DOCSLIB.ORG

Media Watch Serbia1 Print Media Monitoring

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Media Watch Serbia1 Print Media Monitoring Media Watch Serbia1 Print Media Monitoring METHODOLOGY The analysis of the daily press from the viewpoint of the observance of generally accepted ethical norms is based on a structural quality analysis of the contents of selected newspaper articles. The monitoring includes eight dailies: Politika, Danas, Vecernje novosti, Blic, Glas javnosti, Kurir, Balkan and Internacional. Four weeklies are also the subject of the analysis: Vreme, NIN, Evropa and Nedeljni Telegraf. The basic research question requiring a reply is the following: What are the most frequent forms of the violation of the generally accepted ethical norms and standards in the Serbian press? The previously determined and defined categories of professional reporting are used as the unit of the analysis in the analysis of ethical structure of reporting. The texts do not identify all the categories but the dominant ones only, three being the maximum. The results of the analysis do not refer to the space they take or the frequency of their appearances but stress the ethical norms mostly violated and those which represent the most obvious abuse of public writing by the journalists. The study will not only point out typical or representative cases of non-ethical reporting but positive examples as well whereas individual non- standard cases of the violation of the professional ethics will be underlined in particular. Finally, at the end of each monitoring period, a detailed quality study of selected articles will provide a deep analysis of the monitored topics and cases. 1 The Media Watch Serbia Cultural Education and Development Project for Increasing Ethical and Legal Standards in Serbian Journalism is financed and supported by UNESCO. Media Center Belgrade, this project’s implementing agent, would like to express its sincere gratitude to the aforementioned donor for all the support and assistance it is providing in the realization of this highly relevant endeavour. The categories making the basis of code research timetable have been defined on the grounds of valid domestic and international codes of ethics, previous researches, theoretical studies and research questions, directly defining the aspect of texts to be monitored. The purpose of the introduction of structural methodology is to determine precise definitions, examples and rules of the analysis in order to know exactly when a part of the text or the text will be coded as a certain category. The selected and categorized texts and parts of the texts will then be the subject of further quality analysis. The categorization, definitions, as well as the development of detailed instructions, examples and rules of the analysis for the researchers, has been checked by means of a pilot research. PRESS ANALYSIS CODES MEDIA: DAILY PRESS: 1. Politika 2. Danas 3. Vecernje novosti 4. Blic 5. Glas javnosti 6. Balkan 7. Kurir 8. Internacional WEEKLY PRESS: 9. Vreme 10. NIN 11. Nedeljni telegraf 12. Evropa DATE OF TEXT PUBLISHING: _____________________________________ PAGE OF TEXT PUBLISHING: ______________________________ SIZE: 1. very short 2. medium 3. long GENRE: 1. news 2. report 3. news analysis 4. interview 5. article 6. comments 7. reportage 8. document 9. reply 10. denials 11. reader’s letter 12. expert author’s feature AUTHOR: 1. not mentioned 2. journalist’s name 3. agencies 4. communicated from another media 5. outside author CAUSE: 1. initiated from outside 2. initiated by media TOPIC: ________________________________________________________________ CATEGORIES: 1. It is the obligation to distinguish news and comments clearly, 2. Interpretation and evaluation of facts, events and phenomena require impartial and rightful comments, 3. If writing about disputable issues, a journalist is obliged to hear both sides and express their opinions and if one of the parties refuses to express its opinion, he must mention it in the news or article 4. Two sources at minimum should confirm any information before it is published, 5. The sources must be mentioned if opinions and attitudes are disputable, 6. A journalist must protect the source of information obtained in confidence undertaking the responsibility for their publishing and truthfulness, 7. Journalists are obliged to protect the source of information. They must keep the promises given to their source of information. If the source had given an unofficial piece of information, it must not be used in such a way that it will reveal the identity of the source, 8. Journalism is not compatible with sensations, publishing of groundless accusations, libels, rumors and gossiping as well as with made up letters or letters by unknown authors or whose identities cannot be checked, 9. Assuming that citizens are equal by law and that the personal rights of citizens must be protected, a journalist must respect the dignity and integrity of the person he is writing about, 10. Journalists must oppose those who do not acknowledge human rights or who support discrimination of any kind towards some ethnic or social groups, 11. Journalism is opposed to any discrimination in respect of ethnic affiliation, language, religion, race, sex, marrital status, political opinion, profession, age, appearance, ideological view and social background, 12. Race, religion, national and ethnic affiliations, sexual committment and family status of a human being will be mentioned by the journalist only if it is necessary for the information. 