Run, Jerash, and Karak. (ii) protecting the environmental by relocating polluting industries and regrouping productive activities to facili- The Tunisia Cultural Heritage Project provides finan- tate deliveries; (iii) creating public spaces to reduce the cial resources for (i) preserving cultural heritage sites density of residential neighborhoods; (iv) improving sol- and improving museum management; (ii) promoting id waste management; (iv) preserving key monuments, policies for market development, handicraft production, dilapidated structures, construction of community fa- and training; (iii) designing communication programs cilities, and urban landscaping; (v) facilitating private in- involving local governments, NGOs, and local communi- vestment in the rehabilitation of the built environment; ties; and (iv) strengthening local institutions in cultural (vi) setting up tourist circuits; (vii) alleviating poverty by heritage management. The project supports the Bardo generating employment opportunities; and (viii) rein- Museum extension, rehabilitation works in the Kairouan forcing the institutional framework. The project funded and Sousse medinas, including museum upgrading, and these activities in the historic inner city of Fez. preservation initiatives in the archaeological site of Car- thage. The Bethlehem 2000 Project aimed at (i) support- ing local economic development by creating job op- The Lebanon Cultural Heritage and Urban Develop- portunities; (ii) enhancing infrastructure in historic ment Project aims at (i) supporting local economic inner cities for the benefit of the local communities; development and enhancing the quality of life of lo- (iii) strengthening the local institutions in cultural cal communities; (ii) preserving and improving man- heritage preservation and management. The project agement of cultural heritage; (ii) rehabilitating public focused on the historic inner cities of Bethlehem and spaces and infrastructure; (iii) enforcing land use and other four neighboring municipalities. traffic regulations in and around the sites, including FIG. 10 the protection and landscaping of coastal and green The great mosque The First and Second Yemen Social Development areas; (iv) developing studies for urban redevelop- of Damascus (Syria) Funds included a broad initiative to support poverty ment adjacent to the sites; and (v) enhancing the in- hosts religious reduction by (i) improving living conditions in historic stitutional framework through technical assistance functions and provides cities and (ii) providing income generation opportuni- and capacity building. The project funds civil works in a safe place for social ties to the poor. Inter alia, it supported cultural heri- the historic cities and sites of Baalbeck, Byblos, Saida, interactions tage conservation, mostly in small villages and towns, Tripoli, and Tyre.
The Jordan Cultural Heritage Tourism and Urban Development Project provides resources for (i) sup- porting local economic development by preserving cultural heritage; (ii) consolidating the sustainable tourism industry; (iii) rehabilitating the housing stock in medinas and improving urban infrastructure; (iv) en- suring financial and technical supports to the local entrepreneurs and community groups; (vii) encourag- ing small and medium enterprises in the medinas; and (viii) providing assistance for capacity building of lo- cal institutions. The project focuses on Jerash, Karak, Madaba, Salt, Ajloun, and Petra, where the construc- tion of a new visitor center is being financed. THE URBAN REHABILITATION OF MEDINAS 9 Winners and losers in medina rehabilitation
Medina rehabilitation, like all urban transforma- tions, will distribute benefits unevenly. Winners and losers will emerge, and the rehabilitation process must mitigate the losses.
3 b 9 ! 4 % & FIG. 11 ! Highly labor-intensive T a & T local products on sale in the medina of : Marrakesh (Morocco) 6 ! @ # ! ! ! 3 b # & : a 3 $ a & 10 URBAN DEVELOPMENT SERIES – KNOWLEDGE PAPERS
The rehabilitation of the medina of Marrakesh – winners and losers
Marrakesh, one of Morocco’s imperial cities, has There is an overall trend of de-densification recorded been described as a tourism phenomenon. It is a by the last two censuses, and the demographic weight magnet for large numbers of national and internation- of the medina in respect of the town as a whole has al visitors and symbolizes the allure of Morocco. With fallen from 51 percent in 1982 to 31.5 percent in 1994, the adoption of an open skies policy about ten years to 22 percent in 2004. This process leads to housing ago, Marrakesh has become a mainstream destina- stock degradation in the medina, to the change from tion, just a short direct flight from Europe. The medina residential to commercial use of numerous housing of Marrakesh, the largest in Morocco, lies at the heart properties, including the opening of boutique hotels, of the city and of the region. as well as to the overall urban expansion that has been occurring at very fast pace on account of the Its public spaces, whether the great Jemaa el-Fna economic boom the city is experiencing. Square or the narrow passageways of the souk, pro- vide the stage in which commerce, social interaction, The late 1990s saw increased investments in con- and entertainment take place for locals and visitors servation and rehabilitation of the historic built BOX 2 BOX alike. In contrast to other historic cities in which the environment and improvement of municipal infra- original functions of public spaces have become obso- structure. A number of heritage preservation projects lete or displaced, the medina of Marrakesh retains its have been completed or are underway in the medina. polar position in the life of the city. These include the restoration and rehabilitation of the Palais de la Bahia; the Saadien tombs and the creation Handicrafts, tourism, agro- of a site museum at the Palais Badia, all carried out business and commerce by the Inspection des Monuments Historiques et Sites have become the basis of (begun in 1999); the restoration of the Medersa Ben Marrakesh’s economy. Mar- Youssef and the Qoubba Almoravide, with the Founda- rakesh is indeed endowed with tion Omar Benjelloun and the World Heritage Center; (i) a