Report of the Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission Workshop on Vessel Monitoring Systems. Saly, Senegal, 14-17 oct 2002

Item Type Report

Citation FAO Fisheries Report. No. 696. Rome, FAO. 2002. 99p.

Publisher FAO

Download date 26/09/2021 23:40:09

Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/328 47

Annex 5.4 Fishing Vessel Monitoring: The What, Why and How

Slide 1 Slide 4

ShipboardShipboard equipmentequipment

FishingFishing vesselvessel monitoringmonitoring •• Typically Typically aa standard,standard, satellitesatellite transmittertransmitter oror transceivertransceiver TheThe what,what, whywhy andand howhow •• Almost Almost alwaysalways integratesintegrates globalglobal positioningpositioning systemsystem (GPS)(GPS) receiverreceiver Robert Gallaher, Robert Gallaher, •• Can Can bebe partpart ofof vessel’svessel’s communicationscommunications FAOFAO ConsultantConsultant systemsystem oror completelycompletely independentindependent

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WhatWhat isis VMS?VMS? TransmissionTransmission mediummedium •• The The useuse ofof communicationscommunications andand navigationnavigation systemssystems toto tracktrack thethe •• Two Two essentialessential elements:elements: movementsmovements ofof vesselsvessels –– From From shipship toto shoreshore •• A A tooltool forfor improvingimproving thethe efficiencyefficiency ofof MCSMCS –– From From shoreshore toto fisheriesfisheries monitoringmonitoring centre (FMC) •• A A tooltool forfor improvingimproving thethe effectivenesseffectiveness ofof centre (FMC) resourceresource managementmanagement •• Until Until present,present, satellitessatellites havehave exclusivityexclusivity forfor shipship toto shore,shore, butbut othersothers possiblepossible •• Shore Shore toto FMCFMC cancan bebe datadata connectionconnection (X.25,(X.25, internet),internet), telephonetelephone (fixed(fixed oror cellular)cellular) oror satellitesatellite relay.relay.

Slide 3 Slide 6

WhatWhat doesdoes VMSVMS require?require? FMC:FMC: datadata storagestorage && processingprocessing

•• Typically Typically standard,standard, PCPC hardwarehardware •• Communications Communications modulemodule assuresassures interfaceinterface •• Transmission Transmission equipmentequipment aboardaboard withwith transmissiontransmission mediummedium vesselsvessels •• Data Data basebase managermanager storesstores andand •• A A transmissiontransmission medium/systemmedium/system manipulatesmanipulates datadata •• A A meansmeans ofof receiving,receiving, storing,storing, •• Graphics Graphics programprogram permitspermits displaydisplay ofof datadata displayingdisplaying andand manipulatingmanipulating datadata onon mapsmaps 48

Slide 7

VHF/CellularVHF/Cellular

PSTNPSTN FMCFMC

ProtectionProtection ResourceResource AndAnd industryindustry managementmanagement ControlControl

Slide 8 Slide 10

BasicBasic operationaloperational scenarioscenario AA wordword aboutabout securitysecurity

•• Equipment Equipment aboardaboard vesselvessel createscreates datadata filefile atat •• This This datadata isis highlyhighly confidentialconfidential forfor goodgood pre-determinedpre-determined intervalsintervals reasonreason – File contains position of vessel in latitude and – File contains position of vessel in latitude and • Sufficient measures must be taken to longitudelongitude • Sufficient measures must be taken to –– Perhaps Perhaps speedspeed andand coursecourse guardguard thatthat confidentialityconfidentiality •• File File isis transmittedtransmitted viavia transmissiontransmission mediamedia toto •• Failure Failure toto dodo thisthis couldcould wellwell leadlead toto FMCFMC compromise,compromise, oror eveneven failure,failure, ofof projectproject • FMC puts data at disposal of authorities for use • FMC puts data at disposal of authorities for use •• More More laterlater andand possiblepossible distributiondistribution

Slide 9 Slide 11

WhatWhat doesdoes datadata provide?provide? AnalyzingAnalyzing VMSVMS datadata ---- 1 1

•• At At veryvery minimum,minimum, anan historicalhistorical recordrecord ofof •• The The mostmost basicbasic case:case: latitude,latitude, longitudelongitude vessel’svessel’s movementsmovements plusplus timetime stampstamp •• Depending Depending uponupon configurationconfiguration used,used, aa –– Estimation Estimation ofof fishingfishing efforteffort measuredmeasured inin daysdays quasi-real-timequasi-real-time viewview ofof vesselvessel behaviorbehavior atat seasea – Determination of ports for landing •• The The basisbasis forfor deductionsdeductions asas toto fishingfishing andand – Determination of ports for landing – Control of passage or fishing activity in commercialcommercial activityactivity – Control of passage or fishing activity in restrictedrestricted areasareas 49

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AnalysingAnalysing VMS VMS datadata ---- 2 2 PuttingPutting VMSVMS datadata toto useuse ---- 3 3

•• Addition Addition ofof speedspeed andand coursecourse –– Determination Determination ofof “probable”“probable” fishingfishing activityactivity usingusing speedspeed –– Certain Certain determinationdetermination ofof fishingfishing activityactivity usingusing •• Resource Resource managementmanagement “fishing“fishing fingerprint”fingerprint” –– Calculation Calculation ofof fishingfishing efforteffort –– Prediction Prediction ofof futurefuture activityactivity ofof vesselvessel •• In In zonezone asas aa wholewhole •• In In specificspecific areasareas •• In In specificspecific fisheriesfisheries –– Follow Follow evolutionevolution ofof fishingfishing groundsgrounds

Slide 13 Slide 16

PuttingPutting VMSVMS datadata toto useuse ---- 1 1 PuttingPutting VMSVMS datadata toto useuse ---- 4 4

•• Fisheries Fisheries protectionprotection && controlcontrol –– Cross-referenced Cross-referenced withwith landinglanding andand research data –– Control Control ofof fishingfishing efforteffort research data • Analysis of fisheries under pressure of over- – Control of protected/forbidden zones • Analysis of fisheries under pressure of over- – Control of protected/forbidden zones exploitationexploitation – Control of illegal landings – Control of illegal landings •• Analysis Analysis ofof seasonalseasonal trendstrends inin fisheries fisheries –– Control Control ofof illegalillegal trans-shipmentstrans-shipments •• Preventive Preventive measuresmeasures inin allocationallocation ofof fishing fishing efforteffort andand quotasquotas

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PuttingPutting VMSVMS datadata toto useuse ---- 2 2 PuttingPutting VMSVMS datadata toto useuse ---- 5 5

•• Fisheries Fisheries protectionprotection && controlcontrol ---- 2 2 •• At At thethe serviceservice ofof industryindustry –– Increasing Increasing thethe efficiencyefficiency ofof patrolpatrol vesselsvessels andand –– Opportunity Opportunity toto shareshare datadata toto makemake resourceresource aircraftaircraft managementmanagement aa communalcommunal efforteffort –– Providing Providing aa crediblecredible deterrentdeterrent toto illegalillegal fishingfishing –– Distribute Distribute datadata inin real-timereal-time toto assistassist –– Providing Providing supportingsupporting evidenceevidence inin prosecutionsprosecutions operationsoperations • A serious deterrent to illegal fishing –– A A powerfulpowerful tooltool againstagainst illegalillegal fishingfishing • A serious deterrent to illegal fishing –– Significantly Significantly improvedimproved safetysafety atat seasea 50

Slide 18

FutureFuture developmentsdevelopments ---- 1 1

•• Predicted Predicted plethoraplethora ofof newnew satellitesatellite systemssystems unlikelyunlikely toto developdevelop •• Nonetheless, Nonetheless, equipmentequipment andand servicesservices ofof existingexisting providersproviders tendingtending lowerlower •• The The rangerange ofof companiescompanies providingproviding FMCFMC softwaresoftware andand relatedrelated servicesservices isis growinggrowing quicklyquickly

Slide 19

FutureFuture developmentsdevelopments ---- 2 2

•• Electronic Electronic loglog bookbook –– Missing Missing linklink inin datadata necessarynecessary forfor mostmost effectiveeffective controlcontrol andand managementmanagement –– Most Most importantimportant impedimentimpediment isis lacklack ofof standardstandard datadata formatformat •• Earth Earth observationobservation satellitessatellites toto provideprovide independentindependent verificationverification ofof VMSVMS datadata –– Definitive Definitive tooltool againstagainst illegalillegal fishingfishing 51

Annex 5.5 Institutional Options for VMS

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Uses of VMS - 2 • Vessel location Institutional – clearer definition of closed areas – planning/ targetting of patrols options – reduction in patrol cost & time, increased efficiency – comparison with radar overlays/ images for VMS • Measurement of fishing activity – effort limitations Kieran Kelleher – effort ‘quotas’ as an alternative to fish quotas Sub-Regional VMS Workshop – protecting endangered species Saly, Sénégal 14-17 October, 2002 – examples: USA, CFP • Catch control 1 – at sea registration of catch (e-logs), X-checks 4

Slide 2 Slide 5

Presentation Criteria for selection of fisheries • Uses of VMS in fisheries control • Health of the fishery, or habitat • Criteria for selection of fisheries • Low compliance levels • High enforcement costs • National VMS schemes • Number/ size of vessels involved • International VMS schemes • Geographical distribution of fishery • Need for ‘immediate’ information • Need more accurate management data • Views of the fishing industry • Safety of vessels

2 5

Slide 3 Slide 6

A range of uses of VMS Examples of VMS schemes

• Use and system design dependent ƒ National ƒ International on fisheries management measures ¾ ))$ – Position / location of vessels ¾ ,UHODQG ¾ &)3 – Measurement of fishing activity ¾ 1RUZD\ – Catch control ¾ 2WKHU5)2V ¾ )UDQFH • Vessel safety / communications ¾ 0R]DPELTXH •National security ¾ 86$