13. A journalist must not abuse human feelings or their ignorance or inability to reason and he is obliged to respect privacy in reporting about accidents, distress and pain as well as about children, underaged, illnesses, family misfortunes and the accused and if publishing their names and photographs, mentioning innocent relatives and bringing in confessions by criminals, 14. If reporting on investigation and court proceedings, a journalist is obliged to respect the private lives of the people concerned at maximum. Privacy rights are inversely proportionate to the importance of the public function conducted by an individual but it is necessary to respect human dignity in such cases, too, 15. A journalist takes into account the attitude that any accused is innocent before the court judgement is passed, 16. Personal conviction and opinion of a journalist must not affect the choice of a topic and the way it is presented. The public should not recognize personal conviction and opinion of a journalist in his report, 17. Advertising and hidden advertising as well as any form of commercials and commercial propaganda are strange to journalism. Such features in the press must be clearly distinguished from the journalistic contents, 18. A journalist must not use disgraceful methods in order to obtain news, photographs and documents. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dragana Mašović
    FACTA UNIVERSITATIS Series: Philosophy and Sociology Vol. 2, No 8, 2001, pp. 545 - 555 THE ROMANIES IN SERBIAN (DAILY) PRESS UDC 316.334.52:070(=914.99) Dragana Mašović Faculty of Philosophy, Niš Abstract. The paper deals with the presence of Romanies' concerns in Serbian daily press. More precisely, it tries to confirm the assumption that not enough space is devoted to the issue as evident in a small-scale analysis done on seven daily papers during the sample period of a week. The results show that not only mere absence of Romanies' issues is the key problem. Even more important are the ways in which the editorial startegy and the language used in the published articles turn out to be (when unbiased and non-trivial) indirect, allusive and "imbued with promises and optimism" so far as the presumed difficulties and problems of the Romanies are concerned. Thus they seem to avoid facing the reality as it is. Key Words: Romanies, Serbian daily press INTRODUCTION In Mary Woolstonecraft's Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1972) there is an urgent imperative mentioned that can also be applied to the issue of Romanies presence in our press. Namely, she suggested that "in the present state of society it appears necessary to go back to first principles in search of the most simple truths, and to dispute with some prevailing prejudice every inch of ground." More precisely, in the case of the Romanies' presence in the press the question to be asked is what would be the "first principles" that Woolstonecraft refers to? No doubt that in this context they refer to what has always been considered the very basis of every democratic, open-minded and tolerant society, that is, the true equality of all the citizens as reflected in every aspect of the society that proclaims itself to be multi-cultural.
    [Show full text]
  • FOM Director
    Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe The Representative on Freedom of the Media Freimut Duve Report to the Permanent Council Vienna, 30 March 2000 Madame Chairperson, Ladies and Gentlemen, In my first quarterly report to the Permanent Council this year, I will cover our main activities since December 1999. And as last year, at the end of March, I would like to present to you again our Yearbook that covers our main themes and activities since February 1999. But first of all, two remarks on current issues: I am concerned about developments in Kyrgyzstan last week. One journalist of Res Publika newspaper was arrested for some days after covering a peaceful demonstration in Bishkek. Vash Advocat has seized publication as the tax inspection authorities have frozen its accounts. The state-owned distribution network has refused to distribute three newspapers. These developments are disturbing in the election context as all papers in question were involved in election coverage. On Belarus: More than 30 journalists, both Belarusian and international were arrested during the opposition-staged demonstration in Minsk on 25 March. The police did not express the reason for detention. Some of the journalists have been illegally searched, some lost their film and other equipment, and none were permitted to inform relatives or employers about their detention. This type of action is totally unacceptable in an OSCE participating State and must be condemned in the strongest terms. It endangers, once more, the political and social dialogue in Belarus about elections in the course of this year. I have asked the Foreign Minister to ensure that the journalists remaining in custody should be immediately released.