highly diversified and dy- and the restoration of the Chrob Ou Chouf fountain namic artisan sector including with the ARCH Foundation. The municipality has made metalwork, jewelry, textiles, a remarkable effort in improving public spaces by en- ceramics, leatherwork, wood- suring the cleanliness of streets, carrying out a pro- work, furniture making, light- gram of greening of major roadways and parks, and ing fixtures, candles, and improving street lighting. many other crafts; (ii) tour- ism, including some 600 Winners and losers. The benefits of the rapid eco- boutique hotels, restaurants nomic growth of Marrakesh, centered on the medina, and other tourist services have not been equally distributed. Within the medina, such as guides, and shipping there are winners and losers as well. services; (iii) construction ac- tivities, rental and sale of holi- Among the winners: residents in general who have day and secondary homes, witnessed an improvement in the servicing and main- including units in the me- tenance of the medina; home-owners that have bene- dina, residential apartments fited from a significant appreciation of the real estate and villa complexes in the value of their properties; artisans who have access to Palmeraie and the outskirts a much larger set of customers for their goods and of Marrakesh; (iv) transport who participate in the rehabilitation and decoration services related to tourism as of homes and boutique hotels; service companies that well as to local needs; (v) ser- conduct real estate transactions; and other tourism vice industries such as related operations. banking and telecommuni- cations, including the Con- Among the losers: renters (37.2 percent in 2004) FIG. 12 ference Center, as well as higher education; and who are faced with greater difficulties in finding ac- Heritage preservation (vi) agricultural production and processing, namely of commodations; inhabitants of the degraded housing works ongoing in citrus, olives, and vegetables. and housing threatening collapse who have remained the medina of unattended; and residents of those neighborhoods Marrakesh (Morocco) The Medina of Marrakesh has showed considerable where commercial and hospitality activities have transformations in the last decade. According to the taken over, and where traditional shops catering for 2004 census, medina’s residents were 182,637, or 22 local needs have been replaced by tourist-serving es- percent of the total urban population of Marrakesh. tablishments. THE URBAN REHABILITATION OF MEDINAS 11 Roles of the public, private, and non-profit sectors
Medina rehabilitation will require a primary role 3 X to be played by the public sector, but important actions should be carried out by the private and X the non-profit or third sectors. ! H H a a ! 3 a ! F $ a 4 ! -0 > -0 ! 3 > -0 > -0a a !
FIG. 13 Income-generating activities associated with heritage: a rug store in the medina of Tunis (Tunisia) 12 URBAN DEVELOPMENT SERIES – KNOWLEDGE PAPERS Institutional framework and urban management
Despite their special features, most of the me- Comprehensive rehabilitation can only be dinas of the Middle East and North Africa do achieved by reinforcing the institutional frame- not have dedicated institutions to handle their work of the medinas, which involves both mu- needs and manage the urban activities. nicipalities and national governments.
3 4 & & a a ! a 3 :
= ; & a a ! ! 3 3 187 4F a : a a ! A -A 0
FIG. 14 Badghirs, or traditional Persian wind-towers, used to cool down buildings in Yazd (Iran) 13
Strengthening institutional frameworks for historic cities management
The Tunisia Third Urban Development Project was the first operation attempting to enhance the institu- tional framework in the rehabilitation of medinas. The project featured the creation of the Agency for Urban Rehabilitation and Renovation (ARRU), as the Project Implementation Unit, which developed high technical expertise to manage projects in areas where the prop- erty tenure pattern is extremely fragmented. More- over, this dedicated agency ensured the involvement of multiple owners and agreements between owners and tenants. In this project, the World Bank learned that medina rehabilitation needs longer implementa- tion period than the timeframe of any conventional upgrading projects on the urban fringe. ernment services, significantly simplifying industry FIG. 15 In the Morocco Fez Medina Rehabilitation Project a access to licensing services. Furthermore, the World Archaeological area dedicated agency (ADER-Fez) was already in place be- Bank project helped the local authorities assess the and modern city fore the World Bank project. However, this agency was development potential of the medinas and investigate coexist side by side understaffed and its technical expertise was limited. various options to control adverse and haphazard de- in Jerash (Jordan) The World Bank supported the agency to commis- velopment. sion comprehensive strategic studies on its mission. Moreover, the management and technical capacities The Tunisia Cultural Heritage Project includes a of the agency were reinforced with training programs, component to assist the government implement a its GIS system was updated, and the acquisition of new law for heritage preservation. The project is also management information systems and equipment was providing support for the creation of a museum policy accomplished. The project also funded the establish- and for strengthening the local authorities in cultural ment of a heritage center in a historic building. The heritage conservation, management, and promotion. experience gained during the implementation of this World Bank project helped the central government The Lebanon Cultural Heritage and Urban Devel- test an approach that could be applied to other his- opment Project features innovative mechanism to toric cities across the country. As a result, after the strengthen the national institutional framework. The project completion, the Ministry of Housing and Urban World Bank is helping the establishment of more ef- Planning was provided with a significant budget line fective private-public partnerships, aiming at involving to carry out investments in medina rehabilitation in local businesses in the maintenance