CHAOS THEORY: IMPACT on and APPLICATIONS in MEDICINE Arunachalam Kumar1 & B.M
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Boxer's Fracture • Knuckle Fracture of the Pinky
Boxer’s Fracture • Knuckle Fracture of the Pinky Introduction Treatment A Boxer’s fracture occurs when the bone at the knuckle Many Boxer’s fractures can be treated by immobi- of the little finger breaks. It can result from a forceful lizing the joint to promote healing. Immobilization can injury during fist fighting or hitting a solid object, such be achieved with a variety of splints, a cast, or taping as a wall. A Boxer’s fracture causes swelling, pain, and techniques. “Buddy-taping” involves taping the little stiffness. Treatment involves realigning the broken bone, finger to the ring finger. when necessary, and providing stabilization while it heals. Surgery Anatomy Surgery is recommended for Boxer’s fractures if large The “knuckle” of the fifth finger (small finger or “pinky”) degrees of angulation or displacement occur, or if the is comprised of the head of the metacarpal bone from joint surface is misaligned. Displacement and angulation the hand, and the base of the finger, called the proximal means that a piece or pieces of the metacarpal bone phalanx. The main function of your little finger is to that has broken have moved out of position. An open contribute to a tight strong grip. reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) surgery allows surgical hardware, such as wires and screws, to be Causes placed in the bone to align the fracture and allow it to A Boxer’s fracture occurs when the neck of the metacarpal heal in the correct position. bone in the little finger breaks. It is commonly caused by punching an immovable object, such as a wall, or Recovery someone’s jaw or head during a fist fight. -
Chaos Based RFID Authentication Protocol
Chaos Based RFID Authentication Protocol Hau Leung Harold Chung A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF APPLIED SCIENCE in Electrical and Computer Engineering School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Faculty of Engineering University of Ottawa c Hau Leung Harold Chung, Ottawa, Canada, 2013 Abstract Chaotic systems have been studied for the past few decades because of its complex be- haviour given simple governing ordinary differential equations. In the field of cryptology, several methods have been proposed for the use of chaos in cryptosystems. In this work, a method for harnessing the beneficial behaviour of chaos was proposed for use in RFID authentication and encryption. In order to make an accurate estimation of necessary hardware resources required, a complete hardware implementation was designed using a Xilinx Virtex 6 FPGA. The results showed that only 470 Xilinx Virtex slices were required, which is significantly less than other RFID authentication methods based on AES block cipher. The total number of clock cycles required per encryption of a 288-bit plaintext was 57 clock cycles. This efficiency level is many times higher than other AES methods for RFID application. Based on a carrier frequency of 13:56Mhz, which is the standard frequency of common encryption enabled passive RFID tags such as ISO-15693, a data throughput of 5:538Kb=s was achieved. As the strength of the proposed RFID authentication and encryption scheme is based on the problem of predicting chaotic systems, it was important to ensure that chaotic behaviour is maintained in this discretized version of Lorenz dynamical system. -
Activity 21: Cleavage and Fracture Maine Geological Survey
