2020 Cryptocurrency Spot Trading Annual Report
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Virtual Currencies and Terrorist Financing : Assessing the Risks And
DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT FOR CITIZENS' RIGHTS AND CONSTITUTIONAL AFFAIRS COUNTER-TERRORISM Virtual currencies and terrorist financing: assessing the risks and evaluating responses STUDY Abstract This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the TERR Committee, explores the terrorist financing (TF) risks of virtual currencies (VCs), including cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. It describes the features of VCs that present TF risks, and reviews the open source literature on terrorist use of virtual currencies to understand the current state and likely future manifestation of the risk. It then reviews the regulatory and law enforcement response in the EU and beyond, assessing the effectiveness of measures taken to date. Finally, it provides recommendations for EU policymakers and other relevant stakeholders for ensuring the TF risks of VCs are adequately mitigated. PE 604.970 EN ABOUT THE PUBLICATION This research paper was requested by the European Parliament's Special Committee on Terrorism and was commissioned, overseen and published by the Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs. Policy Departments provide independent expertise, both in-house and externally, to support European Parliament committees and other parliamentary bodies in shaping legislation and exercising democratic scrutiny over EU external and internal policies. To contact the Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs or to subscribe to its newsletter please write to: [email protected] RESPONSIBLE RESEARCH ADMINISTRATOR Kristiina MILT Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs European Parliament B-1047 Brussels E-mail: [email protected] AUTHORS Tom KEATINGE, Director of the Centre for Financial Crime and Security Studies, Royal United Services Institute (coordinator) David CARLISLE, Centre for Financial Crime and Security Studies, Royal United Services Institute, etc. -
Detecting Roles of Money Laundering in Bitcoin Mixing Transactions: a Goal Modeling and Mining Framework
ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 06 July 2021 doi: 10.3389/fphy.2021.665399 Detecting Roles of Money Laundering in Bitcoin Mixing Transactions: A Goal Modeling and Mining Framework Mingdong Liu 1, Hu Chen 2 and Jiaqi Yan 3* 1School of Economics and Management, Southeast University, Nanjing, China, 2School of Software Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China, 3School of Information Management, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China Cryptocurrency has become a new venue for money laundering. Bitcoin mixing services deliberately obfuscate the relationship between senders and recipients, making it difficult to trace suspicious money flow. We believe that the key to demystifying the bitcoin mixing services is to discover agents’ roles in the money laundering process. We propose a goal- oriented approach to modeling, discovering, and analyzing different types of roles in the agent-based business process of the bitcoin mixing scenario using historical bitcoin transaction data. It adopts the agents’ goal perspective to study the roles in the bitcoin money laundering process. Moreover, it provides a foundation to discover real- world agents’ roles in bitcoin money laundering scenarios. Edited by: Keywords: goal modeling, money laundering, bitcoin mixing transactions, data analysis, agents’ roles Xiao Fan Liu, City University of Hong Kong, SAR China INTRODUCTION Reviewed by: Daning Hu, Financial crimes not only directly disturb the national financial order and affect social stability Southern University of Science and but also occur with other crimes to provide financial support for various types of organized Technology, China fi Hong-Liang Sun, crimes. Money laundering is a nancial criminal activity, which mainly refers to the processing Nanjing University of Finance and of illegal income by various means to cover up and conceal its source and nature. -