3 6 52

Slide 7 Slide 8

Ireland France -1 • Fisheries Monitoring Centre (FMC) and • VMS responsibility CROSS (Etel) VMS – CROSS is part of Regional Directorate of – operated by Navy Maritime Affairs – nightly downloads to vessels + updates as – which is part of the Ministry of Transport required – CROSS functions include SAR, maritime radio – aerial surveillance info faxed and emailed to watch, patrol vessel operations FMC – miltary + civilian personnel • Networked to fisheries administration • Prefet maritime • State of the art ‘intelligence’, or ‘expert’ – = “provincial governor” for sea areas system – holds executive authority over all maritime areas – vessel histories including all sightings – delegates this authority to CROSS > unified – targeting more frequent offenders maritime response capability – software link to ‘intelligent legal checklist’ and • Ministry of Fisheries provides policy – decision framework for on-board inspector 7 orientation 8

Slide 9

VMS in the French fleet (2002)

France - 2 Inmarsat 26%

Em s at 53%

Argos CROSS (Etel) 20%

EutelTracs • FMC investment €366,000 1% • Recurrent costs €90,000 per year for transmissions – ö 900 vessels (ö 500 French) • + 7-8 operations personnel (24 hr) • + maintenance personnel (in house) • 5% of vessel VMS ‘down’ – fax, radio

9

Slide 10

Norway •Importance – 13,000 vessels , 1200 between 13-27m, 365 > 27m –Catch ö 3 million tonnes/ year – World’s 10th largest fish producer, No. 1 exporter (value) • Complex fisheries and fishing zones – Norwegian zone, Jan Mayen, Svalbard, Loop hole, Banana hole • Objectives of VMS – Consolidate an efficient and economic administration of fisheries

– Simplify existing reporting system 10 53

Slide 11

Foreign and Norwegian vesselsNorwegian zones today

11

Slide 12

Norway • Operated by Directorate of Fisheries – operational arm of the Ministry of Fisheries – 9 regional offices • Networked to Coast Guard – 3 regional divisions, military + civil – own + chartered vessels and aircraft – checkpoints • Interface with /compatible with EU • Exchange of information with EU and RFOs – i.e., EU vessels in Norwegian waters and Norwegian vessels in EU waters – Also with NAFO and NEAFC (USA, Canada, Russia, etc.) 12 54

Slide 13 Norwegian VMS organization Satellite Coast Guard

Fishing vessel Vessel owner FMC’s

Russia Iceland Faeroes 25 Fisheries X - Monitoring EU member Earth Centre X - 25 Countries Station (FMC) (Total 13)

X - 25 X - 25 NEAFC NAFO 13

Slide 14

Tracks of Norwegian blue whiting trawlers transiting UK and Irish waters

14 55

Slide 15

Barents Sea active closures - 1

• Juvenile cod by-catch in Bering Sea shrimp fishery • Constant monitoring of by-catch by – 14 chartered trawlers – research surveys –observers • Decision rule > 15% by-catch of juvenile cod - close large blocks • Open by smaller block when juvenile cod by-catch < 15%

15

Slide 16

Barents Sea active closures - 2

Tracks of research vessel between North Cape and Svalbard

ClosureJuvenile cod by- Opencatch 12/06/2002closure Open 20/06/2002

Open 10/07/2002

16

Slide 17 Slide 18

USA 1 USA 2

• Operated by NMFS/ NOAA / OLE – • Closed area offence a civil, not criminal – GOAL: enforcement + commerical service for offence fishermen – major implications for burden of proof – federal fisheries (rare for State fisheries – 3 nm) •Examples: – major focus on protected species – cost savings - Hawaiian closed area – fishery specific VMS rules and schemes – active management - rolling closures - Gulf of – regional offices and VMS Maine – VMS networked with Coast Guard/ State Fisheries • Management plans regional - several states

17 18 56

Slide 19

ƒ Numerous fisheries management plans (FMP) ¾ 1XPHURXVGLIIHUHQW906VFKHPHV ¾ 906ILQDQFLQJDQLLQWHJUDOSDUW RIHDFKPDQDJHPHQWSODQ ¾ &RQJUHVVDSSURYDORI)0&EXGJHW UHQHZDEOH ƒ National coordination ¾ 5HJLRQDO906GDWDEDVHPDQDJHPHQW ƒ Examples ¾ $WODQWLFVZRUGILVK$WND PDFNHUHO $ODVND ¾ *XOIRI0H[LFRVKULPS+DZDLLSHODJLF ¾ *XOIRI0DLQHಫGD\VDWVHDಬVFDOORS ¾ 1(PXOWLVSHFLHV JURXQGILVK ¾ /LQNV))$1$)2&&$0/5,&&$7,$77&

Slide 20 Slide 21

Hawaiian longline closed area USA Gulf of Maine: days-at-sea • Patrol costs pre-VMS • Scallop fishery effort + closed area (zone) – vessels 3000 hours / $1000 per hour = $3 million – same vessel operates in several fisheries – Air 350 hrs / $7,500 per hour = $2.6 million – - 300m accuracy, 250 vessels – Total per year (120 vessels) $5.6 million – allowed only “X” days fishing scallop in a given area • Patrol costs post-VMS • Days-at-sea – Vessels 110 hrs / $1000/hr $110,000 – Clock starts upon entry to zone - 2 hour units – Air 8 hrs / 7,500/hr = $60,000 – Presumption – VMS operations = $200,000 – Other fishery – declaration prior to leaving – Total per year = $370,000 port • Annual theoretical benefit $5.2 million • VMS + observer data on discards/ juveniles 20 • Rolling seasonal closures 21 57

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Rolling closures

Gulf of Maine

22

Slide 23 Slide 24

Mozambique Forum Fisheries Agency • Directorate of Fisheries Administration • Key characteristics (Ministry of Fisheries) – Centralised service for 16 countries – exports 2001 – US$106 million (35-40%) – responsible for VMS, licensing, catch statistics – Application only to tuna vessels – targets: 90 shrimp, 15 tuna purse seiners, ?40 – Directed at non-MS flag vessels tuna longliners – Common protocols – Inmarsat C only – X-25 from FMC to ADMAR (SAR) and – Harmonised VMS legislation Research Institute • Developed over 15 years • Contract Thales Tracks US$ 1.5 million – Ideas, legal framework – commercial financial package – Strong central administration – installation FMC, software, training – Australian / NZ / EU technical and financial – 100 units to be purchased by vessel operators support – maintenance contract US$115,000/ yr 23 24 58

Slide 25

120E 140E 160E 180 160W 140W 120W

Minami Hawaii 20 Tori Shima N Wake 20 Northern N M ar ianas Johnston

Guam Marshall Islands

Federated States of Micronesia Pal m y r a • GraphicPal au excluded Howland EQ & Baker EQ Papua New Guinea Nauru Kiribati Jar vi s Line Pho eni x Islands Tuvalu Solomon Is Tokelau Cook Wallis & Islands Futuna Sam o a Fiji Am Sam o a Tonga 20 A ustralia V anuatu New Niue 20 S Caledonia French Polynesia S Matthew & Hunter Pi t cai r n

Norfolk

40 40 S S New Zealand FFA & SPC

120E 140E 160E 180160W 140W 120W areas 25

Slide 26

FFA - centrally coordinated system

Palau Tuvalu Solomon Is.

Cook Is.

Japanese vessels Australia

W. Samoa Papua New FFA VMS Fisheries Guinea Monitoring Centre Honiara, Solomon Tonga Islands New Zealand USA vessels Nauru

Kiribati

Fiji SPC Marshall Scientific Chinese Islands information vessels Vanuatu X-checks Fed. States of Micronesia

26 59

Slide 27

Common Fisheries Policy • Control regulation – Council Regulation (EC) Nè 686/97 amending Regulation (EEC) Nè 2847/93 establishing a control system applicable to the common fisheries policy. – Standards and protocols, e.g., Reg. 1449/98 entry/ exit • Obligatory – Member States can be penalised by Commission/ ECJ • Application – vessels > 24m, > 12m (proposed) • Third countries

•RFOs 27

Slide 28

ICES areas

• Key geographical units for: –TACs –Quotas – Reporting

28 60

Slide 29

VMS in the EU

Irish vessels in Irish Norwegian waters FMC (bilateral VMS agreements)

Irish vessels Irish vessels in UK waters UK vessels in Irish waters Irish vessels in French Automatic waters Member States UK retransmission provide EC with European FMC between EU access to all CommissionEU Member States VMS French information UK vessels UK vessels vessels in in French French Irish waters waters vessels in ICCAT UK waters NEAFC Member States NAFO provide VMS CCAMLR French Information to FMC NAFO and NEAFC when NAFO / NEAFC their vessels are VMS information French fishing in these to patrol vessels vessels Denmark areas when in area FMC Belgium Greece Portugal Holland Germany Spain Finland Luxembourg Sweden Austria

29

Slide 30

Scope and authority: FFA vs CFP •FFA – FFA – South Pacific Economic Commission - economic cooperation – FFA decisions, agreements, policy endorsed by SPEC summit – Obligation: international agreement and peer pressure •CFP – EC Treaties – must apply EC legislation in full –Enforcableby ECJ – Member States can be penalised

30 61

Annex 5.6 Legal Issues Relating to VMS

Slide 1 Slide 4

1982 UN Convention

• Within the EEZ the coastal state has sovereign rights to explore, exploit, conserve and manage the natural resources (Article 56.1) • The coastal state shall ensure through proper Legal issues relating to VMS conservation and management measures the sustainable utilization of the living resources of the EEZ (Article 61.2) • Nationals of other states fishing in the EEZ shall comply with conservation measures, terms and conditions by Henning Osnes Teigene established in coastal state legislation (Article 62.4) Workshop on VMS, Saly, Senegal, 14-17 October 2002 • Within the EEZ coastal states may take such measures as may be necessary to ensure compliance with its laws and regulations (Article 73.1) • States have responsibilities over fishing vessels flying their flags (Article 117)

Slide 2 Slide 5

Main issues 1995 UN Fish Socks Agreement

• Legal basis for VMS • In giving effect to their duty to cooperate in accordance – International with the 1982 UN Convention states are required to – collect and share data concerning fishing activities, including on –Regional vessel position (Article 5(j)) – National – Promote and conduct scientific research and develop appropriate technologies in support of fisheries management (Article 5(k)) • Legal issues – Implement and enforce conservation and management – Constitutionality measures through effective MCS (Article 5(l)) • Article 18 imposes flag state duties among which are – Confidentiality – the recording and timely reporting of relevant fisheries data – Evidence (vessel position, catch, effort) in accordance with sub-regional, – Maritime boundaries regional and global standards for collection of such data (Article 18.3 (e)); and – Intellectual property – the development and implementation of VMS, including as appropriate, satellite transmitter systems, in accordance with any national programs and subregional, regional or global • Main features of VMS regulations programs that may have been agreed to (Article 18.3 (g) (iii)).