    [Show full text]
  • SERBIA Jovanka Matić and Dubravka Valić Nedeljković
    SERBIA Jovanka Matić and Dubravka Valić Nedeljković porocilo.indb 327 20.5.2014 9:04:47 INTRODUCTION Serbia’s transition to democratic governance started in 2000. Reconstruction of the media system – aimed at developing free, independent and pluralistic media – was an important part of reform processes. After 13 years of democratisation eff orts, no one can argue that a new media system has not been put in place. Th e system is pluralistic; the media are predominantly in private ownership; the legal framework includes European democratic standards; broadcasting is regulated by bodies separated from executive state power; public service broadcasters have evolved from the former state-run radio and tel- evision company which acted as a pillar of the fallen autocratic regime. However, there is no public consensus that the changes have produced more positive than negative results. Th e media sector is liberalized but this has not brought a better-in- formed public. Media freedom has been expanded but it has endangered the concept of socially responsible journalism. Among about 1200 media outlets many have neither po- litical nor economic independence. Th e only industrial segments on the rise are the enter- tainment press and cable channels featuring reality shows and entertainment. Th e level of professionalism and reputation of journalists have been drastically reduced. Th e current media system suff ers from many weaknesses. Media legislation is incom- plete, inconsistent and outdated. Privatisation of state-owned media, stipulated as mandato- ry 10 years ago, is uncompleted. Th e media market is very poorly regulated resulting in dras- tically unequal conditions for state-owned and private media.
    [Show full text]
  • Implementation of Transitional Laws in Serbia 2009
    IMPLEMENTATION OF TRANSITIONAL LAWS IN SERBIA 2009 1 Youth Initiative for Human Rights Human Rights Program 31 March 2010 For Publisher Maja Stojanovic Editor Dragan Popovic Authors Maja Micic Dusan Lopusina Gazmend Selmani Sladjana Djurdjevic Design/Prepress Nikola Milenkovic Human Rights Program and this report were supported by Civil Rights Defenders We are grateful to all partners for their support Printing Zlatna knjiga, Kragujevac Copies: 300 ISBN 978-86-85381-21-8 Copyright© Youth Initiative for Human Rights www.yihr.org 2 Contents INTRODUCTION 5 EValUATION OF The Degree OF RUle OF Law in Serbia 7 Law Against Discrimination 8 Introduction / History 8 Key events in 2009 9 Analisys OF The Law AgainsT DiscriminaTION 13 Conclusions / Recommendations 19 HATE Speech 21 Hate Speech in the Law on Public Information 21 Hate Speech in the Law Against Discrimination 22 Hate Speech in International Documents 22 Key Events in 2009 23 Hate Speesh Lawsuits 23 Lawsuit against the “Nova srpska politicka misao“ magazine 25 Conclusions / Recommendations 27 Law ON CHUrches and ReligiOUS COmmUniTies 29 Introduction / History 29 Key Events in 2009 32 Registration of Religious Communities 32 Incidents Based on Religion 40 Relations Between Minority Religious Communities and State Organs 42 Conclusions 44 Recommendations 45 RepORT ON The STATE OF HUman RighTS OF Members OF The Albanian NATIOnal COmmUniTY in The PreseVO and BUJanOVac MUnicipaliTies 47 Introduction 47 Key Events in 2009 49 Political and Security Situation 49 Freedom of Expressing Nationality