of the refur- other Moroccan cities. bished public spaces, conserved historical buildings, and additional investments to improve urban main- The Bethlehem 2000 Project provided resources to tenance operations. The resources provided through strengthen institutional capacity in municipal invest- this project are assisting the municipalities in setting ment, joint services programming, and municipal proj- up dedicated units and acquiring the administrative BOX 3 ect management. Moreover, the project supported the and technical abilities to manage the rehabilitation of development of a new law for cultural heritage preser- their medinas. vation and management. Administrative and financial provisions are envisaged In the Jordan Second Tourism Development Project to integrate these units in their technical services or- the World Bank reinforced the institutional framework ganization and create permanent bureaus that will of the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities. This institu- last beyond project completion, given that the reha- tion undertook a number of significant reforms dur- bilitation of the medinas is expected to continue over ing project implementation. First, the legal framework a significant time horizon. Furthermore, the project is to protect heritage sites and medinas was amended providing funds for the enhancement of the General in order to allow for greater private sector participa- Directorate of Urban Planning, and support the estab- tion, to recognize the importance of natural and ur- lishment of special planning and building regulations ban landscapes, and to protect significant elements of for the medinas at national level. Therefore, the exam- the recently built environment. Second, the ministry ples and practice of such tools in the project cities will consolidated its project formulation and manage- be applied in other Lebanese cities as well. Lastly, the ment capacities by creating a technical department. project supports a revision of the current legislation The World Bank project also helped introduce e-gov- governing the management of built cultural heritage. 14 URBANTHE URBAN DEVELOPMENT REHABILITATION SERIES OF – KNOWLEDGEMEDINAS PAPERS
FIG. 16 9 ! consensus on the importance of rehabilitating The coppersmiths’ the cultural heritage of the medinas. square in the central part of the medina of Fez (Morocco) ! 7 # % # ! 3 3 A ! Suitable information, communication, and edu- cation campaigns can promote a generalized THE URBAN REHABILITATION OF MEDINAS 15
Urban planning and property titling
Governments and local institutions have legal FIG. 17 The Aleppo (Syria) prerogatives to regulate and authorize inter- medina skyline ventions in the medinas, starting with the es- combines traditional tablishment of urban conservation plans. and modern features, with a show of contrasts A & 3 3 ! ! 9 3 a ! 3 ! $ = A -A 0 Besides regulating land use and heritage preser- 3 vation, the public sector should address proper- ty rights, which are among the major obstacles to the rehabilitation process. 3 ! F # F $ a 3 ! $ 16 URBAN DEVELOPMENT SERIES – KNOWLEDGE PAPERS
Regulating land use and property rights
Within the Tunisia Third Urban Development Proj- ect, innovative land use planning and simplification of procedures were introduced, in order to boost the economic activities and maximize the develop- ment potential of the project. Serviced sites were developed by the local authorizes and then sold to private developers. In addition, infilling of vacant FIG. 18 parcels by their owners was authorized, allowing Well preserved urban fabric in the medina of Sidi Bou Said vertical expansion of one-story structures. These (Tunisia), a prized tourist destination land use mechanisms generated a relevant flow of private investments to purchase serviced parcels and premises from the public sector and the government In the Lebanon Cultural Heritage and Urban could cover all project costs, including rehousing of Development Project, land use mechanisms regu- displaced people and subsidization of housing for late construction activity within the historical city BOX 4 BOX low-income residents. According to a study that as- centers. These works are limited to the rehabilitation sessed the project after its completion, in addition and maintenance of existing buildings, and to infill op- to the constructions financed directly, the land use erations where collapsed structures or infrastructure mechanisms set up by the government with the sup- projects have created fringe areas and open spaces port of the World Bank resulted in the construction of that constitute negative urban voids. These land use 73,560 square meters of floor area. The new land use mechanisms aim at providing incentives for private mechanisms were left in place even once the project investments in commercial and residential activities, implementation was over. and regulating rising real estate values. The regula- tions enforced within the project ensure that private In the Morocco Fez Medina Rehabilitation Project, investments will respect the tight urban regulations, land use regulation focused on vehicular traffic. which are coherent with the characteristics of the his- Significant improvements to the circulation around torical urban fabric, and with the significance of the the medina were accomplished, including physical architectural and archaeological highlights present in improvement of the road network and circulation or around the medinas. management. The regional authorities realized the construction of bus terminals close to the main me- For this purpose, a detailed zoning regulation and a dina gates and the project featured the rehabilitation clearly determined perimeter defining the historic city of an important square within the city walls, which have been developed. The official approval of these then became the major pedestrian public space of mechanisms by the Directorate General of Urban the historic city, and is now intensively used for public Planning and the municipalities was considered a con- events, recreation and cultural activities. dition for project negotiation with the World Bank. These codes specify acceptable building heights, vol- Within the Jordan Second Tourism Development