Beauty Is Not in the Eye of the Beholder
Insight Consumer and Wealth Management Digital Assets: Beauty Is Not in the Eye of the Beholder Parsing the Beauty from the Beast. Investment Strategy Group | June 2021 Sharmin Mossavar-Rahmani Chief Investment Officer Investment Strategy Group Goldman Sachs The co-authors give special thanks to: Farshid Asl Managing Director Matheus Dibo Shahz Khatri Vice President Vice President Brett Nelson Managing Director Michael Murdoch Vice President Jakub Duda Shep Moore-Berg Harm Zebregs Vice President Vice President Vice President Shivani Gupta Analyst Oussama Fatri Yousra Zerouali Vice President Analyst ISG material represents the views of ISG in Consumer and Wealth Management (“CWM”) of GS. It is not financial research or a product of GS Global Investment Research (“GIR”) and may vary significantly from those expressed by individual portfolio management teams within CWM, or other groups at Goldman Sachs. 2021 INSIGHT Dear Clients, There has been enormous change in the world of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology since we first wrote about it in 2017. The number of cryptocurrencies has increased from about 2,000, with a market capitalization of over $200 billion in late 2017, to over 8,000, with a market capitalization of about $1.6 trillion. For context, the market capitalization of global equities is about $110 trillion, that of the S&P 500 stocks is $35 trillion and that of US Treasuries is $22 trillion. Reported trading volume in cryptocurrencies, as represented by the two largest cryptocurrencies by market capitalization, has increased sixfold, from an estimated $6.8 billion per day in late 2017 to $48.6 billion per day in May 2021.1 This data is based on what is called “clean data” from Coin Metrics; the total reported trading volume is significantly higher, but much of it is artificially inflated.2,3 For context, trading volume on US equity exchanges doubled over the same period. -
Bitcoin Tumbles As Miners Face Crackdown - the Buttonwood Tree Bitcoin Tumbles As Miners Face Crackdown
6/8/2021 Bitcoin Tumbles as Miners Face Crackdown - The Buttonwood Tree Bitcoin Tumbles as Miners Face Crackdown By Haley Cafarella - June 1, 2021 Bitcoin tumbles as Crypto miners face crackdown from China. Cryptocurrency miners, including HashCow and BTC.TOP, have halted all or part of their China operations. This comes after Beijing intensified a crackdown on bitcoin mining and trading. Beijing intends to hammer digital currencies amid heightened global regulatory scrutiny. This marks the first time China’s cabinet has targeted virtual currency mining, which is a sizable business in the world’s second-biggest economy. Some estimates say China accounts for as much as 70 percent of the world’s crypto supply. Cryptocurrency exchange Huobi suspended both crypto-mining and some trading services to new clients from China. The plan is that China will instead focus on overseas businesses. BTC.TOP, a crypto mining pool, also announced the suspension of its China business citing regulatory risks. On top of that, crypto miner HashCow said it would halt buying new bitcoin mining rigs. Crypto miners use specially-designed computer equipment, or rigs, to verify virtual coin transactions. READ MORE: Sustainable Mineral Exploration Powers Electric Vehicle Revolution This process produces newly minted crypto currencies like bitcoin. “Crypto mining consumes a lot of energy, which runs counter to China’s carbon neutrality goals,” said Chen Jiahe, chief investment officer of Beijing-based family office Novem Arcae Technologies. Additionally, he said this is part of China’s goal of curbing speculative crypto trading. As result, bitcoin has taken a beating in the stock market. -
Optimal Execution in Cryptocurrency Markets