    [Show full text]
  • Bojan Aleksov
    Bojan Aleksov Senior Lecturer in Modern Southeast European History SSEES, University College London Gower Street WC1E 6BT Tel: +44 20 7679 8868 Fax: +44 20 7679 8777 Email: [email protected] http://www.ucl.ac.uk/ssees/people/a-z/bojan-aleksov Education PhD in Comparative History of Central, Southern and Eastern Europe at the Central European University, Budapest (2005), summa cum laude Thesis Title: “Religious Dissent in the Age of Modernization and Nationalism: Nazarenes in Hungary and Serbia 1850-1914” 2000-2001 - Visiting Student - Osteuropa Institut, Freie Universität Berlin MA in Central European History at the Central European University, Budapest (1999) Thesis Title: “The Dynamics of Extinction: The Nazarene Religious Community in Yugoslavia after 1945” B. A. in History, University of Belgrade, Serbia (1998) 2007 - Certificate in Learning and Teaching in Higher Education (CLTHE) 1995 - Summer School at L’Institut de Science Politique in Rennes, France Posts, fellowships and research projects 2017 January to June – The Fritz Thyssen Senior Fellowship 2015 - 2018 The Leverhulme Trust - International Network Grant Project Title: A Transnational Approach to Resistance in Europe, 1936-48 Co-PI with Professor Robert Gildea, Oxford University (total funding: £90,886) 2014- 2016 – History Programme Coordinator UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies (SSEES) 2013- present – Director of the UCL Centre for South-East European Studies 2012 – Visiting Fellow at the Südost-Institut and the Osteuropa-Institut in Regensburg 2011 – PostYugoslav
    [Show full text]
  • Sensationalism in the Media: Case of Serbia
    Sensationalism in the media: case of Serbia By Katarina Belic Submitted to Central European University Department of Political Science In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts Supervisor: Oana Lup CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2016. Abstract This research investigates the causes and the consequences of the crisis of the press in Serbia, with a special emphasis on one of its major features – sensationalism. I offer journalistic perspectives on this topic, enriching the academic literature on sensationalism, using qualitative interviews with seven journalists from different outlets in Serbia. The study also explores the effect of sensationalism on journalists’ roles and habits. The analysis showed the specific character of sensationalism in Serbia reflects in journalists’ belief that it is being used not only because of public demand, but also by the political elite with a purpose of distracting the public from important social and political problems. High level of sensationalism in Serbia is also explained by Serbian public being more prone to this kind of news because of specific political and economic circumstances of a transitional country. Lacking proper legal framework, according to the journalists, is the main cause of sensationalism perpetuating. The “ideal journalistic role” in their opinions, because of the mentioned trends, could be described as less demanding, making journalists feel powerless to change the direction of the developments. CEU eTD Collection i Acknowledgments Thank you: Oana Lup, for being everything a person could ask from a supervisor. Even more, and even faster. Mira, Zoki, Jovana and Majki, for making me feel grateful I have you day after day.