umes, setbacks, styles, characteristics of elevations, Project, the government was supported to enforce openings, overhangs, doors, windows, colors, and de- land use regulations and conservation measures in tails to be respected for both rehabilitation and new several new sites, including cultural and natural fea- construction. The municipalities involved in the proj- tures. The local authorities also inventoried the physi- ect have internalized these regulations and systems cal and biological assets of these newly protected for the approval of rehabilitation and construction areas, demarcated their boundaries, and prepared permits have been put in place. conservation plans including suitable conservation management regulations. In 2001, the government In the Jordan Cultural Heritage, Tourism, and Urban listed the Dara and the Wadi Musa-Taybeh Scenic Development Project, which is currently under imple- Road as a protected park and completed the neces- mentation, specific land use mechanisms have been sary accompanying land use code in December 2002. designed to address ownership fragmentation. Data The government moved expeditiously to purchase indicated that approximately 50 percent of properties the Dara area adjacent to the park, ensuring its pro- ownership in Jerash and 30 percent in Karak are cat- tection while diffusing tensions among local landown- egorized as multiple-ownership. Kinship ties are pre- ers who felt that their rights to use their land as they vailing among most cases and the Land Acquisition wished were being curtailed. Both actions were major Law recognized the rights of all owners. Accordingly, steps towards protecting the park and its environs for owners will be entitled to compensation correspond- posterity. ing to their shares stated in the property deeds. THE URBAN REHABILITATION OF MEDINAS 17 Cultural preservation, public space, and infrastructure upgrading
Preserving key monuments and improving the ! state of public spaces and of urban infrastruc- ture are essential components of medina reha- $ bilitation. = ! ! ! ! H ! 3 ! 9 b ! ! ! = 7
FIG. 19 The old city gate, part of the medina’s walls, is a key urban landmark in Tunis (Tunisia) 18 URBAN DEVELOPMENT SERIES – KNOWLEDGE PAPERS
Preserving cultural assets and upgrading urban spaces
The Morocco Fez Medina Rehabilitation Project fea- The Jordan Second Tourism Development Project tured effective conservation of key historic buildings featured the accomplishment of several upgrading along tourism itineraries, which were undertaken by initiatives in eight medinas and sites having a high public entities with the financial backing of national potential of tourism development, including urban foundations and international donors. With the sup- infrastructure, access roads, traffic management and port of the World Bank, the government was able parking, street lighting, and landscaping enhance- to attract international donors and convince them ments. Signage and interpretation were improved, to sponsor rehabilitation initiatives. Innovative ap- trails were developed, important remedial works were proaches yielded highly appreciated and cost-effec- implemented; and water and waste management were tive results for the conservation of some key public improved. The main accesses to the medinas and ar- spaces and pedestrian streets. These efforts had a chaeological sites were widened, realigned, and resur- significant impact on the attractiveness of the medina faced. to cultural tourism visitors. In liaison with these com- munity organizations, the project enabled the rehabil- The medinas became more functional, environmental-
BOX 5 BOX itation of 26 pedestrian streets serving 547 buildings. ly efficient, and more attractive than before. The posi- tive accomplishments included the construction of Furthermore, the project featured the creation of six drainage channels, retaining walls, and check dams in tourism circuits across the medina enabling visitors to the environs of Wadi Musa and Siq, which have signifi- find their way to major and minor cultural sites and cantly reduced, if not eliminated, seasonal flooding. other areas of interest in the medina, including exten- sive public space rehabilitation in 2 key areas, the res- Further development was accomplished through the toration of 3 historic gardens, a mapping system, 700 creation of riding trails, which expanded the recre- panels that were installed throughout the medina, and ational options available to visitors and locals. In Wadi a related tourism guide that was published in 4 lan- Rum a new visitor center, a new craft-training cen- guages. ter, and a new police station were constructed. Pilot preservation initiatives were carried out in Karak and The Bethlehem 2000 Project provided resources to Jerash. The interventions have significantly benefited improve roads and water delivery in the medinas of the local population through better services, as well five municipalities including Bethlehem. The project as the tourists through enhanced facilities and site also supported the rehabilitation of 5 schools and 9 experiences. public buildings, all located in historic city centers. In addition, the project supported the establishment of The Tunisia Cultural Heritage Project aims at preserv- a cultural heritage preservation center in Bethlehem, ing key sites and buildings, rehabilitating the housing with the mandate of maintaining the sites preserved stock, improving access, enhancing tourist facilities, within the World Bank-financed project. and increasing security in six selected heritage sites.
FIG. 20 Mushrabiyas, or traditional wooden screens, protecting the privacy of homes in the medina of Tunis (Tunisia) 19
FIG. 21 Fountain in the medina of Rabat (Morocco), In Carthage, the project features various measures to displaying the intricate technique of zellij, or protect the site and make it more accessible to the cut-out ceramic tiles visitors. At the Bardo Museum, the project improves visitor information and collection presentation. In the medina of Kairouan, the project aims at building the local capacity, creating a heritage visitor center in the medina, developing tourist circuits, and strengthening relations with private partners and professional orga- nizations.