Activity 21: Cleavage and Fracture Maine Geological Survey Objectives: Students will recognize the difference between cleavage and fracture; they will become familiar with planes of cleavage, and will use a mineral's "habit of breaking" as an aid to identifying common minerals. Time: This activity is intended to take one-half (1/2) period to discuss cleavage planes and types and one (1) class period to do the activity. Background: Cleavage is the property of a mineral that allows it to break smoothly along specific internal planes (called cleavage planes) when the mineral is struck sharply with a hammer. Fracture is the property of a mineral breaking in a more or less random pattern with no smooth planar surfaces. Since nearly all minerals have an orderly atomic structure, individual mineral grains have internal axes of length, width, and depth, related to the consistent arrangement of the atoms. These axes are reflected in the crystalline pattern in which the mineral grows and are present in the mineral regardless of whether or not the sample shows external crystal faces. The axes' arrangement, size, and the angles at which these axes intersect, all help determine, along with the strength of the molecular bonding in the given mineral, the degree of cleavage the mineral will exhibit. Many minerals, when struck sharply with a hammer, will break smoothly along one or more of these planes. The degree of smoothness of the broken surface and the number of planes along which the mineral breaks are used to describe the cleavage. The possibilities include the following. Number of Planes Degree of Smoothness One Two Three Perfect Good Poor Thus a mineral's cleavage may be described as perfect three plane cleavage, in which case the mineral breaks with almost mirror-like surfaces along the three dimensional axes; the mineral calcite exhibits such cleavage. -
Scaling of Critical Velocity for Bubble Raft Fracture Under Tension Chin
Scaling of critical velocity for bubble raft fracture under tension Chin-Chang Kuo, and Michael Dennin1, a) Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for Complex Adaptive Matter, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4575 (Dated: 9 September 2011) The behavior of materials under tension is a rich area of both fluid and solid mechanics. For simple fluids, the breakup of a liquid as it is pulled apart generally exhibits an instability driven, pinch-off type behavior. In contrast, solid materials typically exhibit various forms of fracture under tension. The interaction of these two distinct failure modes is of particular interest for complex fluids, such as foams, pastes, slurries, etc.. The rheological properties of complex fluids are well-known to combine features of solid and fluid behavior, and it is unclear how this translates to their failure under tension. In this paper, we present experimental results for a model complex fluid, a bubble raft. As expected, the system exhibits both pinch-off and fracture when subjected to elongation under constant velocity. We report on the critical velocity vc below which pinch-off occurs and above which fracture occurs as a function of initial system width W , length L, bubble size R, and fluid viscosity. The fluid viscosity sets the typical time for bubble rearrangements τ. The results for the critical velocity are consistent with a simple scaling law vcτ=L ∼ R=W that is based on the assumption that fracture is nucleated by the failure of local bubble rearrangements to occur rapidly enough. a)Corresponding Author email: [email protected] 1 I. -
Distal Radius Fracture
Distal Radius Fracture Osteoporosis, a common condition where bones become brittle, increases the risk of a wrist fracture if you fall. How are distal radius fractures diagnosed? Your provider will take a detailed health history and perform a physical evaluation. X-rays will be taken to confirm a fracture and help determine a treatment plan. Sometimes an MRI or CT scan is needed to get better detail of the fracture or to look for associated What is a distal radius fracture? injuries to soft tissues such as ligaments or Distal radius fracture is the medical term for tendons. a “broken wrist.” To fracture a bone means it is broken. A distal radius fracture occurs What is the treatment for distal when a sudden force causes the radius bone, radius fracture? located on the thumb side of the wrist, to break. The wrist joint includes many bones Treatment depends on the severity of your and joints. The most commonly broken bone fracture. Many factors influence treatment in the wrist is the radius bone. – whether the fracture is displaced or non-displaced, stable or unstable. Other Fractures may be closed or open considerations include age, overall health, (compound). An open fracture means a bone hand dominance, work and leisure activities, fragment has broken through the skin. There prior injuries, arthritis, and any other injuries is a risk of infection with an open fracture. associated with the fracture. Your provider will help determine the best treatment plan What causes a distal radius for your specific injury. fracture? Signs and Symptoms The most common cause of distal radius fracture is a fall onto an outstretched hand, • Swelling and/or bruising at the wrist from either slipping or tripping. -