Claremont Colleges Scholarship @ Claremont CMC Senior Theses CMC Student Scholarship 2020 Optimal Execution in Cryptocurrency Markets Ethan Kurz Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses Part of the Finance Commons, and the Mathematics Commons Recommended Citation Kurz, Ethan, "Optimal Execution in Cryptocurrency Markets" (2020). CMC Senior Theses. 2387. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2387 This Open Access Senior Thesis is brought to you by Scholarship@Claremont. It has been accepted for inclusion in this collection by an authorized administrator. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Claremont McKenna College Optimal Execution in Cryptocurrency Markets submitted to Professor Benjamin Gillen and Professor Chiu-Yen Kao written by Ethan Kurz Senior Thesis Spring 2020 May 11, 2020 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my family and friends for keeping my spirits up and being a great support system. I would also like to extend my deepest gratitude towards my thesis readers, Professor Benjamin Gillen and Professor Chiu-Yen Kao for their patience and thoughtful guidance throughout this process. Contents 1 Abstract 1 2 Introduction 2 3 Literature Review 6 3.1 Stock Market Microstructure . .6 3.2 Cryptocurrency Market Microstructure . .8 3.3 Microstructure in Almgren-Chriss . 11 4 Almgren-Chriss model 14 4.1 The “Efficient Frontier" . 14 4.2 Optimal Strategies . 14 4.3 Comparative Statics . 15 4.4 NYSE Stock Parameters and Models . 18 5 Empirical Analysis of Cryptocurrency Markets 23 5.1 Choosing Parameters and Modeling . 23 5.2 Comparison of the Markets . 25 5.2.1 Consumer Value Provided by Coinbase . -
Pwc I 2Nd Global Crypto M&A and Fundraising Report
2nd Global Crypto M&A and Fundraising Report April 2020 2 PwC I 2nd Global Crypto M&A and Fundraising Report Dear Clients and Friends, We are proud to launch the 2nd edition of our Global Crypto M&A and Fundraising Report. We hope that the market colour and insights from this report will be useful data points. We will continue to publish this report twice a year to enable you to monitor the ongoing trends in the crypto ecosystem. PwC has put together a “one stop shop” offering, focused on crypto services across our various lines of services in over 25 jurisdictions, including the most active crypto jurisdictions. Our goal is to service your needs in the best possible way leveraging the PwC network and allowing you to make your project a success. Our crypto clients include crypto exchanges, crypto investors, crypto asset managers, ICOs/IEOs/STOs/stable and asset backed tokens, traditional financial institutions entering the crypto space as well as governments, central banks, regulators and other policy makers looking at the crypto ecosystem. As part of our “one stop shop” offering, we provide an entire range of services to the crypto ecosystem including strategy, legal, regulatory, accounting, tax, governance, risk assurance, audit, cybersecurity, M&A advisory as well as capital raising. More details are available on our global crypto page as well as at the back of this report. 2nd Global Crypto M&A and Fundraising Report April 2020 PwC 2 3 PwC I 2nd Global Crypto M&A and Fundraising Report 5 Key takeaways when comparing 2018 vs 2019 There -
Asymmetric Proof-Of-Work Based on the Generalized Birthday Problem
Equihash: Asymmetric Proof-of-Work Based on the Generalized Birthday Problem Alex Biryukov Dmitry Khovratovich University of Luxembourg University of Luxembourg [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—The proof-of-work is a central concept in modern Long before the rise of Bitcoin it was realized [20] that cryptocurrencies and denial-of-service protection tools, but the the dedicated hardware can produce a proof-of-work much requirement for fast verification so far made it an easy prey for faster and cheaper than a regular desktop or laptop. Thus the GPU-, ASIC-, and botnet-equipped users. The attempts to rely on users equipped with such hardware have an advantage over memory-intensive computations in order to remedy the disparity others, which eventually led the Bitcoin mining to concentrate between architectures have resulted in slow or broken schemes. in a few hardware farms of enormous size and high electricity In this paper we solve this open problem and show how to consumption. An advantage of the same order of magnitude construct an asymmetric proof-of-work (PoW) based on a compu- is given to “owners” of large botnets, which nowadays often tationally hard problem, which requires a lot of memory to gen- accommodate hundreds of thousands of machines. For prac- erate a proof (called ”memory-hardness” feature) but is instant tical DoS protection, this means that the early TLS puzzle to verify. Our primary proposal Equihash is a PoW based on the schemes [8], [17] are no longer effective against the most generalized birthday problem and enhanced Wagner’s algorithm powerful adversaries. -