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International law basis for the use 1993 FAO Compliance Agreement of VMS • United Nations Convention on the Law of the • Imposes flag state responsibilities Sea (1982 UN Convention) – no state shall authorize its flag vessels to fish on the – in force from 16 November 1994 high seas unless it is able to exercise effectively its • Agreement for the Conservation and responsibility (Article III.3) Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (1995 UN Fish – States shall ensure that their flag vessels provide Socks Agreement) information on their fishing activities, including on – in force from 11 December 2001 area of fishing operations (Article III.7) • Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management • Requires states to exchange information, Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas including evidentiary material relating to (1993 FAO Compliance Agreement) –not in force activities of fishing vessels (Article V.1) 62

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Regional agreements National legal basis continued

• SRFC Convention • All the countries of the region have declared 200nm – Has as its objective the long term exclusive economic zones harmonization of the fisheries policies of the • All the countries have in place the legal framework for a member states and the strengthening of licensing system cooperation (Article 2) • SRFC access convention • To varying degrees existing fisheries legislation provides the framework for VMS regulations. • SRFC protocol for the coordination of – Detailed regulations are lacking. surveillance operations – Common law and Civil Law countries – E.g. Sierra Leone 1994 Fisheries Decree Article 107 provides wide powers to make regulations on “any other matter which is • All of the above may facilitate the required or authorised to be prescribed”. implementation of VMS – E.g. Morocco 1973 Sea Fisheries Act needed to be amended in order to provide a legal basis for VMS

Slide 8 Slide 11

Constitutionality of VMS The FFA solution requirements

• FFA VMS is implemented under the auspices of the • Legal implications of all new approaches should South Pacific Forum Fishing Agency Convention be identified and analyzed • Harmonized Minimum Terms and Conditions for Foreign Fishing Vessel Access include VMS requirements • Countries have to ensure that the introduction of • Foreign fishing vessel must be registered on the VMS the VMS system does not constitute a violation register of Foreign Fishing Vessels of the supreme law of the country

• Each member State concludes bilateral access agreements • To date VMS had not been challenged in court – which must comply with the Harmonized Minimum Terms and Conditions (among which are to “install and operate a registered on the ground so unconstitutionality ALC on board the vessel; and maintain the ALC in good working order”)

Slide 9 Slide 12

National legal basis Confidentiality of VMS information

• International legal instruments not binding • Confidentiality of VMS information is recognized to be a in areas under national jurisdiction and on sensitive issue for the fishing industry nationals • Fisheries administration’s responsibilities starts when – Enabling national legislation is needed to information is received by the monitoring agency, prior to require the use of VMS this responsibility for security of data belongs to the manufacturer • Other legal issues connected to VMS • Countries need to determine what kind of information (confidentiality, evidence, maritime would qualify as warranting confidentiality boundaries) are primarily dealt with under – USA: all data required to be submitted to the fisheries national law administration with respect to any fisheries management plan – Papua New Guinea: all data supplied by VMS 63

Slide 13 Slide 16

Confidentiality continued VMS as evidence continued • Rules restricting disclosure of VMS information can be found in different pieces of legislation – Some countries include rules on confidentiality and disclosure in • USA applies the system of civil and administrative fisheries legislation (to date not common) penalties for fisheries offences – Permits hearing where rules on evidence are not so strict, the • Legislation relating to informational privacy and record keeping systems (in particular computerized) standards of proof are lower – Balance between government’s legitimate need for information and the – In a US administrative proceeding of 5 December 2001 the Initial individuals right of informational privacy Decision found the respondent guilty of illegal fishing in a closed – Limits on the external disclosure of information a record keeping entity area. One of two incursions into the closed area was based was may make based solely on VMS information.

• Legislation concerning protection of commercially sensitive information • Sierra Leone 1994 Fisheries (Management and – Limitation on disclosure of information that may lead to a commercial Development) Decree includes interesting rules: disadvantage – applies civil proceedings to pecuniary penalties (Article 96) • Confidentiality may be ensured by the release of data in aggregated – Director may issue “certificate evidence” as to the location of a form fishing vessel which shall be evidence of the vessels position – Does not permit direct or indirect id of natural or legal persons “unless the contrary is proven” (Article 85)

Slide 14 Slide 17

Confidentiality continued Maritime boundaries

• Access to confidential information • Certainty of boundaries of maritime zones is – Generally restricted to specified categories of persons required to ascertain the scope of application of – To safeguard confidentiality persons given access might be held VMS requirements responsible for unauthorized disclosure – Such persons must be informed and may be required to sign a form of confidentiality (Norway) • Lack of clarity may destroy any civil or criminal case • Use of confidential information – As a general principle VMS information shall only be used for fisheries management purposes (research (not USA), • For the purpose of effective VMS it is enforcement) recommended that the countries ascertain their – Secondary uses (based on enabling legislation) may include: maritime boundaries and conclude boundary • General law enforcement (as evidence in court cases) • (Search and) rescue agreements where necessary • International obligations

Slide 15 Slide 18

VMS as evidence Intellectual Property • Question has been raised whether the VMS • Can VMS be used (by itself) as evidence in judicial proceedings? database kept by the competent authority would be granted copyright protection • In common law countries VMS information may be – Might be questionable since intellectual creativity as a inadmissible in criminal proceedings due to the rule distinctive human intervention is a basic requirement against hearsay evidence – (In short:) a testimony in court of a statement made out of court resting for its value upon the out of court statement – Proof of physical location may be overcome by exceptions: • A pragmatic approach is to leave the question of “rebuttable presumption” and “judicial notice” management of the information up to the coastal – Proof of activities (e.g. illegal fishing) at this stage fails to furnish evidence of a sufficient caliber states as the owners of the VMS information in respect of their EEZ • Rules on admittance of evidence in civil law countries are generally less strict than in common law countries 64

Slide 19 Slide 22

Main features of VMS regulations Main features continued

• Fisheries Monitoring Agency • Responsibilities of permit holder and master – Must specify the responsible authority – Ensure VTU is fully operational and requested information transmitted regularly • Condition to fishing license – Fishing vessels must comply with requirements to carry VTUs in order to be authorized to fish (NZ and Norwegian approach with regard to foreign fishing vessels) • Offences and penalties – Experience from Australia, NZ and USA indicates that • Scope VMS has reduced the number of violations, in – Evolutionary approach has been common, certain fisheries or particular fishing in prohibited areas class of vessels – Must cover every imaginable interference with the – EU, Norway: all vessels exceeding 24 meters overall length proper functioning of VMS – New Zealand: all foreign fishing vessels, all local vessels exceeding 43 meters and all local vessels exceeding 28 meters – Penalties must be severe enough to deter violations used in certain fisheries

Slide 20 Slide 23

Main features continued Closing Remarks

• VTU minimum performance standards • Most of the countries of the sub region should be able to – VTU must be tamper proof and shall not permit input of false support implementation of VMS through their licensing positions or information systems – VTU must be operational at all times. Mounting requirements to – But, this is a short term measure ensure continuous reliable operation – Position accuracy within set number of meters (USA within 400m, EU within 500m) • The adoption of new legislation or amendments to – Frequency of position reporting (USA, Norway at least every existing legislation are better options as they are able to hour. NZ minimum range of reporting intervals between 15 deal with some of the legal issues discussed in the minutes and 24 hours) presentation – Must support polling (Norway required, EU recommended) – Drawing on experience from the FFA regional VMS cooperation – Data to be transmitted (EU: (i) vessel id; (ii) geographical countries who incorporated the provisions recommended by FFA position; (iii) date and time, Australia and Japan also catch data) into national legislation have had more success in ensuring that – Format (no universally agreed format so formats must be vessels install and keep operational at all times their ALCs specified)

Slide 21

Main features continued • Approval of VTU – To ensure compliance with the minimum performance standards some countries prescribe a detailed approval process (NZ, FFA)

• Registration of VTUs – Only required by FFA and NZ

• Procedures in case of VTU failure – To assure continuity and permanency of the reporting of the fishing vessels – Should include: (i) notification procedures; (ii) require information through alternative communication system; (iii) specification of time period within which the VTU must be repaired/replaced 65

Annex 5.7 Putting VMS Into Practice: The Devil is in the Details

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Ship to shore transmission issues Putting VMS into practice • What is my required geographical coverage? • How timely is the required data? The devil is in the details • What power supply is available aboard vessels? Robert Gallagher • What supplementary services are necessary? FAO Consultant

Slide 2 Slide 5 Planning is the key to success

• Four stage process Ship-to-shore available choices – Feasibility study • Means available, technical, human, economic? – Definition stage • Functional specification developed, tender documents finalized – Selection stage • ARGOS • Supplier chosen, delivery schedule decided – Delivery stage • Emsat/Euteltracs • System implemented and exhaustively tested • Inmarsat-C • Inmarsat-D+ • Terrestrial systems • Voice systems

Slide 3 Slide 6

A series of critical choices ARGOS

• Advantages • Disadvantages • Transmission medium ship-to-shore – World-wide coverage – Delays in delivery of • Terrestrial transmission medium – Simple and reliable data • Characteristics of FMC and “clients” – Relatively low power –One-way consumption communications only • Supplier for FMC • Future-proofing the system 66 Slide 7 Slide 10

Terrestrial systems Emsat/Euteltracs (VHF/cellular) • Advantages • Disadvantages • Cost of service often • Coverage very limited – Quasi real-time data – Limits to geographical inexpensive – Voice services for cover • Equipment very vessel crew – Relatively expensive inexpensive equipment • Low power – Requires sturdy power supply requirements

Slide 8 Slide 11

Voice systems (satellite, i.e. Inmarsat-C Iridium, Globalstar) • Advantages • Disadvantages • Provides voice for • Not best adapted for – Quasi real-time data – Equipment relatively vessel crew data transmission – Small and light expensive • Iridium coverage • Globalstar coverage equipment – No coverage in polar quasi wold-wide marginal in ocean – Multiple manufacturers regions regions –GMDSS – Requires sturdy power supply • Will they be here – Data messaging tomorrow?