Τα Cellular Automata Στο Σχεδιασμό
τα cellular automata στο σχεδιασμό μια προσέγγιση στις αναδρομικές σχεδιαστικές διαδικασίες Ηρώ Δημητρίου επιβλέπων Σωκράτης Γιαννούδης 2 Πολυτεχνείο Κρήτης Τμήμα Αρχιτεκτόνων Μηχανικών ερευνητική εργασία Ηρώ Δημητρίου επιβλέπων καθηγητής Σωκράτης Γιαννούδης Τα Cellular Automata στο σχεδιασμό μια προσέγγιση στις αναδρομικές σχεδιαστικές διαδικασίες Χανιά, Μάιος 2013 Chaos and Order - Carlo Allarde περιεχόμενα 0001. εισαγωγή 7 0010. χάος και πολυπλοκότητα 13 a. μια ιστορική αναδρομή στο χάος: Henri Poincare - Edward Lorenz 17 b. το χάος 22 c. η πολυπλοκότητα 23 d. αυτοοργάνωση και emergence 29 0011. cellular automata 31 0100. τα cellular automata στο σχεδιασμό 39 a. τα CA στην στην αρχιτεκτονική: Paul Coates 45 b. η φιλοσοφική προσέγγιση της διεπιστημονικότητας του σχεδιασμού 57 c. προσομοίωση της αστικής ανάπτυξης μέσω CA 61 d. η περίπτωση της Changsha 63 0101. συμπεράσματα 71 βιβλιογραφία 77 1. Metamorphosis II - M.C.Escher 6 0001. εισαγωγή Η επιστήμη εξακολουθεί να είναι η εξ αποκαλύψεως προφητική περιγραφή του κόσμου, όπως αυτός φαίνεται από ένα θεϊκό ή δαιμονικό σημείο αναφοράς. Ilya Prigogine 7 0001. 8 0001. Στοιχεία της τρέχουσας αρχιτεκτονικής θεωρίας και μεθοδολογίας προτείνουν μια εναλλακτική λύση στις πάγιες αρχιτεκτονικές μεθοδολογίες και σε ορισμένες περιπτώσεις υιοθετούν πτυχές του νέου τρόπου της κατανόησής μας για την επιστήμη. Αυτά τα στοιχεία εμπίπτουν σε τρεις κατηγορίες. Πρώτον, μεθοδολογίες που προτείνουν μια εναλλακτική λύση για τη γραμμικότητα και την αιτιοκρατία της παραδοσιακής αρχιτεκτονικής σχεδιαστικής διαδικασίας και θίγουν τον κεντρικό έλεγχο του αρχιτέκτονα, δεύτερον, η πρόταση μιας μεθοδολογίας με βάση την προσομοίωση της αυτο-οργάνωσης στην ανάπτυξη και εξέλιξη των φυσικών συστημάτων και τρίτον, σε ορισμένες περιπτώσεις, συναρτήσει των δύο προηγούμενων, είναι μεθοδολογίες οι οποίες πειραματίζονται με την αναδυόμενη μορφή σε εικονικά περιβάλλοντα. -
Human Sexual Selection
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Human sexual selection David Puts Sexual selection favors traits that aid in competition over Here, I review evidence, focusing on recent findings, mates. Widespread monogamous mating, biparental care, regarding the strength and forms of sexual selection moderate body size sexual dimorphism, and low canine tooth operating over human evolution and consider how sexual dimorphism suggest modest sexual selection operating over selection has shaped human psychology, including psy- human evolution, but other evidence indicates that sexual chological sex differences. selection has actually been comparatively strong. Ancestral men probably competed for mates mainly by excluding The strength of human sexual selection competitors by force or threat, and women probably competed Some evidence suggests that sexual selection has been primarily by attracting mates. These and other forms of sexual relatively weak in humans. Although sexual dimorphisms selection shaped human anatomy and psychology, including in anatomy and behavior may arise from other selective some psychological sex differences. forces, the presence of sexually dimorphic ornamentation, Address weaponry, courtship displays, or intrasexual competition Department of Anthropology and Center for Brain, Behavior and indicates a history of sexual selection [3]. However, men’s Cognition, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, 15–20% greater body mass than women’s is comparable to USA primate species with a modest degree of mating competi- tion among males, and humans lack the canine tooth Corresponding author: Puts, David ([email protected]) dimorphism characteristic of many primates with intense male competition for mates [4]. Moreover, humans exhibit Current Opinion in Psychology 2015, 7:28–32 biparental care and social monogamy, which tend to occur This review comes from a themed issue on Evolutionary psychology in species with low levels of male mating competition [5]. -