In Sousse, the focus is on the improvement of an archaeological museum, creation of tourist circuits in the nearby medina, and tourist information and communication in collaboration with tour operators and hotels. In the Djerba Island, the project supports the preservation of the local museum and increased communication between visitors and inhabitants. Further interventions are planned in Oudhna, a site that is still being excavated and not yet equipped for visitors. In this site, the project will provide ameni- ties through adaptive reuse of existing buildings and structures found under the Roman temple, baths, and amphitheater.
The Lebanon Cultural Heritage and Urban Develop- ment Project focuses on five medinas and includes preservation of several key monuments and heritage sites. The project features interventions in Baalbeck, Byblos, Saida, Tripoli, and Tyre, including two of the ter supply, and sanitation networks. Furthermore, the main archaeological sites of Lebanon, both inscribed project activities include the conservation of several on the UNESCO World Heritage List. In order to attain classified monuments and historic buildings. the rehabilitation of these medinas and heritage sites, the project provides resources to upgrade the public The Jordan Cultural Heritage, Tourism, and Urban spaces, preserve and adaptively reuse monuments Development Project includes substantial physical and historic buildings, support cultural heritage relat- rehabilitation of five medinas including upgrading ed productive and commercial activities, rehabilitate of street networks and public spaces; rehabilitation the housing stock, enforce city center zoning regula- and cleaning of building facades; renovation and tions, enhance traffic and parking, protect coastal and preservation of selected heritage buildings through green areas, and undertake studies for further urban their adaptive reuse; rehabilitation and upgrading of redevelopment. Project activities feature street pav- pivotal urban spaces; construction and rehabilitation ing, street lighting, reconstruction of public stairs, of essential municipal facilities; implementation of and consolidation of buildings where they cross over traffic and parking management plans; and protec- streets. tion, rehabilitation and improvement of cultural land- scapes. In addition, renovation of the facades of buildings and of the store fronts are carried out in the main com- Furthermore, the project includes the development mercial areas, and public squares are redesigned and and consolidation of the tourism industry in Petra, provided with paving, lighting, urban furniture, and Jordan’s premier tourism destination and a World Her- landscaping. Electric and telephone lines are reor- itage Site. This initiative represents the completion of ganized to minimize their physical and visual impact works that were begun under a previous World Bank in the streets and squares of the city centers. Semi- project, but not completed due to time constraints. public spaces are upgraded with necessary basic re- The project has been designed to help improve living pairs as a first step towards the rehabilitation of the and working conditions, preserve endangered historic housing clusters. Many of these activities are carried assets, and catalyze the local economy through tour- out after the improvements to the storm drainage, wa- ism development. 20 URBAN DEVELOPMENT SERIES – KNOWLEDGE PAPERS Pro-poor housing and welfare programs
Medinas are among the poorest settlements in A the urban agglomerations, and rehabilitation ! ! should include specific actions to improve the housing conditions of the residents and their access to welfare. The involvement of commu- F nities is a condition for success. $ 9 : $ & ! 3 ! 9 - 0 ! ! $ 3 a
FIG. 22 Bedroom access from the domestic patio is typical in the medina of Fez (Morocco) THE URBAN REHABILITATION OF MEDINAS 21
! ! a ! ! F = ! $ ! $ ! The public sector should also undertake com- 6 prehensive social housing programs by ac- quiring the ownership of dilapidated buildings, rehabilitating them into decent dwellings and selling the housing units to low-income house- holds under social housing provisions. The involvement of community groups such as 9 NGOs, neighborhood and cultural associations, makes the rehabilitation an inclusive process with greater chances of reaching its objectives. 3 4 ! ! ! $ 3 $ ! a 8 a a = ! & 3 A & & ! 3 a 22 URBAN DEVELOPMENT SERIES – KNOWLEDGE PAPERS
Providing housing for the poor and welfare programs
The Tunisia Third Urban Development Project fea- their displacement. All occupants in the buildings af- tured the construction of 400 new housing units and fected by the project, no matter their legal status of the renovation of 65,000 square meters of existing occupancy, were entitled to receive a relocation pay- ones, the rehabilitation of 5,350 square meters of re- ment, or a compensation option that included housing tail space, hotels, of 4,150 square meters of offices, accommodation. and of 6,130 square meters of community facilities, namely a public bath, a kindergarten, a club for young In the Morocco Fez Medina Rehabilitation Project, workers, a covered parking, as well and 3,000 meters 132 individual buildings were rehabilitated, both pri- of streets. The project benefited the poorest through vate residences and productive workshops, and 107 significant job creation during implementation. The interventions were carried out to the common parts project accomplished the construction of the new of private buildings sheltering an average of 3 fami- housing units emulating traditional structures while lies each, based on the labor contributions of the the renovation of existing housing units respected the residents and the active support of 16 neighborhood architectural features of the medina. associations. 15 derelict sites resulting from collapsed BOX 6 BOX houses and 1 major solid waste stock accumulation Furthermore, 12,000 square meters of serviced land were evacuated, and resulted in de facto public spaces were sold to private developers to build new market- that have been generally appropriated by neighbor- rate housing to cross-subsidize the project and diver- hood associations. sify the socioeconomic characteristics of the Hafsia neighborhood. The employment generated by the 56 housing units threatening collapse have been con- project was estimated at 2,200 jobs grouped in five solidated, and two important historic public spaces main categories: formal construction, construction were rehabilitated. These works resulted in generating support service, small enterprises, and jobs induced 1,000 person-years of employment of low-skilled local by second round expenditures on goods and servic- laborers. A number of local NGOs and foundations es. About 44 percent of the jobs were in occupations took part in the development of the project, which requiring lower skill levels. Additional benefits to the led to a direct contribution in the project design and poorest included mitigation measures to compensate highlighted the expectations of the resident popula-
FIG. 23 Traditional heritage house in the medina of Aleppo (Syria) 23
tion for poverty-alleviation activities, which were then incorporated over the cultural heritage rehabilitation aspects. Moreover, nonprofit organizations were very proactive in the promotion of physical rehabilitation initiatives and training programs. Nonprofit organiza- tions preserved 2 major classified monuments and 10 public fountains of historical and architectural impor- tance.
