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Deconstructing Gender Stereotypes FACULTE DES LETTRES ET DES SCIENCES HUMAINES Campus Universitaire du Moufia UNIVERSITE DE LA REUNION, 15 avenue René Cassin BP 7151, 97715 Saint-Denis Messag Cedex 9 (FRANCE) +262 (0)2 6293 8585 – fax : +262 (0)2 6293 8500 E-mail : [email protected] Université de La Réunion : http://www.univ-reunion.fr Alizés website: http://laboratoires.univ-reunion.fr/oracle/documents/26.html Service des Publications de la Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines de l‘Université de La Réunion Directeur des Publications : Guy Fontaine, Doyen de la Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines Comité scientifique : Jean-Philippe WATBLED (7e section); Serge MEITINGER (9e section) Bernard TERRAMORSI (10e section) ; Alain GEOFFROY (11e sec- tion) ; Gabriele FOIS-KASCHEL (11e section) ; Jean-Pierre TARDIEU (14e section) ; Bernard CHAMPION (20e section) ; Yvan COMBEAU (22e section) ; Jean-Michel JAUZE (23e section) ; Jean-François HAMON (70e section) ; Michel WATIN (71e section) La loi du 11 mars 1957 interdit les copies ou reproductions des- tinées à une utilisation collective. Toute reproduction intégrale ou partielle faite par quelque procédé que ce soit, sans le consentement de l‘auteur ou de ses ayant cause, est illicite. Alizés Revue Angliciste de La Réunion http://laboratoires.univ-reunion.fr/oracle/documents/26.html Founding Editor: Alain Geoffroy Associate Editors: Corinne Duboin, Claude Féral, Celia Gautier, Ludivine Royer, Sophie Geoffroy, Eileen Wanquet, Renée Tosser Business Manager: Valérie Systermans Cecil Abrahams (University of Syracuse, NY, USA) Alain Blayac (Université de Montpellier III, France) Christiane d‘Haussy (Université de Paris XII, France) Michel Delecroix (Université de Reims, France) Jean-Louis Duchet (Université de Poitiers, France) Jean-Pierre Durix (Université de Dijon, France) Lucienne Germain (Univer- sité de Paris VII, France) Ian Glenn (Université of Cape Town, South Africa) Sophie Geoffroy (Université de La Réunion, France) Marie-Lise Paoli (Université de Bor- deaux III, France) Irène Rabenoro (Université d‘Antananarivo, Madagascar) Daniel Royot (Université Sorbonne-Nouvelle, France) Michael Spiller (University of Aber- deen, United Kingdom) Jacques Tual (Université de La Réunion, France) Bernard Vincent (Université d‘Orléans, France) Jean-Philippe Watbled (Université de La Réunion, France) ALIZES welcomes contributions, preferably in English, of up to 30,000 charac- ters following the MLA Handbook stylesheet. Please enclose a CD/DVD together with printed copy or send it via email to [email protected] Orders, cheques, and articles should be addressed to Université de La Réunion, Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines, Département d’Etudes du Monde Anglophone, 15 av. René Cassin, B.P. 7151, 97715 Saint-Denis Messag. Cedex 9 (France). Cost of this issue: 8 Euros (French students: please include a photo- copy of your student card), 12 Euros (French academics), 12 Euros (France), 15 Euros (other countries). To cover mailing costs, we charge 2 Euros/copy (France), 3 Euros/copy (other countries), 1 Euro/extra copy. Old Days, New Days _________ Edited by Alain Geoffroy ©opyright December 2010 Alizés – ISSN: 1155-4363 Special thanks to Claude Féral and Celia Gautier for their careful and competent proof- reading. Contents Old Days ...................................................................... 9 Abraham Lincoln : un président pour temps de crise ....... 11 Benjamin Franklin in Paris: a Protean humorist at King Louis XVI’s court..................................................................... 23 Regressive Progression: the quest for self-transcendence in Western Tragedy ................................................................ 33 Ritual and the Conversion of History: T.S. Eliot’s Murder in the Cathedral and Wole Soyinka’s A Dance of the Forests........ 51 Veering from an Object at the Periphery to a Subject at the Center: Women’s Sexual Power and the Collapse of Masculinity in Aristophanes’ Lysistrata and Pinter’s The Homecoming ..... 65 New Days .................................................................... 81 Cultural Tools and Literary Criticism: The Place of Culture in the Assessment of African-American Literature .................. 83 Malcolm de Chazal and Hervé Masson: two avant-garde Mauritian artists, bearers of a national ideal, mauritianism ... 103 Masculinity and Ideology in Achebe’s Things Fall Apart . 125 Running Head; Albee’s Treatment of Contemporary Malaise in his The Zoo Story and Everything in the Garden. .. 143 Sierra Leone Horizons: Landscape in Syl Cheney-Coker’s Poetry. ................................................................................. 171 The Myth of Don Juan in André Brink’s Before I Forget . 