Banking on Bitcoin: BTC As Collateral
Banking on Bitcoin: BTC as Collateral Arcane Research Bitstamp Arcane Research is a part of Arcane Crypto, Bitstamp is the world’s longest-running bringing data-driven analysis and research cryptocurrency exchange, supporting to the cryptocurrency space. After launch in investors, traders and leading financial August 2019, Arcane Research has become institutions since 2011. With a proven track a trusted brand, helping clients strengthen record, cutting-edge market infrastructure their credibility and visibility through and dedication to personal service with a research reports and analysis. In addition, human touch, Bitstamp’s secure and reliable we regularly publish reports, weekly market trading venue is trusted by over four million updates and articles to educate and share customers worldwide. Whether it’s through insights. their intuitive web platform and mobile app or industry-leading APIs, Bitstamp is where crypto enters the world of finance. For more information, visit www.bitstamp.net 2 Banking on Bitcoin: BTC as Collateral Banking on bitcoin The case for bitcoin as collateral The value of the global market for collateral is estimated to be close to $20 trillion in assets. Government bonds and cash-based securities alike are currently the most important parts of a well- functioning collateral market. However, in that, there is a growing weakness as rehypothecation creates a systemic risk in the financial system as a whole. The increasing reuse of collateral makes these assets far from risk-free and shows the potential instability of the financial markets and that it is more fragile than many would like to admit. Bitcoin could become an important part of the solution and challenge the dominating collateral assets in the future. -
Is Bitcoin Rat Poison? Cryptocurrency, Crime, and Counterfeiting (Ccc)
IS BITCOIN RAT POISON? CRYPTOCURRENCY, CRIME, AND COUNTERFEITING (CCC) Eric Engle1 1 JD St. Louis, DEA Paris II, DEA Paris X, LL.M.Eur., Dr.Jur. Bremen, LL.M. Humboldt. Eric.Engle @ yahoo.com, http://mindworks.altervista.org. Dr. Engle beleives James Orlin Grabbe was the author of bitcoin, and is certain that Grabbe issued the first digital currency and is the intellectual wellspring of cryptocurrency. Kalliste! Copyright © 2016 Journal of High Technology Law and Eric Engle. All Rights Re- served. ISSN 1536-7983. 2016] IS BITCOIN RAT POISON? 341 Introduction Distributed cryptographic currency, most famously exempli- fied by bitcoin,2 is anonymous3 on-line currency backed by no state.4 The currency is generated by computation (“mining”), purchase, or trade.5 It is stored and tracked using peer-to-peer technology,6 which 2 See Jonathan B. Turpin, Note, Bitcoin: The Economic Case for A Global, Virtual Currency Operating in an Unexplored Legal Framework, 21 IND. J. GLOBAL LEGAL STUD. 335, 337-38 (2014) (describing how Bitcoin is a virtual currency). Bitcoin is supported by a distributed network of users and relies on advanced cryptography techniques to ensure its stability and reliability. A Bitcoin is simply a chain of digital signatures (i.e., a string of numbers) saved in a “wallet” file. This chain of signa- tures contains the necessary history of the specific Bitcoin so that the system may verify its legitimacy and transfer its ownership from one user to another upon request. A user's wallet consists of the Bitcoins it contains, a public key, and a private key. -
Introducing Uni, Yfi and Snx at Bitstamp with Zero Fees Until the End of July!