The Bethlehem 2000 Project supported the poor by financing the rehabilitation of more than 400 tradi- tional houses in medinas, and intensive job creation (25,000 person-days) through civil works in road and sanitation maintenance and upgrading.
Within the Jordan Second Tourism Development Project job creation for the poorest was achieved through the establishment of a handicraft center for women, who were therefore trained to operate ma- chines and produce various crafts. Recognized handi- ties and the organized ownership of clusters or blocks, FIG. 24 craft products started being developed, and craft including residential and commercial units, has being Women talking in the outlet shops were successfully established nearby var- established. It should lead to a comprehensive reha- labyrinthine streets ious heritage sites. The initiative demonstrated that bilitation of the communal parts of the buildings where of the historic city of meaningful employment could be created for local poor people live, avoid the risks of gentrification and Meknes (Morocco) women, particularly young women, with all the related ensure that low-income residents benefit from the re- benefits in terms of poverty alleviation and reduction habilitation. of gender inequalities. The project also demonstrated that, under the right circumstances, traditional con- Great care is taken to ensure that the living standards servative male-dominated Bedouin communities can of the poor are protected, that they are enabled to be receptive to the idea of female productive employ- remain in the improved areas that should develop a ment, and that the cultural assets can be mobilized for mixed socio-economic character, and that those who local economic and social development. are displaced temporarily (while improvements are be- ing conducted) or permanently have acceptable alter- The Tunisia Cultural Heritage Project in Tunisia natives. The project is providing support to the poorest, has been designed to stimulate local development in terms of administrative and legal assistance required through job creation in heritage site management and to prepare the rehabilitation works, in the preparation preservation. Jobs facilitated by the projects are re- of architectural and engineering studies, and in the storers, guides, translators, guardians, and cash coun- form of financial contribution towards the rehabilita- ters. These initiatives have a significant impact on the tion costs of up to 30 percent. livelihoods of surrounding communities through im- proved and diversified tourism activities and seasonal In the ongoing Jordan Cultural Heritage, Tourism, job creation. A major problem in the project areas is and Urban Development Project, groups particularly the high level of unemployment and the local commu- vulnerable to adverse project impacts are being as- nities view this project not only as a source of direct sisted. All renters affected by the project, including employment, but also as the only concrete hope for non-Jordanian with a legally valid tenancy, are entitled new business opportunities derived from tourism. The to compensation. The project also features support to broad involvement of civil society in the management less affluent, less influential, or less educated people, of cultural assets takes the shape of skill development who may be at a disadvantage in a system where the and vocational training in the production and sale of process of estimation of compensation is dominated handicraft products, tourism services, cultural histo- by official representation. Before the project, there ry, foreign languages for the guides, hospitality, and were no clear guidelines, procedures or timetable for transportation. negotiations, particularly in light of the threat of de- molition, and a time-consuming and expensive judicial In the Lebanon Cultural Heritage and Urban Devel- process was only really available to those who could opment Project, collaboration amongst local authori- afford it. 24 URBAN DEVELOPMENT SERIES – KNOWLEDGE PAPERS Financial and fiscal mechanisms to promote private investments
Private investments are a key element to en- a sure sustainable medina rehabilitation, and will multiply in the presence of a well-defined regu- # latory framework and incentives. H To mobilize private sector investments, the ! public sector will need to first invest in cultural H ! assets, urban upgrading and infrastructure, < -0 and provide the necessary incentives. ! > -0 A > -0 3 3 ! @ a ! 3 a ! a a 6 8 & ! a a ! ! = a a # ! # $ 3 - 0 ! 25
Increasing financial and fiscal resources BOX 7
1. Set up tailored development funds to channel 9. Earmark a fixed percentage of the Value Added private and public investments, provide guaran- Tax (VAT) to dedicated institutions for investments tees, loans, and grants. These can be national in in the preservation of key monuments, museums, scope or dedicated to a specific medina, and could infrastructure, networks, roads, parking, public result of a combination of budgetary resources spaces, signage systems, and street-level furnish- and international financing. ings.
2. Raise funds from national and international 10. Introduce a VAT exemption for all construc- private foundations and individual donors as tion works involving rehabilitation of the housing partners to finance programs for the preservation stocks in the medinas as well as income tax reduc- and enhancement of the medinas. Such resources tions for the amounts invested in rehabilitation, would be dedicated to highly valuable and visible including furnishings, decorations and operating interventions. equipment of firms located in the medinas.