Slide 9 Slide 13

Terrestrial transmission: getting Inmarsat-D+ the data to the FMC • Very small and light • Service too expensive • Low power for intensive use requirements • No polar area coverage • Available infrastructure is everything – Are switched data services available? – Are high quality digital voice lines available (i.e. IDSN) – Are high quality analogue voice services available? 67

Slide 12

VHF/Cellular

PSTN FMC

Protection Resource And industry management Control

Slide 14 Slide 16

If answer to these three Don’t’ forget the future question is negative • Will your use of the data develop over the next few years? • Living with low-quality voice lines • Will your department expand in the next – Problems of economy five years? – Operational difficulties • Will demands on your data increase from • Fixed satellite services, e.g. V-SAT other national services? – Implies high data throughput • Is a regional VMS or MCS on the horizon? • Mobile satellite services could be the answer • Each case studied individually

Slide 15 Slide 17

Choosing an FMC

• Above all, be clear about your needs – How may people will be using data? Time spent planning and – What is the urgency of each user? – How much detail does each user require? understanding the – Do you have sufficient IT resources to requirements of users is maintain and modify the FMC software – What are your requirements for exchanging ALWAYS time well-spent data with other departments (police, customs) or countries? 69

Annex 5.8 Towards a Subregional VMS Strategy

Slide 1 Slide 4

Target fleets? Towards a subregional VMS strategy • SRFC Member State flag industial vessels – ‘National’ industrial vessels (i.e., operating only in flag prepared by state) – Selected fisheries, or groups of vessels Kieran Kelleher – ‘Sub-Regional’ industial vessels (i.e., operating in more than 1 Member State) Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission • Foreign (i.e., non-Member State flag) vessels – joint position vis a vis FAO Joint VMS Workshop • Large/ ‘migrating’ artisanal vessels Saly 14-17 October 2002 • Reefers and supply vessels (bunker) 82 vessels

1 4

Slide 2 Slide 5

Presentation 2. Selected scenarios

1. Identify possible objectives and targets • FFA model unified single system 2. Develop sub-regional scenarios: • CFP model – cooperating national • apply selected regional VMS solutions to systems the SRFC sub-region • Fishery specific model 3. Assess the Sub-Regional context using – SWOT analysis (points forts/ faiblesses/ • Bilateral service model opportunites/ menaces ou risks) – Extended to a multilateral service 4. Conclusions

2 5

Slide 3 Slide 6

FFA SRFC Possible generic objective(s) ç a shared subregional model • “Greatest possible cooperation on VMS between Member States” • UCOS set up as a sub-regional Fisheries • Financing of VMS systems Monitoring Centre (FMC) • Sharing of VMS facilities between • SRFC Convention on VMS with Member States – Harmonised requirements for all vessels – Harmonised VMS provisions in access • Sharing VMS information agreements – Possible sub-contracting to reputable private company, or agency • Contractual obligations – – e.g., timely payments, possible commercial contracts 3 6 70

Slide 7

FFA model ç SRFC

Licences Licences

Foreign-flag vessels Mauritania SRFC-flag vessels EU Member States (automatic retransmission - subject to access Cabo Verde agreement)

Senegal Vessels operating UCOS under other access Gambia VMS Operations agreements Coordination Guinea Bissau ICCAT Information (subject to SRFC/ exchange with Morocco on ICCAT agreement) Guinea movement of vessels (e.g., tuna and small pelagics vessels, Sierra transiting trawlers Morocco Leone (subject to SRFC/ ICCAT agreement)

7

Slide 8

Representation of the FFA model – UCOS decision engine, client server network

Guinea Bissau

Gambia Guinea

UCOS Decision Sierra engine Senegal Leone

Mauritania Cabo Verde

8 71

Slide 9 Slide 10

FFA model: CFP model ç SRFC advantages and disadvantages

• Advantages • All SRFC states operate their own VMS – Lower costs, effective coordination (in principle) • Agree to provide information to each other • Disadvantages – ? which fleets are the targets of VMS cooperation – Institutional weakness of SRFC/ UCOS – ? type of information to be exchanged – Timely payments problem? • SRFC VMS Convention and permanent working – Not an integral part of the national security system group • Questions • Standardise data exchange (and equipment?) – not necessary for all vessels, e.g. if a vessel only fishes in • Mutual assistance and technology transfer Sénégal – ? how to select target groups of vessels • Gradual development of VMS network • Presence of equipent service agents throughout sub- region 9 10

Slide 11

Information exchange in a peer to peer configuration Secure Network WAN

Guinea Bissau

Guinea Gambia

Sierra Senegal Leone

Mauritania Cabo Verde

11 72

Slide 12

Peer to peer model network (EU) (simplified representation)

Guinea Bissau

Gambia Guinea

Secure Network Sierra WAN Senegal Leone

Mauritania Cabo Verde

Each Member State operates a decision engine, information exchange is under agreement(s) with other Member States 12

Slide 13 CFP model cooperating national systems

Guinea Bissau EU Member States (automatic retransmission - subject to access Guinea Gambia agreement)

Vessels operating Secure under other Subject to access Network agreements agreements Sierra WAN Leone Senegal ICCAT (subject to SRFC/ ICCAT agreement)

Mauritania Cabo Verde Morocco (subject to SRFC/ ICCAT agreement)

13 73

Slide 14 Slide 17

CFP model – advantages and SWOT analysis disadvantages • Advantages Internal to SRFC and Member – Full national responisbility and control States • Disadvantages • Strengths – Higher costs • Weaknesses – Un-necessary duplication of equipment – Possible compatibility/ data exchange External problems • Opportunities – Weakened common approach to foreign vessels • Threats

14 17

Slide 15 Slide 18

Fishery specific: example: Senegambia shrimp trawl Strengths fishery • Unifying character of SRFC • Requirements: – Joint fishery management plan/ clear definition of • Existence of UCOS and joint MCS fishery programme – Harmonised legislative requirements for VMS • MCS conventions and bilateral protocols – Operational agreement / contract • IUU declaration and SRFC ‘strategic action • Operated by: plan’ – Sénégal, or – Gambia, or • VMS operating in Sénégal and Mauritania – UCOS under agreement with both Member States already considering, Guinea testing • Other possible international fisheries: • SRFC vessel register initiatives – Tuna longline/ purse seine • Joint research capability (SIAP) established – Sénégal-G.Bissau joint area 15 18

Slide 16 Slide 19

Bilateral service arrangement Weaknesses Example: Sénégal/ Gambia

• Example: Sénégal operates a VMS system on behalf • Financing of investement AND recurrent of Gambia for all industrial vessels licensed to fish in expenditure a major problem for Gambia Member States and SRFC • (near) Real-time access by Gambia authorities for Gambian all Gambian vessels • Lack of skilled personnel and technical • Automatic transmission to Gambia of VMS data on capacity to build and maintain VMS Senegalese vessels transiting Gambia, or fishing in Gambian waters systems (adapt software) • Possible extension to cover other countries/ areas, e.g., Agéncia de Cooperação GB/ Sénégal • Eventual network of such agreements ‰ Is VMS a priority? • Possibloe service contract with reputable commercial operator to guarantee effective operation 16 19 74

Slide 20

Opportunities

• FAO strategy on IUU and VMS –FISHCODE, COFI –ICCAT • EU access agreements already include provisions for VMS • Maritime security a global concern – drugs, terrorism, illegal immigration – safety, oil pollution • Financial and cost related opportunities – EU, commercial banks, vessel operators – Possible future cost reductions – Combined action – local land station (s) – operating costs jointly negotiated

20

Slide 21

Threats

• Vendors selling proprietary (closed) VMS systems • Suppliers poorly represented in sub- region • Opposition by vessel operators • Possible failure of supplier companies

21

Slide 22

Conclusions

• Cooperation essential not merely desirable – Evident from the national and regional examples • No recommendations …. your work • Actions you may wish to consider: – Draft sub-regional strategy – Working group to follow up – More detailed study of the options – Pilot schemes – communicate results – Identify possible donors – ? a model VMS regulation – Feasability studies

22 75

ANNEX 6 COUNTRY STATEMENTS

R E P Ú B L I C A D E C A B O V E R D E

ATELIER SOUS-RÉGIONAL SUR LE SYSTÈME DE SUIVI DES NAVIRES Saly Portudal Sénégal, 14-16 octobre 2002 RAPPORT NATIONAL

SYSTÈME DE SURVEILLANCE AU CAP-VERT Mise en application d’un système VMS au Cap-Vert

L’archipel du Cap-Vert constitué par 10 îles et quelques îlots se situe à 450 Km de la côte Ouest africaine.

La pêche est une activité très importante dans le contexte socio-économique du pays pour sa contribution à la création d’emplois, sécurité alimentaire et la rentrée de divises à travers des exportations.

Avec une vaste Zone Economique Exclusive plus de 180 fois supérieure à la surface terrestre, la ZEE du Cap-Vert est une zone assez vulnérable aux actions de pêche illicite avec toutes les implications dans la préservation des ressources halieutiques.

La mise en place d´un système de contrôle et de surveillance des activités de la pêche dans les eaux se trouvant sous la juridiction nationale est en cours au Cap-Vert; cependant ce système nécessite d’un renforcement de sa capacité. Une amélioration des investissements dans les activités de SCS des pêches permet un meilleur contrôle, des réductions des activités de pêche illégale et d’empêcher la sur- exploitation des ressources halieutiques.