Methods Used to Identifying Minerals
METHODS USED TO IDENTIFYING MINERALS More than 4,000 minerals are known to man, and they are identified by their physical and chemical properties. The physical properties of minerals are determined by the atomic structure and crystal chemistry of the minerals. The most common physical properties are crystal form, color, hardness, cleavage, and specific gravity. CRYSTALS One of the best ways to identify a mineral is by examining its crystal form (external shape). A crystal is defined as a homogenous solid possessing a three-dimensional internal order defined by the lattice structure. Crystals developed under favorable conditions often exhibit characteristic geometric forms (which are outward expressions of the internal arrangements of atoms), crystal class, and cleavage. Large, well- developed crystals are not common because of unfavorable growth conditions, but small crystals recognizable with a hand lens or microscope are common. Minerals that show no external crystal form but possess an internal crystalline structure are said to be massive. A few minerals, such as limonite and opal, have no orderly arrangement of atoms and are said to be amorphous. Crystals are divided into six major classes based on their geometric form: isometric, tetragonal, hexagonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, and triclinic. The hexagonal system also has a rhombohedral subdivision, which applies mainly to carbonates. CLEAVAGE AND FRACTURE After minerals are formed, they have a tendency to split or break along definite planes of weakness. This property is called cleavage. These planes of weakness are closely related to the internal structure of the mineral, and are usually, but not always, parallel to crystal faces or possible crystal faces. -
Neural Network Based Modeling, Characterization and Identification of Chaotic Systems in Nature
Neural Network based Modeling, Characterization and Identification of Chaotic Systems in Nature Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Archana R Reg. No: 3829 Under the guidance of Dr. R Gopikakumari &Dr. A Unnikrishnan Division of Electronics Engineering School of Engineering Cochin University of Science and Technology Kochi- 682022 India March 2015 Neural Network based Modeling, Characterization and Identification of Chaotic Systems in Nature Ph. D thesis under the Faculty of Engineering Author Archana R Research Scholar School of Engineering Cochin University of Science and Technology [email protected] Supervising Guide Dr. R Gopikakumari Professor Division of Electronics Engineering Cochin University of Science and Technology Kochi - 682022 [email protected], [email protected] Co-Guide Dr. A Unnikrishnan Outstanding scientist (Rtd), NPOL, DRDO, Kochi 682021 & Principal Rajagiri School of Engineering & Technology Kochi 682039 [email protected] Division of Electronics Engineering School of Engineering Cochin University of Science and Technology Kochi- 682022 India Certificate This is to certify that the work presented in the thesis entitled “Neural Network based Modeling, Characterization and Identification of Chaotic Systems in Nature” is a bonafide record of the research work carried out by Mrs. Archana R under our supervision and guidance in the Division of Electronics Engineering, School of Engineering, Cochin University of Science and Technology and that no part thereof has been presented for the award of any other degree. Dr. R Gopikakumari Dr. A Unnikrishnan Supervising Guide Co-guide i Declaration I hereby declare that the work presented in the thesis entitled “Neural Network based Modeling, Characterization and Identification of Chaotic Systems in Nature” is based on the original work done by me under the supervision and guidance of Dr. -
Does Human Sexual Dimorphism Influence Fracture Frequency, Types and Distribution?