3. Solicit private donations from local individuals 11. Improve the efficiency of regular tax collection and companies interested in boosting their image and earmark a percentage of the additional local and visibility by supporting the rehabilitation of taxation revenues to medina rehabilitation. This is key monuments, public spaces, and public facili- relevant where tax collection is insufficient as it ties in the medinas; these donations would be rec- provides incentives to municipalities for greater ognized via public signage. collection performance.
4. Facilitate investments by the private sector, by 12. Accrue additional tax revenues, as rehabilita- creating a favorable climate, facilitating the cre- tion raises property values and therefore makes ation and operation of businesses related to local available additional fiscal resources to local insti- production, commerce, hospitability, and real es- tutions, and earmark those revenues towards re- tate, and reducing the fiscal burden on their op- habilitation and urban maintenance actions on the erations for the first number of years. part of the municipalities. FIG. 25 5. Promote Transferable Development Rights (TDR), 13. Improve the collection of regular taxes applied Vibrant urban applied to privately-owned historic buildings with- to hotel and guesthouse visitors, and earmark landscape of the in the medinas, whereby the owners would forgo the additional revenues for medina investments, historic city of Byblos the option of demolishing and reconstructing in or introduce a Medina Rehabilitation Tax, to (Lebanon), seen return for additional surface they would be autho- charge to foreign tourists as a person-per-night from the Crusader’s rized to build elsewhere. levy on hotels and guesthouses Castle
6. Facilitate access to microcredit to promote small-scale housing rehabilitation by poor resi- dents, and support small and medium enterprises in the heritage sector (construction, handicraft, and accommodation industry).
7. Establish national lotteries (following the Brit- ish and Italian models) whose proceeds would be used to finance conservation and rehabilitation of the medina cultural and urban heritage; this would be accompanied by a public communication cam- paign on the value of heritage.
8. Raise admission tickets to museums and other cultural institutions, by setting different rates for nationals and foreigners, and earmark these funds to finance conservation and rehabilitation works, within the budget of the Ministry of Culture or Department of Antiquities. 26 URBAN DEVELOPMENT SERIES – KNOWLEDGE PAPERS
Promoting private sector investments
In the Tunisia Third Urban Development Project, a home improvement credit line was granted jointly to owners and tenants as co-signatories to undertake improvements of the housing stock. Loan application procedures were streamlined and access to credit was opened up to the medina as a whole, including its tra- ditional suburbs, but the bulk of rehabilitation expen- ditures were undertaken by property owners and did not draw on credit mechanisms.
A prime source of private financing was the sale of occupancy rights in addition to existing structures. The project also generated a steady increase in tax revenues, as the property values increased dramati-
BOX 8 BOX cally once the project was completed. The benefits were even higher than originally anticipated. The long history of private disinvestment in the medina, as well as its subsequent deterioration and pauperization was successfully reversed through selective clearance, in- frastructure improvements, and the construction of community facilities. Public improvements led to a one-time jump in price that doubled property values in two to three years, followed by a progressive increase at a rate higher than in unimproved areas (12 percent per annum between 1983 to 1993 versus 8 percent on FIG. 26 the urban fringe) because of the sustained demand for A covered souk, or traditional commercial district, occupies improved sites in the medina, which therefore became ancient buildings in Tripoli (Lebanon) a strategic location. Given the opportunity to develop vacant parcels, build additional floors, rehabilitate and (US$42.9 million) had a cumulative value three times sell deteriorated premises, private sector investments larger than the project itself. increased property values, generating higher tax rev- enues. Overall, project leveraging of additional invest- The Lebanon Cultural Heritage and Urban Develop- ments was at a ratio of 1 to 3.4. ment Project facilitates investments of private own- ers in the renewal of the building stock and provide In the Morocco Fez Medina Rehabilitation Project, resources in form of grants and microcredit. These fi- private stakeholders preserved 33 historic buildings nancial incentives support the rehabilitation of build- and adaptively reused them as boutique hotels. The ing elevations, including doors, windows, overhangs, project enabled the government to accelerate the re- signage, utility lines, and surface treatment in some habilitation of the medina, helped attract other eco- crucial commercial and residential streets that are in nomic resources, and eventually the public sector the vicinity of, or connecting, major public spaces and made available additional resources to continue the monuments rehabilitation beyond the project completion. The Min- istry of Housing planned the rehabilitation of houses The Jordan Second Tourism Development Project threatening collapse (US$10.1 million) and other public includes an interesting mechanism that was set up by stakeholders undertook the rehabilitation of commu- the government to ensure financial sustainability of nity facilities, city walls, and the expansion of tourism the investment funded by the World Bank. The govern- circuits (US$18.3 million). ment earmarked a percentage of the revenue gener- ated by tourism for conservation initiatives. A share of The private sector also boosted its involvement be- the revenue generated by tourism (25 percent of the yond the project completion and undertook the con- gate receipts at Petra and 100 percent at Wadi Rum) struction of eight hotels and major historic building has been earmarked by the government for managing (US$29.7 million). National foundations and interna- and maintaining the assets. These revenues would be tional donors engaged themselves in further rehabili- invested in conservation works, additional improve- tation of historic buildings and sites (US$3.3 million). ments in infrastructure, further tourism product de- During the years of project implementation, paral- velopment, improvements in marketing, promotion, lel investments in the rehabilitation of the medina and site management. THE URBAN REHABILITATION OF MEDINAS 27 Cultural tourism and the Medina Tourism Potential Index
Medinas can play a significant role in expand- ing tourism revenues by attracting interna- - 0 tional cultural tourism, and their rehabilitation can incorporate this objective. X ! 3 ! 3 # ; ! +'I '* , ! 8 $ ./ ! ,( $ = $ ! a 7 a # = $ ! ! 6 9 3 H 6 = !
