Equisetum Scirpoides

International Research Botany Group - 2017 - International Botany Project

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2 Original Paper 2017

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Authors are full members of the IEA © International Equisetological Association © World Equisetum Program

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Short Notes of Equisetum scirpoides

Marek Nowicki ¹ , Beth Zawada ² , Zoltán Szili 3

The INTERNATIONAL EQUISETOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION And WORLD EQUISETUM PROGRAM – RESEARCH SERVICE

Poland / Czech Republic ¹ / USA ² / Hungary 3 Corresponding author ¹ / [email protected]

Keywords : Equisetum scirpoides, Equisetum, Horsetail, Equisetology, Plant Taxonomy

Equisetum is a genus of vascular plants that reproduce by spores rather than seeds. The genus includes 15 main species commonly known as horsetails and scouring rushes. It is the only living genus in class Equisetopsida, formerly of the division Equisetophyta (Arthrophyta in older works), though recent molecular analyses place the genus within the ferns (Pteridophyta). Other classes and orders of Equisetopsida are known from the fossil record, where they were important members of the world flora during the Carboniferous period.

Equisetum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1061. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 484, 1754.

Equisetum scirpoides Taxonomic Serial No.: 17151

Dwarf scouring rush or dwarf horsetail, Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 281 (1803). 2 n = 216. The smallest of the currently occurring representatives of the genus Equisetum (Horsetail). Normally 20-30 cm tall. Only the lower stem portion evergreen. Distinguished from other Horsetails by its low, slender, wiry, unbranched stems and its small size.

Within Equisetum scirpoides there are two subspecies :

Equisetum scirpoides ssp. scirpoides (A. Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 281. 1803) [ Hippochaete scirpoides (Michaux, Farwell) ] - Main subspecies, grows up to about 30 cm. Hardy and semi-evergreen. Popular decorative plant seen in garden ponds, ornamental gardens and assumptions in nearly the whole world. Equisetum scirpoides was discovered and described by French botanist André Michaux. Detailed studies were conducted by the American botanist Oliver Atkins Farwell.

André Michaux, 1746, Versailles, France – 1802, Madagascar EMINENT BOTANIST, EXPLORER AND PLANT COLLECTOR He is most noted for his study of North American flora. His son, Francois André Michaux, also became an authoritative botanist. "His name was André Michaux and we should all remember his name, for he was one of the most remarkable human beings of the 18th century, or of any century." Charles Kuralt, 1994

Equisetum scirpoides ssp. walkowiaki (R. J. Walkowiak, IEA Paper 2008) [ Equisetum scirpoides (ssp.) minus (Lawson, Milde) ] - Smaller subspecies, grows up to about 15 cm. The botanical characteristics identical with the main subspecies. Subspecies described by Scottish botanist George Lawson and eminent German botanist Carl August Julius Milde, but without a proper taxonomic name, which gave the Polish botanist Radosław Janusz Walkowiak (subsp. walkowiaki). This is the smallest living Horsetail.

Radosław Janusz Walkowiak, 1985, Przemyśl, Poland BIOLOGIST, BIOPHYSICIST, EXPERT IN APPLIED BIOLOGY AND PLANT BIOLOGY Researcher, Member of Scientific Societies, Scientific Consultant. Earned a Master’s Degree in Biology from University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland and an Honorary Doctorate in Botany from the International Equisetological Association & World Equisetum Program.

5 Dwarf scouring rush, prêle faux-scirpe, Subspecies – 2 – medicinal plant, ornamental plant.

Aerial stems persisting more than a year, unbranched, tortuous, 2.5 - 30 cm; lines of stomates single; ridges 6. Sheaths green proximally, black distally, elliptic in face view, 1 - 2.5 × 0.75 - 1.5 mm; teeth 3, dark with white margins, not articulate to sheath. Cone apex pointed; spores green, spheric. 2 n = 216. Cones maturing in summer, or cones overwintering and shedding spores in spring. Wet woods, peat bogs, tundra; 0 - 1000 m; Greenland; St. Pierre and Miquelon; Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld., N.W.T., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask., Yukon; Alaska, Idaho, Ill., Iowa, Maine, Mass., Mich., Minn., Mont., N.H., N.Y., S.Dak., Vt., Wash., Wis.; N-Eurasia.

Equisetum scirpoides ssp. scirpoides (A. Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 281. 1803)

6 Equisetum scirpoides Michx.; Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 281 (1803)

Trivial names : Dwarf Scouring Rush

ssp. scirpoides Michx.; Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 281 (1803)

Distribution: +Austria, +Finland, Norway, Spitsbergen, Sweden, Greenland, St. Pierre & MiqueIon, Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, N.W.Territories, Nunavut, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Isl., Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon), Alaska, USA (Idaho, Illinois, lowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New York, South Dakota, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin), W-Siberia, C- Siberia, E-Siberia / Amur / Ussuri, Japan, Lithuania, Novaja Zemlja, Kamchatka, N-European Russia, Lithuania, Estonia, C-European Russia, E-European Russia.