191 Projections and Utopianism in Contemporary Australian Fiction: Toward an exploration of the Paranoid Mind. ........... 205 Des discours au discours didactique .............................. 219 Attitudes of Professional Users of English towards Cameroon English Accent ..................................................... 233 Cameroon Pidgin English: to Teach or not to Teach ....... 251 The implementation in the University of Yaounde I of Cameroon's French-English official Bilingualism Policy .......... 271 The Standard of English in Anglophone Cameroon New Writings ............................................................................... 291 Old Days Abraham Lincoln : un président pour temps de crise Institut Franco-Américain Rennes, mardi 28 avril, 2009 Alors que plus de 16 000 ouvrages ont été publiés sur Abraham Lincoln (la plupart aux États-Unis), quatre seulement ont paru en France: trois dans les années 50, un dans les années 60 ; et une seule biographie américaine (celle de Stephen Oates) a eu l‘honneur d‘être traduite ici (en 1984). J‘ai été président de l‘Association Française d‘Études Améri- caines pendant de nombreuses années, mais je n‘ai pas le souvenir que le moindre congrès ou le moindre colloque ait jamais été organisé autour de Lincoln dans ce pays ; et je n‘ai jamais entendu, ni entendu évoquer, une seule conférence universitaire consacrée au 16ème pré- sident des États-Unis – celui-là même qui, selon un sondage publié en décembre 2006 dans le magazine culturel américain The Atlantic Monthly, continue d‘être considéré outre-Atlantique comme « le per- sonnage le plus influent de l‘histoire américaine » (avec, juste derrière lui, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson et Franklin Roosevelt – puis Alexander Hamilton, n° 5, Benjamin Franklin, n° 6, Martin Luther King, n° 7, Henry Ford, n° 14, Thomas Paine, n° 19, le dernier, avec le n° 100, étant Herman Melville). La première femme à figurer sur cette liste, avec le n° 30, est la grande féministe du XIXe siècle Elisa- beth Stanton… Mais, s‘agissant de Lincoln, comment expliquer, de la part de la France et des Français, un silence (ou une indifférence) aussi longue et aussi étrange ? Cela est d‘autant plus troublant qu‘il existe une ancienne et longue tradition d‘amitié et d‘intérêt mutuel entre les deux pays. Parmi nos alliés et amis, les États-Unis sont la seule nation du monde dit « civilisé » avec qui nous n‘ayons jamais été en guerre. Enfin, sauf pendant une courte période de temps, à l‘occasion d‘un conflit naval non déclaré (connu en histoire sous le nom de « quasi- guerre »), qui eut lieu dans l‘Océan atlantique à la fin du XVIIIe siècle (de 1797 à 1801), sous la présidence de John Adams. Le conflit avait 12 / Bernard Vincent éclaté à la suite de la signature, en 1795, d‘un traité entre les États- Unis et la Grande-Bretagne, le fameux « Jay‘s Treaty » (le signataire américain s‘appelait John Jay), accord qui revenait en partie sur le Traité d‘Alliance franco-américain de 1778 (lequel prévoyait que les Américains ne sauraient entamer quelque négociation que ce soit avec l‘ennemi britannique sans la bénédiction de la France). À la suite de quoi, les autorités françaises refusèrent de recevoir une délégation officielle d‘envoyés américains avec tous les honneurs dus à leur rang (ce qu‘on appelle l‘« Affaire XYZ »). D‘où les tensions diplomatiques ; d‘où la guerre. Mais celle-ci trouva une fin rapide et heureuse en 1801 grâce aux efforts conjoints de Thomas Jefferson et de Bonaparte1. L‘oubli, comme le souvenir, sont probablement lies à la présence ou à l‘absence de sentiments de gratitude : la guerre d‘Indépendance d‘une part (dans laquelle la France avait joué un rôle décisif) et, d‘autre part, les deux guerres mondiales (au cours desquelles nous avons, ici, été sauvés et libérés par les troupes américaines) ont don- né naissance, des deux côtés de l‘Océan, à des sentiments croisés de reconnaissance et ont nourri la mémoire des deux pays. Mais l‘ère lincolnienne n‘a aucunement renforcé ce type de sentiments ; il se peut même qu‘elle les ait affaiblis. Pourquoi ? Il faut tout d‘abord gar- der à l‘esprit que, durant les quatre ans et six semaines qu‘a duré sa présidence, à commencer par l‘attaque contre Fort Sumter au lende- main de sa première investiture, Lincoln a consacré la presque totalité de son temps et de son énergie à s‘occuper de la Guerre Civile, de telle sorte que les affaires étrangères et la situation en Europe ne furent pas sa préoccupation numéro un. Pendant cette période, une seule circonstance le contraignit à avoir l‘Angleterre et la France à l‘œil. Il se trouve en effet que les Bri- tanniques et les Français donnèrent, les uns comme les autres, l‘impression de soutenir les « Confédérés », au moins durant les pre- mières phases de
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