Pour les activités de surveillance maritime et aérienne, le Cap-Vert a bénéficié de l’appui de la coopération international notamment des pays comme l’Allemagne et la Chine dans l’acquisition des moyens suivants :

1) Pour la surveillance maritime : 4 bateaux patrouilleurs : "Espadarte" de 15 mètres, "Vigilante" de 52 mètres, "Sargo et Tainha" de 26 mètres chacun. De ces quatre navires, le Vigilante est le seul qui possède la capacité de réaliser la surveillance des zones plus éloignées. Espadarte, Sargo et Taínha ont la capacité de faire des opérations de patrouille côtière

2) Pour la surveillance aérienne : 2 avions patrouilleurs : "Dornier DO-228", "Bandeirante D4-CBK"

Avec ces moyens le Cap-Vert a réalisé plusieurs actions de surveillance aérienne et maritime au niveau national et de la sous-région dans le cadre du Projet AFR/013 financé par le Luxembourg. 76

Au stade actuel, bien que tous ces moyens soient en état opérationnel, ils ne sont pas en fonctionnement pour des raisons liées non seulement au manque de moyens financiers pour le financement des opérations de patrouilles mais aussi au manque des moyens de communication, notamment les appareils VHF portable et le remplacement de quelques équipements dont l’Antenne du centre de communication de la Station Côtière.

Un Plan pour la mise en oeuvre d’un programme de patrouille aérienne et maritime, par des institutions ayant la responsabilité dans ce domaine telles que la Direction Générale des Pêches, la Garde Côtière Nationale et les Capitaineries des Ports est en cours d’élaboration

La Garde Côtière du Cap-Vert est actuellement en phase de formation pour l’équipage des opérations de patrouille aérienne (DO–228, D4-CBK).

Dans le but d’améliorer la surveillance de la ZEE, le Cap-Vert a entamé plusieurs contacts avec des partenaires internationaux pour la mise en place d’un système de contrôle et surveillance des pêches au niveau national.

Le Cap-Vert ne possède pas de système VMS mis en place bien qu’avec l’appui de la Communauté européenne une étude pour l’installation de ce système est en cours. Dans ce sens, des missions techniques sont prévues pour l’identification des besoins du pays, le fonctionnement de ce système en tenant compte de la disparité géographique de l’archipel et les coûts pour la mise en œuvre.

Dans une deuxième phase la formation du personnel est prévu pour le montage, le fonctionnement et le suivi du système.

La législation nationale en matière de pêche date de 1987 et ne fait aucune référence au système de suivi des navires. Cependant dans le processus de révision et adaptation de la législation en cours, des dispositions concernant le VMS seront prévues.

Du point de vue pratique, la mise en place d’un système VMS au Cap-Vert devra être conçue avec une vision nationale mais aussi sous-régionale en tenant compte que le coût assez élevé de ce système pour des institutions publiques et pour des opérateurs de la pêche, ne devra pas être dissocié de son efficacité.

Pour ces raisons, et de façon à rentabiliser les faibles moyens disponibles au niveau de la sous- région dans la perspective d’encadrement de la mise en place du système VMS dans une stratégie plus élargie de la surveillance de la ZEE des pays de la sous-région, il est souhaitable que des actions conjointes soient mis en place en faveur de touts les états membres de la CSRP.

Praia le 11 octobre 2002. 77

THE GAMBIA COUNTRY STATEMENT MCS & VMS VMS Workshop Saly Portudal, Senegal 14 – 17 October 2002

Joseph E. Gabbidon MCS Unit

INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND

The Gambia comprises a strip of land varying from 25 to 50 Km on either side of the 480 Km long River Gambia. It is surrounded on three sides by the Republic of Senegal and on the West by the Atlantic Ocean. The Gambia has a continental shelf of about 4000Km2 while the 200 nm EEZ covers a total area of approximately 10500km2. The fisheries resources of the waters of Gambia were believed to be rich in terms of species abundance and diversity. This assumption was confirmed by surveys of fisheries potentials carried out with the assistance of the FAO and UNDP in 1964 and 1965. The flow of nutrient from the River Gambia (an estuary attracting fish for feeding and spawning) into the sea and the fortunate location of the Gambia in an area where trade winds, the canary currents and the upwelling system prevail provide an ideal environment for sustenance of fish resources.

Since the inception of a fisheries management body, Fisheries Division in 1967 and the establishment of a Fisheries Department by ACT of Parliament in 1978 a set of regulations (FISHERIES REGULATIONS) to govern the Fisheries Act 1977 was put in place. This coincided with the ratification of the UN Convention in 1978 claiming an EEZ of 200 Nautical Miles. In the same year (1978), the Government established a Surveillance team and equipped it with a patrol vessel in an effort to control and monitor the exploitation of the fisheries resources within the jurisdiction of the Gambia.

MCS & Observer Programme

The priorities of the Monitoring, Control and Surveillance Unit were to safeguard and monitor the activities of fishing vessels and fishing related activities. After a while, it was deemed necessary to assign fisheries observers onboard vessels licensed to fish in our waters. In 1991, the Fisheries Department decided to establish an observer programme through which all industrial fishing vessels fishing in Gambian waters are obliged to take onboard Fisheries Observers. The responsibilities of the observers among others, is to collect catch and effort data together with positions of fishing operations. All data collected with regards to the above are reported by radio to the MCS Unit of the Fisheries Department and records of daily catches submitted at the end of the licensing period.

Despite some correctable shortfalls, the observer programme is found to be a useful deterrent to fishing malpractices and for the provision of timely data including fishing positions. Coupled with aerial surveillance and regular patrols the activities of the MCS will be enhanced. The continuation 78 of aerial surveillance at a sub-regional dimension is therefore encouraged. For better functioning of MCS in the management of fisheries resources, there should be a concerted effort by all member states to strengthen sub-regional surveillance operations covering two or more states.

VMS in The Gambia

The Gambia does not have a Vessel Monitoring System for fisheries management. A feasibility study on VMS financed by FAO was carried out in the sub-region, including Gambia in 2000.

Views on VMS

VMS is a tool that can be useful in the absence of an effective observer programme. Its use as a standalone fisheries monitoring system may results in a lot of malpractices. It would seem that the fisheries managers will have to trust the vessel operators to report their catch and positions. Although some observers maybe vulnerable to manipulation, a well motivated individual coupled with regular rotation of observers would minimize malpractices. With all said and done VMS could complement the observer’s effort in accurate reporting and speedy transmission of data from the fishing grounds. The monitoring agency too would be in a position to track the activities of any fishing vessels operating within their waters with competent observer onboard. The assumption that VMS would show movement and activities of vessels is that the equipment are operational and not switched off to evade detection.

VMS is one of the many options that are available to us for MCS. The Gambia does not have adequate maritime surveillance capacity, the priority therefore, for Gambia is the acquisition of suitable patrol boats that are capable of staying out at sea for extended periods.

The Legal Aspect

The legal framework for admission of evidences emanating from the use of VMS in court should be in place. In the Gambia, admission of aerial photographs as material evidence has been regulated, so it would be necessary to regulate for VMS. 79

Communication de la Guinée-Bissau sur l'atelier VMS

Par le Colonel Pedro BARRETO Président de la Haute autorité pour la surveillance maritime

Généralités

La Guinée-Bissau couvre une superficie de 36.125 km² avec une population estimée à 1.200.000 d’habitants. Bien que la longueur de sa côte soit faible (275 km), la Guinée- Bissau possède l’un des plateaux continentaux les plus étendus de la côte ouest africaine (50.000 km²). La côte est découpée par des embouchures de rivières, bordée de mangroves et prolongée par un archipel de plus de 30 îles à l’est et au sud-ouest de Bissau.

L'économie du pays repose essentiellement sur l'agriculture et la pêche. L'agriculture constitue l'activité productrice la plus importante puisqu'elle représente près de 54% du PIB, occupe 85% de la population active et représente 93% des exportations. Les principales productions sont le riz et la noix de cajou. Par contre, avec un potentiel annuellement exploitable de 300.000 tonnes, le secteur de la pêche recèle les possibilités de développement les plus importantes et les plus immédiates qui sont peu exploitées en raison de contraintes liées à un environnement peu favorable au développement du secteur privé, et à une faible capacité institutionnelle. Les captures industrielles sont effectuées par les flottilles étrangères qui pêchent sous licence et dont l’activité s’exerce principalement sur les espèces de haute valeur marchande.

Activités de surveillance

La richesse du plateau continental et son étendue, attirent de nombreux navires qui travaillent illégalement dans la zone et contribuent à un pillage excessivement dommageable à la pérennité de l’activité. Par conséquent, le contrôle et la surveillance constituent une priorité pour la protection des intérêts nationaux comme des intérêts des navires qui règlent leur licence et qui s’engagent à pratiquer une pêche responsable.

Le contrôle et la surveillance étaient des prérogatives du département de Fiscalizaçao Maritima (FISCMAR) qui a été remplacée par la Haute Autorité pour la surveillance maritime. Celle-ci gère 30 inspecteurs, 74 observateurs et 12 techniciens de communication. Le département possède pour les opérations de surveillance, 3 vedettes rapides. 80

Le SSN en Guinée Bissau

En Guinée Bissau, une étude sur le système de suivi des navires n'a pas été réalisée en raison de la création récente des services chargés de la surveillance et du contrôle des activités de pêches.

Point de vue sur le SSN

L'atelier relatif au système de suivi des navires (SSN) pour la surveillance des pêches, organisé conjointement par la CSRP et la FAO, vient à son heure. Cet atelier est le signe de l'efficacité de notre organisation sous régionale et nous en attendons beaucoup pour la Guinée Bissau. Au cours de cet atelier, les fabricants de matériel présenteront leurs organisations ainsi que les avantages de leurs produits pour le suivi, contrôle et surveillance (SCS).

Le contrôle des opérations de pêche engendre des coûts très élevés difficile à supporter par les pays comme la Guinée Bissau dont les économies sont faibles. Les coûts de la surveillance classique des activités de pêche peuvent être atténués par l'utilisation d'un système moderne plus économique et efficace de suivi des navires qui sera considéré comme un outil juridique dans le combat contre les infractions aux lois et règlements des pêches. C'est pourquoi, la Guinée Bissau appuie sans réserve, l'utilisation de technologies modernes du suivi des navires.

L'introduction du SSN doit être faite de façon progressive, comme dans les autres parties du monde, pour permettre aux pays qui n'ont pas accès à cette technologie de s'inspirer de l'expérience des autres.