FIG. 27 One of the main pedestrian and commercial arteries of the medina of Fez (Morocco) 28 URBAN DEVELOPMENT SERIES – KNOWLEDGE PAPERS
The Medina Tourism Potential Index (MTPI)
The World Bank has recently elaborated an index with 4. Proximity to existing tourism destinations: me- the objective of analyzing and ranking those medinas dinas that are close to existing tourism destina- in which blending urban rehabilitation and tourism de- tions can be more successful in achieving tourism velopment can lead to economic growth. The index is development, on account of the nearby demand. made up of the following eight criteria: 5. Accessibility: availability of major infrastructure to reach the medinas, because closeness to air- 1. Significance of cultural heritage assets: this cri- ports, ports, and highway facilitates tourism-based terion measures the overall quality of the medinas, development. their presentation state, and the number of heri- 6. Accommodation facilities: presence of hotels and tage sites listed and effectively protected by the guesthouses of adequate standard is essential to governments. attract visitors, in particular if located within the 2. Classification on the UNESCO World Heritage medinas themselves. List: the international visibility ensured by this 7. Organization of cultural events: this criterion registration has an impact on the local economy, measures the presence of cultural activities that
BOX 9 BOX helps international marketing, and boosts the can enhance the visibility of the medinas and at- tourism industry. tract more visitors. 3. Proximity to the coast, major natural features, 8. High-level handicraft industry: presence of local- or other cultural heritage sites: this criterion as- ly hand-made and local products with high artistic sesses the potential to combine recreational tour- or cultural contents which are essential to attract ism, ecotourism, and cultural tourism. tourists to medinas.
3a a b #
63H & ! FIG. 28 8AF The temple of Jupiter is one of the main cultural heritage attractions present in Baalbeck (Lebanon) = $ $ ! 3 63H 6 363H /' THE URBAN REHABILITATION OF MEDINAS 29 References
9&!% 4% H !B -+**(0 3 = -'((M0 4 & < : 187 4F : @ +* / ,M/S,)I 6 ;41 9< 6 = : 6F1 9<7 6 -7 0-+*'*0 6 +*/* 3 ! -'(.+0 3 H= <@X: # 3 H**IMI+ 9 -+**.0 ; 6 ;41 9<3 ! X H ;4 TTT-'((,0 4 1 9<3 ! ! 8 . ;= 6 -+***0 ;41 9<3 ! < TTT -'(()0 # -7 0: 4 B H*/I(() H # ;41 9<3 ;41 9<3 ! ! TTT -'((.0 4 < =& 6 % = -'(((0 6 a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a 4 -'(((0K < F & -'((M0 F % ;4 4 4 ; 1 9<3 ! H= <187 4F 7 6 B -7 0 K 7 % -+**.0 @ -+***0 : 4 4 < a K <7 % = ;41 9<3 ! ! Previous knowledge papers in this series
Lessons and Experiences from Mainstreaming HIV/AIDS into Urban/Water (AFTU1 & AFTU2) Projects Nina Schuler, Alicia Casalis, Sylvie Debomy, Christianna Johnnides, and Kate Kuper, September 2005, No. 1
Occupational and Environmental Health Issues of Solid Waste Management: Special Emphasis on Middle and Lower-Income Countries Sandra Cointreau, July 2006, No. 2
A Review of Urban Development Issues in Poverty Reduction Strategies Judy L. Baker and Iwona Reichardt, June 2007, No. 3
Urban Poverty in Ethiopia: A Multi-Faceted and Spatial Perspective Elisa Muzzini, January 2008, No. 4
Urban Poverty: A Global View Judy L. Baker, January 2008, No. 5
Preparing Surveys for Urban Upgrading Interventions: Prototype Survey Instrument and User Guide Ana Goicoechea, April 2008, No. 6
Exploring Urban Growth Management: Insights from Three Cities Mila Freire, Douglas Webster, and Christopher Rose, June 2008, No. 7
Private Sector Initiatives in Slum Upgrading Judy L. Baker and Kim McClain, May 2009, No. 8
This publication has been financed by a grant of the Italian Cultural Heritage in Sustainable Development Trust Fund
For more information about the Urban Development Series, contact:
Urban Development and Local Government Unit Sustainable Development Network The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC, 20433 USA
Email: [email protected] Website: www.worldbank.org/urban