Remarks : Subgen. Hippochaete

= Hippochaete scirpoides (Michx.) Farw. (1916) = Hippochaete scirpoides (Michx.) Rothm. = Equisetum hiemale tenellum Liljeb. (1798) = Equisetum reptans Wahlenb. (1812) = Equisetum setaceum Vauch. (1821) = Equisetum scirpoides minus Lawson G., Milde (1863) = Equisetum tenellum A. A. Eat. (1904) = Equisetum scirpoides elatum Rosend. (1917) = Equisetum scirpoides ramulosum Rosend. (1917) = Equisetum scirpoides caespitosum Rosend. (1917)

Equisetum scirpoides ssp. scirpoides (A. Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 281. 1803)

7 8

Equisetum scirpoides ssp. scirpoides (A. Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 281. 1803)

9 Equisetum scirpoides ssp. scirpoides (A. Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 281. 1803)

10 11

Equisetum scirpoides ssp. scirpoides (A. Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 281. 1803)

12 Equisetum scirpoides ssp. walkowiaki (R. J. Walkowiak, IEA Paper 2008)

Equisetum scirpoides ssp. walkowiaki (R. J. Walkowiak, IEA Paper 2008)

= Equisetum scirpoides alpestre Rosend. (1917) = Equisetum scirpoides pedunculatum Rosend. (1917) = Equisetum scirpoides minor Lawson G. (1863) = Equisetum scirpoides walkowiaki Walkowiak R. J. (2008)

ssp. walkowiaki Walkowiak R. J.; IEA Paper (2008)

= Equisetum scirpoides minor Lawson G. (1863) = Equisetum minus Lawson G., Milde (1863) = Equisetum scirpoides minus Lawson G., Milde (1863)

Equisetum scirpoides ssp. walkowiaki (R. J. Walkowiak, IEA Paper 2008)

IEA HERBARIUM Poland & Czech Republic

20 Equisetum scirpoides ssp. walkowiaki (R. J. Walkowiak, IEA Paper 2008)

22 Equisetum scirpoides ssp. walkowiaki (R. J. Walkowiak, IEA Paper 2008) 23 Equisetum scirpoides ssp. walkowiaki (R. J. Walkowiak, IEA Paper 2008)

Equisetum scirpoides ssp. walkowiaki (R. J. Walkowiak, IEA Paper 2008)

26 Equisetum scirpoides ssp. walkowiaki (R. J. Walkowiak, IEA Paper 2008)

27 Equisetum scirpoides ssp. walkowiaki (R. J. Walkowiak, IEA Paper 2008)

Equisetum scirpoides ssp. walkowiaki (R. J. Walkowiak, IEA Paper 2008)

29 Equisetum scirpoides ssp. walkowiaki (R. J. Walkowiak, IEA Paper 2008)

30 Equisetum scirpoides ssp. walkowiaki (R. J. Walkowiak, IEA Paper 2008)

31 Equisetum scirpoides ssp. walkowiaki (R. J. Walkowiak, IEA Paper 2008)

32 Equisetum scirpoides ssp. walkowiaki (R. J. Walkowiak, IEA Paper 2008)

35 Short Notes :

Husby Ch. E., Walkowiak R. J., An Introduction to the Genus Equisetum ( Horsetail ) IEA Paper 2012

Walkowiak R. J., Equisetum Taxonomy, IEA Paper 2008, Version of 2008-10-04, Retrieved 2011-11-07

Walkowiak R. J., A Taxonomic Study of the Genus Equisetum ( Horsetail ), IEA Paper 2011

Michael Hassler, Brian Swale, Equisetum ( Horsetail ) Species in the World.

Michael Hassler, Bernd Schmitt, Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World.

Pigott, Anthony 2001, National Collection of Equisetum. Summary of Equisetum Taxonomy. Version of 2001-OCT-04. Retrieved 2008-NOV-20.

Hauke, R. L. 1963, A taxonomic monograph of the genus Equisetum subgenus Hippochaete. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 8: 1–123.

Braun, Alexander, A Monography of the North American species of the genus Equisetum.

Hauke, R., A Taxonomic Approach to the Genus Equisetum Subgenus Hippochaete.

Jeffrey, Edward C., The Development, Structure and Affinities of the Genus Equisetum.

André, E. 1883, "L'Amérique Equinoxiale". Part 3. Le Tour du Monde, Paris 45:385-400.

Ardle, J. 2001 (November). The great survivors: An appreciation of horsetails. The Garden (The Royal Horticultural Society Journal) 126(11):861-863.

Hauke, R. L. 1961, A resume of the taxonomic reorganization of Equisetum subgenus Hippochaete, I. American Fern Journal 51(3):131-137.

Hauke, R. L. 1962, A resume of the taxonomic reorganization of Equisetum subgenus Hippochaete, II. American Fern Journal 52(1):29-35.

Hauke, R. L. 1962, A resume of the taxonomic reorganization of Equisetum subgenus Hippochaete, IV. American Fern Journal 52(1)123-130.

Wilfried Bennert, Marcus Lubienski, Simone Körner, Matthias Steinberg Triploidy in Equisetum subgenus Hippochaete ( Equisetaceae, Pteridophyta ) Annals of Botany, 95 (5), s. 807–815, 2005.

Jean-Michel Guillon, Phylogeny of horsetails ( Equisetum ) based on the chloroplast rps4 gene and adjacent noncoding sequences, Systematic Botany, 29 (2), s. 251–259, 2004.

David L. Des Marais, Alan R. Smith, Donald M. Britton, and Kathleen M. Pryer PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AND EVOLUTION OF EXTANT HORSETAILS, EQUISETUM, BASED ON CHLOROPLAST DNA SEQUENCE DATA (rbcL AND trnL-F) Int. J. Plant Sci. 164(5):737–751. 2003.

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