Aspect juridique

Sur le plan juridique, la loi des pêches du 06 août 2000, stipule dans son article 45 que les images photographiques ou tous les autres éléments obtenus par des appareils sonores ou des équipements audio-visuels pourront être utilisés comme preuve.

Ainsi, la Guinée Bissau n'a pas besoin d'adapter sa législation pour installer des systèmes de suivi des navires et les utiliser dans le suivi, contrôle et la surveillance.

Il est cependant nécessaire d'harmoniser les procédures relatives à l'obtention de preuves et de l'utilisation de la technologie dans le contrôle des activités de pêche au niveau sous régional.

Président de la Haute Autorité pour la Surveillance Maritime,

______Coronel, Pedro Pereira BARRETO 81

MINISTERE DE LA PECHE ET DE L’AQUACULTURE REPUBLIQUE DE GUINEE

Travail-Justice-Solidarité

CENTRE NATIONAL DE SURVEILLANCE ET DE PROTECTION DES PECHES Quartier Matam, Route du Niger, Km 10, B.P. 31967, Conakry

Conakry, le 07/11/2002

RAPPORT SUR LE VMS ARGOS

Dans la perspective de la mise en place du VMS pour des besoins du suivi contrôle des pêches en Guinée, le Département des pêches a négocié l’expérimentation du système Argos de localisation de navire de pêche.

Objectif :

L’objectif de cette phase expérimentale était de tester les capacités et limites du système Argos, établir un parallèle entre ce système et le programme observateur, identifier les contraintes du système par rapport à l’environnement technique et législatif.

Mise en route de la phase expérimentale:

Le CNSP a reçu 2 balises expérimentales.

L’une a été affectée à l’unité de surveillance Matakang basée à Kamsar dans le but de permettre au CNSP de se familiariser avec l’utilisation du système Argos dans le contrôle des missions de patrouille (suivi des itinéraires, orientation des missions et appréciation des plans de patrouille …)

La seconde balise a été posée sur un navire de pêche Djoliba 2.

Cette option avait un double avantage : offrir à l’administration des pêches des informations fiables sur les zones d’évolution des navires et susciter chez les armateurs /consignataires nationaux, l’intérêt de disposer d’un système de suivi de leur unité de pêche.

Observations :

L’expérience des balises acquise en Guinée est encore insuffisante pour tirer des conclusions.

Toutefois, on peut noter les observations suivantes :

- le système ARGOS est d’une installation aisée et facile. Il a suffi au personnel du CNSP de suivre l’installation d’une seule balise pour réussir sans assistance à installer la seconde.

- la familiarisation avec le logiciel de traitement ELSA 99 est aisée pour un initié à l’environnement Windows. 82

- le système ARGOS peut aider à contrôler les mouvements des unités de patrouille et ainsi rationaliser les sorties et qualifier les plans de patrouille.

- Grâce à la balise installée sur le Matakang, il a été possible de suivre son itinéraire

- le système ARGOS offre la possibilité d’apprécier les données de position fournies par les observateurs

- une certaine incompatibilité a été relevée entre le logiciel ELSA du système Argos et le Windows XP.

Cette incompatibilité relevée après la première installation avait valu l’organisation d’une seconde mission pour la réinstallation du système informatique et le transfert de l’installation du P.C. initialement prévu sur un autre ordinateur.

En dépit de l’intérêt de cet outil pour le suivi des navires de pêche, son utilisation par les armements nécessitera la mise en place d’une législation qui conditionnerait l’accès à la ressource à l’installation de la balise. 83

Atelier sur le Système de Suivi des Navires (VMS). Dakar, du 14 au 17 octobre 2002.

COMMUNICATION DE LA MAURITANIE SUR LE SYSTÈME DE SUIVI DES NAVIRES

L’objectif de cette note est de présenter de façon très succincte la Délégation à la Surveillance des Pêches et au Contrôle en Mer (DSPCM) tout en insistant sur le projet actuel de VMS en Mauritanie.

Les activités de suivi, de contrôle et de surveillance ( SCS ) des pêches étaient confiées à la Marine Nationale jusqu’à la création de la Direction de la Commande Pêche en 1989 dont la mission est le déclenchement et la coordination des opérations SCS sous l’autorité du Ministre des Pêches et de l’Economie Maritime. La DCP était le coordinateur de l’ensemble des composantes de la surveillance et l’interlocuteur désigné de toutes les administrations impliquées dans la surveillance.

Suite à l’avènement du nouveau droit de la mer qui consacre l’exercice par l’Etat des droits souverains dans la ZEEM et compte tenu de la nécessité de préserver le patrimoine halieutique mauritanien, le Gouvernement a crée par décret du 31 décembre 1994, une administration de mission dénommée Délégation à la Surveillance des Pêches et au Contrôle en Mer.

La DSPCM, placée sous la tutelle du Ministère des Pêches et de l’Economie Maritime et dotée de large pouvoir en matière de recherche et de répression des infractions, elle a autorité de police administrative générale dans la zone économique exclusive mauritanienne, en particulier :

ñ Le contrôle et la surveillance civile des activités de la pêche ñ L’application des lois et règlements de l’Etat en matière d’hygiène et de sécurité en mer ñ Le sauvetage en mer ñ La lutte contre la pollution ñ La lutte contre les fraudes et les trafics illicites en mer.

Pour accomplir ces missions, la DSPCM dispose des moyens suivants :

ñ 1 centre de communication maritime pour la gestion des radiocommunications, ñ 2 navires hauturiers de surveillance : ABBA et ARGUIN, ñ 1 avion de surveillance affrété pour un programme annuel de surveillance aérienne, ñ 10 embarcations pour la surveillance côtière réparties dans les postes côtiers, ñ 3 stations radar dans la zone nord, ñ 4 postes côtiers dans la zone sud, ñ 1 base de données performantes pour le suivi des activités du SCS et de la pêche.

La DSPCM joue un rôle de coordination entre les différentes administrations concernées par l’action de l’Etat en mer : la Marine Nationale, la Direction de l’Air la Gendarmerie, la Douane, le Parc National du Banc d’Arguin, en particulier dans le domaine de la surveillance des pêches. 84

Dans le cadre de son programme d’acquisition et de mise en œuvre de nouveaux équipements, la DSPCM projette la mise en œuvre d’un système de suivi des navires de pêche par satellite en tant que moyen d’aménagement durable des ressources halieutiques en particulier dans le domaine de la prévention et de lutte contre la pêche illicite, non déclarée et non réglementée.

Dans ce cadre, le Gouvernement a mis en place, grâce à la coopération allemande, un projet au niveau de la DSPCM visant l’installation d’un système de suivi des navires par satellite (SSN) au cours des trois années à venir.

Le SSN permettra de suivre en temps réel la position, la route, la vitesse des navires licenciés en Mauritanie et d’avoir probablement un journal électronique de pêche.

Le système sera constitué d’une salle sécurisée pour la planification et le suivi des opérations de surveillance des activités des pêches dans la ZEEM, des transpondeurs à bord des navires de pêche, des récepteurs sur les unités de surveillance, d’un serveur et de logiciels facilitant l’exploitation des informations et le déploiement des patrouilleurs dans le temps et dans l’espace.

L’actuel projet prévoit une phase pilote de 12 mois qui concerne 10 navires de pêche industrielle, équipés de transpondeurs au cours duquel le processus d’amendement de la législation, le choix des équipements et la formation du personnel doivent être achevés.

Enfin, la DSPCM compte sur la coopération sous-régionale pour l’harmonisation des procédures, l’identification des techniques convenables et la formation des cadres en matière de VMS. 85

N°______DPSP/SP République du Sénégal un Peuple - un But - une Foi ------MINISTERE DE LA PECHE ------Direction de la Protection et de la Surveillance des Pêches (DPSP) Cité Fenêtres Mermoz - Dakar - Corniche Ouest Tél. : 864 05 89 - Fax : 860 31 19 - BP : 3656

PRÉSENTATION SUR LA MISE EN PLACE D’UN VMS AU SÉNÉGAL.

1/ ENJEUX RELATIFS A LA MISE EN ŒUVRE D’UN SYSTÈME VMS AU SÉNÉGAL :

Le Sénégal dispose de 718 kilomètres de côtes contiguës à 360.000 km2 de Zone économique exclusive (ZEE) s’étalant sur la pointe continentale la plus avancée dans l’Océan Atlantique.

Cette position, conjuguée à des atouts géo-climatiques et bio-chimiques spécifiques, a créé des conditions favorables à l’abondance des ressources halieutiques qui font de la pêche sénégalaise un des secteurs contribuant de manière hautement significative au développement économique et social.

En effet, l’importance, tant la pêche industrielle que la pêche artisanale, n’est plus à démontrer au regard de leur contribution décisive au développement économique et social du Sénégal.

La pêche artisanale, qui représente avec ses 12.000 embarcations plus de 95 % de la flotte nationale sénégalaise et mobilise directement plus de 60.000 pêcheurs-artisans en activité, assure une contribution considérable dans l’économie sénégalaise : plus de 70 % de la production halieutique nationale, plus de 60 % de l’approvisionnement des usines et la presque totalité de la consommation nationale en poisson. La pêche artisanale participe ainsi substantiellement à la lutte contre le sous-emploi, la faim et la malnutrition. Malheureusement, la pêche artisanale paie, chaque année, un lourd tribut à la mer du fait des conditions météorologiques exceptionnelles et des accidents en mer.

La pêche industrielle, quant à elle, a créé plus de 80 usines de traitement de produits halieutiques et constitue l’essentiel de la flotte moderne nationale avec ses 150 navires de pêche en activité qui assurent 30 % des débarquements.

Toutefois, des menaces pèsent de plus en plus sur certains stocks démersaux, notamment côtiers. Dans un souci de préservation et de protection de cette ressource, le législateur sénégalais a pris des dispositions réglementaires interdisant l’activité de pêche chalutière dans la zone côtière des (7) miles marins. De même, la situation géographique du Sénégal qui dispose de cinq frontières maritimes à surveiller (Mauritanie, Gambie, Guinée-Bissau, Guinée-Conakry et Cap-Vert) 86 alourdit considérablement les missions de surveillance, notamment en matière de lutte contre les incursions de navires pirates pratiquant une pêche illicite et non autorisée.