2021. 4. 27. News and updates – Bitstamp NEW RESEARCH: The state of Bitcoin as collateral. - Read more × News INTRODUCING UNI, YFI AND SNX AT BITSTAMP WITH ZERO FEES UNTIL THE END OF JULY! 26 APR 2021 We are further expanding our support for the growing DeFi space with another trio of new listings. The new assets each cover a unique use case and should be an exciting addition to the portfolios of both DeFi enthusiasts as well as rst-time entrants to the space. We are listing the following cryptocurrencies: ● Uniswap (UNI) – an automated trading and liquidity protocol that enables decentralized trading of tokens through the Uniswap DEX ● Yearn.nance (YFI) – a DeFi service created to help non-technical users maximize returns from yield farming ● Synthetix (SNX) – a DeFi protocol for creating on-chain derivatives (called synths) based on both crypto and non-crypto assets All of these cryptocurrencies will trade with zero fees until the end of July! Please note that for the time being, these assets will not be available to our US customers. Listing schedule: 1. Transfer-only mode: Deposits and withdrawals open but trading is not enabled yet. UNI, YFI, SNX: Monday, 3 May 2. Post-only mode: You will be able to place and cancel limit orders, but they will not be matched. Therefore, no orders will actually be completed during this stage. https://www.bitstamp.net/news/ 1/19 2021. 4. 27. News and updates – Bitstamp UNI: Tuesday, 4 May, at 8:00 AM UTC YFI: Wednesday, 5 May, at 8:00 AM UTC SNX: Thursday, 6 May,NEW at 8:00RESEARCH: AM UTC The state of Bitcoin as collateral. -
The Bitcoin Trading Ecosystem
ArcaneReport(PrintReady).qxp 21/07/2021 14:43 Page 1 THE INSTITUTIONAL CRYPTO CURRENCY EXCHANGE INSIDE FRONT COVER: BLANK ArcaneReport(PrintReady).qxp 21/07/2021 14:43 Page 3 The Bitcoin Trading Ecosystem Arcane Research LMAX Digital Arcane Research is a part of Arcane Crypto, bringing LMAX Digital is the leading institutional spot data-driven analysis and research to the cryptocurrency exchange, run by the LMAX Group, cryptocurrency space. After launch in August 2019, which also operates several leading FCA regulated Arcane Research has become a trusted brand, trading venues for FX, metals and indices. Based on helping clients strengthen their credibility and proven, proprietary technology from LMAX Group, visibility through research reports and analysis. In LMAX Digital allows global institutions to acquire, addition, we regularly publish reports, weekly market trade and hold the most liquid digital assets, Bitcoin, updates and articles to educate and share insights. Ethereum, Litecoin, Bitcoin Cash and XRP, safely and securely. Arcane Crypto develops and invests in projects, focusing on bitcoin and digital assets. Arcane Trading with all the largest institutions globally, operates a portfolio of businesses, spanning the LMAX Digital is a primary price discovery venue, value chain for digital nance. As a group, Arcane streaming real-time market data to the industry’s deliver services targeting payments, investment, and leading indices and analytics platforms, enhancing trading, in addition to a media and research leg. the quality of market information available to investors and enabling a credible overview of the Arcane has the ambition to become a leading player spot crypto currency market. in the digital assets space by growing the existing businesses, invest in cutting edge projects, and LMAX Digital is regulated by the Gibraltar Financial through acquisitions and consolidation. -
Coinbase Explores Crypto ETF (9/6) Coinbase Spoke to Asset Manager Blackrock About Creating a Crypto ETF, Business Insider Reports
Crypto Week in Review (9/1-9/7) Goldman Sachs CFO Denies Crypto Strategy Shift (9/6) GS CFO Marty Chavez addressed claims from an unsubstantiated report earlier this week that the firm may be delaying previous plans to open a crypto trading desk, calling the report “fake news”. Coinbase Explores Crypto ETF (9/6) Coinbase spoke to asset manager BlackRock about creating a crypto ETF, Business Insider reports. While the current status of the discussions is unclear, BlackRock is said to have “no interest in being a crypto fund issuer,” and SEC approval in the near term remains uncertain. Looking ahead, the Wednesday confirmation of Trump nominee Elad Roisman has the potential to tip the scales towards a more favorable cryptoasset approach. Twitter CEO Comments on Blockchain (9/5) Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey, speaking in a congressional hearing, indicated that blockchain technology could prove useful for “distributed trust and distributed enforcement.” The platform, given its struggles with how best to address fraud, harassment, and other misuse, could be a prime testing ground for decentralized identity solutions. Ripio Facilitates Peer-to-Peer Loans (9/5) Ripio began to facilitate blockchain powered peer-to-peer loans, available to wallet users in Argentina, Mexico, and Brazil. The loans, which utilize the Ripple Credit Network (RCN) token, are funded in RCN and dispensed to users in fiat through a network of local partners. Since all details of the loan and payments are recorded on the Ethereum blockchain, the solution could contribute to wider access to credit for the unbanked. IBM’s Payment Protocol Out of Beta (9/4) Blockchain World Wire, a global blockchain based payments network by IBM, is out of beta, CoinDesk reports.