    [Show full text]
  • Pravni Zapisi 2016-01.Indd
    PRAVNI ZAPISI, God. VII, br. 1 (2016) UDK 929 Živanović T. © 2016 Pravni fakultet Univerziteta Union doi:10.5937/pravzap0-11185 IZVORNI NAUČNI ČLANAK Ivan Janković* PRILOZI ZA BIOGRAFIJU TOME ŽIVANOVIĆA1 Apstrakt: Rad sadrži nove podatke o Tomi Živanoviću. Iako je on u Srbiji danas po- znat kao naučnik svetskog glasa i žrtva komunističkog režima, o Živanoviću posto- ji i jedna usmena tradicija, koja ga pamti kao sebičnog, škrtog i svadljivog čoveka, moralno neispravnog i nespremnog da pomogne studentima. Rad kritički ispituje tu tradiciju i delimično je potvrđuje a delimično opovrgava. Živanović je patio od kom- pleksa inferiornosti, pa je u socijalnoj komunikaciji reagovao arogantno i agresivno. U mladosti je njegova socijalna integracija bila otežana, ali je kasnije ušao u najviše krugove jugoslovenskog društva, delom zahvaljujući supruzi. Njegovi rani radovi o tri- partitnom sistemu krivičnog prava i sintetičkoj pravnoj filozofiji bili su dobro primlje- ni, a on sam je bio istaknut član međunarodnih udruženja za krivične nauke i učesnik svih značajnijih skupova iz te oblasti. Po dolasku komunista na vlast je penzionisan, ali je kao član Akademije nauka vodio istraživačke projekte i putovao u inostranstvo na studijske boravke i međunarodne kongrese. U teorijskom pogledu, u ovom periodu Živanović nije stvorio ništa novo. Naprotiv, postao je opsednut značajem sopstvenih ranijih doprinosa, koje je smatrao univerzalno primenljivim „otkrićima”. Ova opsed- nutost je poljuljala njegov smisao za stvarnost, pa je sebe dva puta kandidovao za Nobelovu nagradu. Ocena Živanovićevog doprinosa pravnoj teoriji koja preovlađuje u domaćoj literaturi je preterana, mada nema sumnje da je između dva svetska rata on spadao među dvadesetak najuglednijih teoretičara prava u svetu.
    [Show full text]
  • Download the Publication
    Not for citation without the author’s permission NUMBER 66 THE THIRD YUGOSLAVIA, 1992 - 2001 Sabrina P. Ramet July 2001 EAST EUROPEAN STUDIES This essay is one of a series of Occasional Papers published by East European Studies at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, DC. The series aims to extend the work of East European scholars and specialists to all those interested in the region and to help authors obtain constructive criticism of work in progress. Occasional Papers are written by resident scholars at the Wilson Center as well as by visiting speakers. They are papers presented at or resulting from discussions, seminars, colloquia, and conferences held under the auspices of East European Studies. The most current Occasional Papers as well as a list of Occasional Papers are available on the EES web site: http://www.wilsoncenter.org/ees. Printed copies of papers may also be obtained free of charge by contacting the EES offices: East European Studies The Woodrow Wilson Center One Woodrow Wilson Plaza 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20004-3027 (tel) 202-691-4000; (fax) 202-691-4001 [email protected] Established in 1985 as the East European Program at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, EES provides a center in Washington, DC, where advanced research on Eastern Europe could be pursued by qualified scholars; where encouragement and support could be given to the cultivation of East European studies throughout the country; and where contact could be maintained with similar institutions abroad. Renamed East European Studies in 1989, it also seeks to provide a meeting place for East European scholars, government officials, analysts, and other specialists and practitioners in the field and related areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Download/1309>, 16 January 2010
    Südosteuropa 58 (2010), H. 1, S. 15-40 DEMOCRATIC VALUES AND ETHNIC POLARIZATION SABRINA P. RAMET Serbia since July 2008: at the Doorstep of the EU Abstract. With some Serbs subscribing to liberal values in line with those of the European Union and others adhering to nationalist values, reaching consensus on how to tackle the challenges that Serbs face has been difficult. Nationalists’ calls to rehabilitate Axis collabo- rators distract Serbs from other issues on the political agenda. The dominant sectors of the media as well as the educational and legal systems have been replicating the nationalist syndrome, a process that has impeded the development of a broader civic culture. However, the formation of a coalition government dominated by the Democratic Party in July 2008 marked a partial break with dysfunctional nationalism and has opened a new chapter in Serbian political development. Sabrina P. Ramet is a Professor of Political Science at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, and a Senior Researcher with the Centre for the Study of Civil War (PRIO), Oslo. Every society is politically polarized to some extent, but the particular issues and mental frameworks that define Left and Right differ from region to region, and sometimes even from country to country. The post-Yugoslav region is distinctive because alongside religious vs. liberal and capitalist vs. socialist/ social democratic cleavages, orientations towards World War Two and the sig- nificance of the ethnos to the imagined community are also divisive political issues. Disputes about these latter issues may be found to various extents in Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Macedonia, and Serbia.