En conséquence, l’importance de la pêche et des intérêts à préserver explique à suffisance pourquoi la protection des pêcheries et l’assistance des pêcheurs en matière de sécurité sont devenues les principales préoccupations des autorités sénégalaises, grandement concernées par la surveillance des pêches.

Ainsi, dans la perspective d’une exploitation rationnelle et durable des ressources halieutiques, les autorités en charge du secteur ont initié un certain nombre de mesures, parmi lesquelles un programme de protection des pêcheries qui occupent une place privilégiée dans le développement économique et social du Sénégal.

C’est dans ce cadre que se situe le projet de mise en oeuvre d’un système de télésurveillance des pêches.

2/ SITUATION ACTUELLE DU VMS AU SÉNÉGAL :

Si au niveau des armateurs le VMS est une réalité, pour l’Administration le processus de mise en œuvre est encore en cours. a) au niveau des armateurs sénégalais :

Depuis l’An 2000, les armateurs sénégalais exploitent un système VMS basé sur la balise ARGOS.

A ce jour, quelques 85 navires sénégalais sont équipés de balises ARGOS permettant aux armements exploitants de gérer leur flotte. b) au niveau de l’Administration :

Le système VMS n’est pas encore opérationnel. Toutefois, une expérimentation est en cours avec le concours gracieux de ARGOS, expérience qui a permis d’assurer la réception directe des émissions de balises ARGOS installées à bord de navires qui se sont volontairement soumis aux tests.

La mise en œuvre d’un système VMS fait actuellement l’objet d’une réflexion approfondie, précédée d’une budgétisation pour 2003.

Cette projection financière préalable dérive d’un double impératif : elle tient compte à la fois de l’urgence et de la nécessité de mettre en œuvre un système de contrôle devenu incontournable pour assurer une meilleure gestion des pêcheries, ainsi que de l’objectif de posséder les ressources financières adéquates au moment où la configuration juridique et technique du VMS au Sénégal aura été achevée, afin de ne pas retarder sa mise en oeuvre.

3/ CONFIGURATION JURIDIQUE DU VMS AU SÉNÉGAL :

- Le nouveau décret n° 2002-763 du 29 juillet 2002 portant organisation du Ministère de la Pêche consacre la création d’un véritable Centre Radio, Radar et Satellite (CRRS), à la place de 87 l’actuelle Permanence Radio dont la seule fonction est de gérer le trafic radio de jour et de nuit de la Direction de la Protection et de la Surveillance des Pêches (DPSP).

Le nouveau CRRS aura donc vocation de gérer les trafics observés également au satellite et au radar.

Afin de renforcer l’opérationnalité du CRRS, le Ministère de la Pêche a demandé et obtenu le détachement d’éléments de Police dont 05 y seront affectés.

- Un projet d’arrêté portant organisation et fonctionnement d’un système de localisation et de positionnement continu, auquel les armateurs sont étroitement associés, est déjà élaboré. Sa finalisation est en cours.

Le projet d’arrêté précise, notamment :

ñ les catégories de navires de pêche soumis à VMS (tous les navires de pêche bénéficiant d’une licence au Sénégal, autorisés à pêcher au-delà de la zone interdite aux navires de pêche industrielle) ;

ñ les sanctions prévues pour quiconque aura déplacé, déconnecté, détruit, endommagé ou rendu inopérant le système de positionnement et de localisation continue placé à bord du navire ou aura volontairement altéré, détourné ou falsifié les données émises ou enregistrées par ledit système. L’omission de signaler les défaillances accidentelles du système dans un délai de 24 heures est également punie ;

ñ la situation spécifique de retrait automatique du listing des navires autorisés à pêcher, en cas de dégradation ou d’arrêt volontaire du système ou en cas d’altération, de détournement ou de falsification des informations qu’il émet ou enregistre ;

ñ les modes de constatation des infractions qui peuvent l’être, soit à partir d’une station à terre, soit à partir d’un bâtiment se trouvant en mer, soit à partir d’un aéronef, par tout procédé utile, y compris des moyens aérospatiaux de détection et de télécommunication ;

ñ les modes alternatifs de communication des informations nécessaires, en cas de panne ou de non fonctionnement du système (communication par radio, téléphone, fax ou tout autre moyen, chaque 24 heures à partir de l’heure où la défaillance technique a été décelée) ;

ñ le délai de remplacement du système installé à bord en cas de panne ou de non fonctionnement (01 mois).

4/ CONFIGURATION TECHNIQUE DU VMS AU SÉNÉGAL :

Le système que le Sénégal doit mettre en pace doit être « Multi système » et ouvert pour gérer des dispositifs VMS de différents types, du fait :

ñ de la variété des nationalités de navires autorisés à pêcher au Sénégal, notamment celles ressortissantes de l’Union européenne ;

ñ des perspectives d’un VMS sous-régional qui doit configurer des systèmes voisins qui ne sont pas forcément de même type. 88

5/ CONSIDÉRATIONS ACCESSOIRES :

La mise en œuvre d’un VMS au Sénégal ne saurait concerner que les seules autorités et professionnels de la Pêche.

En effet, non seulement d’autres Administrations ont des besoins en la matière (la Direction de la Marine marchande, le Port autonome de DAKAR, la Douane, etc..), mais également le champ d’application du VMS doit être élargi à d’autres types de navires que les navires de pêche.

Toutefois, compte tenu des substantiels intérêts dérivés de l’activité de pêche, la base du système VMS devrait en premier lieu cibler la Pêche. 89

A PAPER PRESENTED

BY THE MINISTRY OF FISHERIES AND MARINE RESOURCES FREETOWN, SIERRA LEONE

ON SUB-REGIONAL VESSEL MONITORING SYSTEMS (VMS) WORKSHOP

IN SALY, SENEGAL, OCTOBER 14-16, 2002

MR. A. B. C. JONES MR. T. D. K. TAYLOR LT. COMDR. D. S. MANSARAY

VMS AS A TOOL FOR FISHERIES MANAGEMENT IN SIERRA LEONE

Geographical Background

Sierra Leone lies on the South West coast of West Africa between 7o and 10oN, and between 10o 30’ W and 13oW. It is boarded to the West North and North east by the Republic of Guinea and to the south east by Liberia.

Resources Potential

Some 200 species of fish have been identified in the country’s EEZ with up to 80 species of commercial importance. The continental shelf is relatively narrow and reduces in width from about 100km from the northern end of the country to approximately 20km in the south. The northern shelf constitutes the most productive fishing areas of Sierra Leone while the southern shelf has limited fish resources. However, the country is known to be host to one of the richest and most diverse fisheries along the West Coast of Africa.

USSR and FAO fishery surveys between 1982-1991 estimated the total Biomass to be between 415,200 – 718,400mt.

In 2000, total Biomass estimates by the Institute of Marine Biology and Oceanography (IMBO) was 450,000mt. Total estimated potential yields from the USSR and FAO surveys (1982-1991) was between 116,000-193,000mt., while 180,000mt was reported by IMBO.

Commercial exploitation of the resource is done on joint venture bases with Koreans, Chinese, Panamanians, Senegalese, Italians, Spanish, Greeks and Soviets. 90

MCS Situation

The development, management and conservation of the fisheries resources is vested in the hands of the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources. This Ministry (MFMR) operates under the guidance of a Management and Development Act of 1994 which made provision for the establishment of an MCS Unit. MCS therefore is one of the management tools through which the Ministry’s objective can be achieved and the focus is on both aerial and maritime surveillance.

The surveillance arm of the Ministry (MFMR) is logistically disadvantaged in terms of having the correct equipment to pursue and apprehend violators of the fisheries laws. Aerial assets such as aircraft are not available except through sub-regional arrangements.

In the past, the navy was assigned by the Ministry to carry out surveillance activities. Also two private firms were contracted to carry out the Ministry’s maritime protection mandate. The first was a joint venture firm (UK/SL) operating a large patrol vessel to monitor off shore activities, with smaller RIBs for inshore patrols.

The other firm was a Sierra Leone Company whose activities were basically confined within the IEZ because they used only RIBs. Funding for the surveillance operations of this company came from fines shared between them and the Government since no money was advanced by the Ministry to cover their running cost.

At the moment, only the Navy is undertaking fisheries surveillance patrols for the Ministry through a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU).

Support from an ADB programme for MCS is expected very soon of which surveillance aspects will be done by the Navy in conjunction with the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources. An agreement between MFMR and the Navy is near conclusion. The MCS Unit will be working with the Navy during this project, during which time also the unit will be strengthened to take over MCS activities fully at the end of the project.

The tasking for Navy is to monitor both offshore and inshore areas of the territorial waters to prevent poaching by unlicensed fishing vessels and illegal activities by licensed fishing vessels using their large patrol vessel. Because of the inefficiency of the vessel, it is possible that the task of the Navy will be logistically constrained.

Our priority therefore at national level is to build up our capacities to fight against the problems of illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. To facilitate this we need to continuously monitor our waters particularly the EEZ to prevent poaching and other illegal fishing activities.

Intensification of joint surveillance operations both maritime and aerial are extremely necessary at sub-regional level.

Why Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS)

With the surmounting problems we are faced with in effectively carrying out our MCS activities such as the lack of an efficient patrol vessel etc, we in Sierra Leone would need a system to compliment the conventional mode of surveillance. 91

Global sub-regional conventions point to the fact of responsible fishing both nationally and internationally, therefore the VMS whose functions are found to be beyond the scope of conventional mode interms of information gathering could be a step in the right direction.

Presently, the VMS is non-existent in Sierra Leone therefore we may need to sensitize the private sector (fishing vessel owners) on the use of the system.

The use of VMS at both national and regional level in the short term cannot be overemphasised. The Global concept on VMS is very clear as it points to the implementation of the International Plan of Action (IPOA) which stands to fight against IUU fishing.

The Fisheries Management and Development Act of 1994, makes provision for the use of observer devices in which section 88 sub-section (1-3) state:-

(i) “The Minister of Fisheries and Marine Resources may by notice in the Gazette designate any device or machine or class of devices or machines as an observer device.”