AnthropologicAl review • Vol. 74, 13–23 (2011) Does human sexual dimorphism influence fracture frequency, types and distribution? Jonna Nielsen ADBOU, Forensic Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Lucernemarken 20, Dk-5260 Odense, Denmark; E-mail [email protected] ABSTRACT This study explores the hypothesis that the pattern of gender inequality in a community influences the frequency, patterns and distribution of fractures. As it is not possible to read gender relations from skeletons, it is – following several research results – assumed that the level of gender inequality is reflected in sexual dimorphism. Thus the study design consists in correlating a measure of sexual dimorphism with measures of frequencies, patterns and distribution of skeletal trauma between the two sexes. Nearly two hundreds individuals from two medieval Danish cemeteries have been examined (43 females/48 males from Jutland and 46 females/49 males from Funen). Sexual dimorphism was assessed by means of measurements on the pelvis and, in accordance with conventional wisdom, the level of sexual dimorphism was found to be lower in the Funen than in the Jutland sample. The fracture frequencies, patterns and distribution were estimated for the two skeletal samples. No significant difference between the fracture frequencies or types on the two sites was found, but the distribution of fractures between the sexes in Ribe was found to be significantly different. The study indicates a level of relationship between human sexual dimorphism, gender roles, and the distribution of fractures between the sexes. Studies of larger samples will help clarify this. KEY WORDS: interpretation of injuries, gender roles, medieval Denmark Studies of old skeletal remains often in- them having been controlled by beating by dicate a relatively high fracture frequency their men and thus that these women were in ancient communities compared to more socially inferior to men. -
Path-Independent Integral in Fracture Mechanics of Quasicrystals ⇑ J
Engineering Fracture Mechanics 140 (2015) 61–71 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Engineering Fracture Mechanics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/engfracmech Path-independent integral in fracture mechanics of quasicrystals ⇑ J. Sladek a, , V. Sladek a,1, S.N. Atluri b a Institute of Construction and Architecture, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84503 Bratislava, Slovakia b Center for Aerospace Research & Education, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA article info abstract Article history: Path-independent integrals are successfully utilized for accurate evaluation of fracture Received 6 October 2014 parameters in crystalic materials, where atomic arrangement is periodic. In quasicrystals Received in revised form 16 March 2015 (QC) the atomic arrangement is quasiperiodic in one-, two- or three-directions. The 2-d Accepted 22 March 2015 elastic problem for quasicrystal is described by coupled governing equations for phonon Available online 2 April 2015 and phason displacements. Conservation laws for quasicrystals are utilized to derive path-independent integrals for cracks. The relation between the energy release and stress Keywords: intensity factor for a crack under the mode I is given for decagonal QCs. The path-indepen- Path-independent integral dent integral formulation is valid also for cracks in QCs with continuously varying material Energy balance Elastodynamics properties. Bak’s model Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Decagonal quasicrystals Phonon Phason Intensity factors 1. Introduction Since the pioneering work of Eshelby [1], and independent discovery of Rice [2], innumerable number of papers have appeared in literature concerning path-independent integrals (familiary so-called J-integral) and their application to mechanics of fracture. Both papers initiated important studies, on conservation laws in finite and infinitesimal elasticity, by Knowles and Sternberg [3], and the interpretation of these in the context of the mechanics of cracks and notches in 2-dimensional bodies by Budiansky and Rice [4]. -
Quartz Crystals Subjected to Shear Stress
minerals Article Fracture Analysis of α-Quartz Crystals Subjected to Shear Stress Giovanni Martinelli 1,2,3,* , Paolo Plescia 4 , Emanuela Tempesta 4, Enrico Paris 5 and Francesco Gallucci 5 1 INGV Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy 2 Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China 3 Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources, Lanzhou 730000, China 4 CNR-IGAG, Institute of Environmental Geology and Geoengineering, Research area of Rome-1, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; [email protected] (P.P.); [email protected] (E.T.) 5 CREA-ING, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Unità di Ricerca per l’Ingegneria Agraria, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; [email protected] (E.P.); [email protected] (F.G.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 18 July 2020; Accepted: 29 September 2020; Published: 30 September 2020 Abstract: This study assesses the correlations between the intensity of stress undergone by crystals and the morphological characteristics of particles and fracturing products. The effects of the fractures on the microstructure of quartz are also studied. Alpha quartz, subjected to shear stress, is quickly crushed according to a fracturing sequence, with a total fracture length that is correlated to the stress rate. The shear stress generates a sequence of macro and microstructural events, in particular localized melting phenomena, never highlighted before on quartz and the formation of different polymorphs, such as cristobalite and tridymite together with amorphous silica. Keywords: quartz; shear stress; tribochemistry; fracturing 1.