(ii) “Observer device” means any device or machine placed on a fishing vessel in accordance with this Act, as a condition of its licence or access agreement or related agreement, which transmits, whether in conjunction with other machines elsewhere or not, information or data concerning the position and fishing activities of the vessel.”

(iii) “The information or data concerning the vessel’s position and fishing activities referred to in Sub-section (2) may be fed or input manually into the observer device or automatically from machines abroad the vessel or ascertained by the use of the observer device transmissions in conjunction with other machines.”

The legislation for the use of VMS in Sierra Leone has been made clear by the above quoted sections of the Fisheries Management and Development Act of 1994. Therefore the legal implications have been taken care off.

What is envisaged as a problem with the use of VMS could be the inability to receive signals from the system which could be by design of the Master in which regard a strong legislation must be put in place to penalise defaulters. 93

ANNEX 7. COMMERCIAL BRIEFS Annex 7.1 INMARSAT Brief

Slide 1 Slide 4 GMDSS Provision Via Inmarsat Safety Services INMARSAT BRIEF

Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS)

Slide 2 Slide 5

Inmarsat C Inmarsat - World Ocean Coverage Launched in January 1991

Over 60,000 maritime Inmarsat C terminals installed world wide

Not just for VMS…

Two way store & forward messaging Send & receive text messages from telex, X.25, email Send messages to fax Data Reporting and Polling Automatic status reporting and position requests

Slide 3 Slide 6

Inmarsat System Inmarsat C cont./ Overview Distress Priority Messaging Enhanced Group Calls (EGC) SafetyNET and FleetNET Vessel to vessel messaging Monitoring and tracking Reception of weather data

End User Reception of electronic chart corrections Commercial information PSTN/PSDN Security (Piracy – IMB) 94

Slide 10 Slide 7 Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS) Case Study cont./ Continual Improvement Launched 2001 Inmarsat Mini C - lower cost, lower power Supplements existing Inmarsat C services Argentina

Argentina has awarded a contract for the implementation of VMS to monitor approximately 400 vessels using Inmarsat C.

Message Terminal:

- TT-3606C -Laptop, PC I/O Pin Connectors:

-External Sensors

Slide 11 Slide 8 Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS) Case Study Mini-C exclusive features Australia AFMA has been monitoring deep-sea trawlers using Inmarsat C for their VMS for more than five • Lower transmit power years. Approximately 300 vessels – further • Composite antenna additions expected. –Tx/Rx + GPS This has been a highly successful implementation • Reduced equipment of VMS, raising the level of compliance to a high costs Max. message level and achieving a high degree of approval from size of 10KB (Inmarsat C is 32KB) the fishing industry. • NOT Distress compliant (but supports Also Inmarsat C is used for Reef reg Emergency Alerting and SafetyNET)mini-C Slide 12 Slide 9 Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS) Case Study cont./ VMS Set-up The European Union The most extensive VMS programme in the world GPS Satellites Inmarsat Satellite is that being implemented by the European Union (EU).

In total, about 7000 vessels are subject to VMS and Monitoring Control many EU countries already have their Inmarsat C Fishing & Surveillance Fleet based systems operational. (MCS) HQ

Member 1 2 …….. 255 Internet per DNID ISDN If more than 255 in fleet, PSTN then additional DNID X.25 Land Earth required Station 95

Slide 13 Slide 16

Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS) Case Study cont./ Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS) Case Study cont./ Japan USA Japan has conducted a number of trials with various types of VMS equipment and has used an The successful use of Inmarsat C for VMS in Inmarsat system for about four years to receive Hawaiian waters has been well documented. catch and effort reports and historical position data from a significant number of vessels The system has been used to monitor closed waters of ecologically sensitivity and the National Marine and Fisheries Service has reported on numerous successful interceptions and prosecutions.

Slide 14 Slide 17

Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS) Case Study cont./ Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS) Case Study cont./ Morocco

Morocco has announced a contract that will lead to Others about 300 vessels being monitored via an Inmarsat C VMS. There are numerous other smaller VMS implementations at various stages of trial and implementation.

Other countries with VMS programmes include Chile, Peru, South Africa, Namibia, the Russian Federation and organisations such as NAFO.

Slide 15 Slide 18

Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS) Case Study cont./ Benefits of Inmarsat VMS GEO satellites giving constant World Ocean Coverage – New Zealand no delays in waiting for satellites to come into view. IMO demands minimum 99.9% availability for GMDSS New Zealand has been using VMS for position – we constantly exceed this. tracking of approximately 150 deep-sea trawlers for close to five years.

The Ministry of Fisheries has reported on the success of the system on numerous occasions and is examining ways of extending and improving its use 96

Slide 19

Benefits of Inmarsat VMS cont./ Inmarsat offers timeliness of receipt of data

Support for external input such as catch reports and electronic logbooks

Allows fleets to conform to VMS requirements yet use the same terminal for their own commercial and safety operations

Can be used for Maritime Safety Information and security

Slide 20

Benefits of Inmarsat VMS cont./ Small discrete antenna

Automatic status reporting and position requests configured down to 15 minute intervals for SOLAS compliant vessels and 1.5 minute intervals for non- SOLAS compliant vessels.

Position requests can be adjusted remotely by VMS operators within the intervals specified above. 97

Annex 7.2 ARGOS Brief

Slide 1 Slide 4

Atelier régional CSRP / FAO Saly, 14/17 Octobre 2002 COLLECTE LOCALISATION SATELLITES (CLS)

Présentation des solutions VMS ARGOS Science et technologie pour étudier et surveiller notre planète Jean-Pascal Chabaud e-mail: [email protected]

1 4

Slide 2 Slide 5

Solutions VMS Argos: du simple au complexe C OLLECTE LO C ALISATI O N SATELLITES

• Société privée, créée en 1986 • Actionnaires: – CNES, Centre National d ’Etudes Spatiales (55%) – Ifremer, Centre Français pour la Recherche et l ’Exploitation de la mer (15%) – Banques (30%)

2 5

Slide 3 Slide 6

PLAN DE L’EXPOSE. COLLECTE LOCALISATION SATELLITES

• A- Présentation de CLS • Spécialisée dans le développement, l ’exploitation et la promotion de différents systèmes satellitaires pour l ’étude et la • B- Présentation du VMS Argos protection de l’environnement: – le système Argos – le système VMS Argonet – Argos, système mondial de localisation et collecte de données par satellite, • C- La pêche artisanale (pirogues) Cap-Vert – DORIS, système d ’orbitographie et de localisation très précise, • D- Démonstration:Elsa. – Océanographie spatiale: altimétrie et étude de l ’océan (ERS • E- Les solutions FMC & TOPEX POSEIDON, JASON, ENVISAT),

• CONCLUSION – Sécurité et sauvetage par satellite avec SARSAT, – Conseil et ingéniérie: développement de systèmes clés en main , installation et exploitation de centres de contrôle (FMC)

3 6 98

Slide 7 Slide 10

COLLECTE LOCALISATION SATELLITES (CLS) LE SYSTEME ARGOS: 9000 balises actives Points à retenir sur notre compagnie : • CLS adossée à l’Agence Spatiale Française: • garantie sur la pérennité du système satellitaire • mise à jour permanente de nos connaissances spatiales • CLS s’appuie sur un Institut réputé en matière d’études marines • compétences toujours actualisées dans le domaine des pêches • CLS: supports de banques privées • assurent notre développement et nos investissements • CLS: longue implication dans l’étude de l’environnement, intérêt de longue date pour la mise en place d’une pêche responsable.

7 10

Slide 8 Slide 11

Principe du systèm e Argos LESYSTEME ARGOS: pérennité Une solution satellitaire intégrée

transmission satellite Segment sol

balise émettrice

Un seul opérateur, une seule interface: CLS

8 11

Slide 9 Slide 12

LE SYSTEME ARGOS: les applications Le système ArgoNet : approuvé dans le monde entier

20000 • étudier l’océan et le climat, Argos Animaux 18000 projects 4% Courses/Aventure • protéger les ressources 16000 2.5% Applications marines, 14000 Absence of Argos Applications marines 12000 20 pays terrestres 24% • protéger la faune, 10000 pêcheurs 19% 8000 les plus importants • contrôler les risques 6000 industriels, (en milliers 4000 de tonnes) JTA Développement 2000 14.5% • surveiller les volcans, 17% 0 Inde Science • suivre les bateaux de Chili USA Chine Corée Pérou Japon Russie Taiwan 19% Islande Canada Malaisie Mexique Norvège

course, Espagne Viet Nam Indonésie Thaïlande Danemark Philippines • suivre les aventuriers

9 12 99

Slide 13 Slide 16

LE SYSTEME ArgoNet: le logiciel ELSA Les Centres de Surveillance des Pêches Un centre de contrôle développé spécialement pour les applications de contrôle des pêches: Réception directe (PST 2610)

• réception des données (position, rapports de pêche, etc…) • visualisation des positions et route des bateaux • archivage des informations dans une base de données Access

Traite l’activité des bateaux • gestion optimisée de la pêche Permet le contrôle des ZEE • configuration minimale

13 16

Slide 14 Slide 17

LE SYSTEME ArgoNet: optimisation de la pêche Adaptation du produit • chaque armateur peut disposer de son propre centre de pour la pêche artisanale contrôle, • solution économique pour: – visualiser ses bateaux depuis son bureau, – connaître l ’activité de ses bateaux, • Développement de la balise « pirogue » – lutter contre le transbordement illégal et la piraterie, • C aractéristiques – répondre aux réglementations VMS. • Avantages • outil d’aide à la décision. • l ’archivage des données permet une justification en cas de conflit. • gestion de la pêche en temps quasi-réel. • sécurité.

14 17

Slide 15

LE SYSTEME ArgoNet: aspect demande d’assistance

• Le système Argos n’est pas conçu pour répondre à la réglementation GMDSS (sécurité maritime), • Toutefois le système Argos participe à la sécurité en mer: • Bouton de demande d’assistance dont la gestion est de la responsabilité de l’autorité de surveillance. • Outil PST2610 embarqué sur avion ou patrouilleur

15