    [Show full text]
  • Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe
    Activity Report COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE DUNJA MIJATOVIĆ 3RD QUARTERLY ACTIVITY REPORT 2020 1 July to 30 September Presented to the Committee of Ministers and the Parliamentary Assembly Strasbourg, 30 November 2020 CommDH(2020)29 CommDH(2020)29 This report contains a summary of the activities carried out by the Commissioner for Human Rights, Dunja Mijatović, between 1 July and 30 September. 1. Reports and continuous dialogue Letter to the Spanish Ministers of Home Affairs and for Inclusion, Social Security and Migration In a letter to the Spanish Ministers of Home Affairs and for Inclusion, Social Security and Migration, published on 3 September, the Commissioner raised concerns about the situation of migrants including asylum seekers accommodated in the Melilla bullring following the prolonged lockdown of Melilla’s reception centre for migrants owing to the COVID-19 pandemic. She expressed concern about the substandard conditions in which around 500 people were living, especially those placed in quarantine, who were in an even more precarious situation owing to lack of access to basic facilities, sufficient water and food, and asylum proceedings. She urged the authorities to find alternatives to accommodation in the bullring. Referring to two Supreme Court decisions of July 2020 confirming that persons who have requested asylum in Ceuta or Melilla have the right to freedom of movement in Spain, she stressed that the authorities should extend transfers to the mainland, particularly asylum seekers and vulnerable persons, to alleviate the pressure on Melilla’s limited reception capacity and provide more human rights-compatible options. Lastly, the Commissioner expressed her dismay at continuing reports of persons drowning trying to reach the shores of Spain, especially the Canary Islands, and drew the authorities’ attention to her Recommendation of 2019 entitled “Lives saved.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnic Tensions in Serbia by Secons Belgrade, May 2013
    Serbia Chronicle 2 – Ethnic tensions in Serbia by SeConS Belgrade, May 2013 Ethnic tensions have been the main security concern in the Western Balkan region for the past couple of decades. During the 1990s, these tensions were at the forefront of both the war in Bosnia, Croatia and Kosovo, which in the end claimed countless lives and the dissolution of the former Yugoslavia. Since then, peacekeeping initiatives, numerous conventions, development strategies, EU integration, democratic reform, and many other initiatives, have all had the aim to stabilize the region and to prevent new ethnic clashes. Overall it can be said that these initiatives have been successful. For instance, just recently, on the 19th of April 2013, Kosovo and Serbia signed a historic agreement regarding the territorial and political sovereignty of Kosovo. Although the subject itself is a source of controversy and dispute, the latest agreement was made without large-scale ethnic conflicts or direct violent altercations.1 While this shows some progress in terms of dealing with ethnically charged disputes, ethnic tensions in the region are not solved. Ethnically based violence, ethnic tensions and threats of violence during symbolic events, upsurges of fascist groups and hooliganism, hate speech, and more, are just some example of how ethnic tensions are manifested. Vojvodina (Temerin) – disputes between Serbs and Hungarian minorities “Temerin: cursed Serbs, called Hitler. Due to the fight in Temerin, seven suspects were arrested for inciting religious and racial hatred”. – Novosti (23.10.2012)2 “Fights in Temerin, media reports that they are ethically charged”. – Vesti online (28.01.2013)3 “Another incident in Temerin.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Criminal Justice and Security, Vol. 34 (December 2006)
    REVIJA VARSTVOSLOVJE ISSN 1580-0253 Journal of Criminal Justice and Security The remit of the Journal of criminal justice and security is to participate in contemporary criminal justice research relating to the examina­ tion and development of theory, structure, process, cause and consequence of societal responses to crime and criminality, and other security issues. While it incorporates the social and behavioural aspects of criminology, criminal justice is a much broader field of study because it is interdisciplinary in nature, covering the study of policing, prosecution, courts, prisons and other correctional and supervisory institutions, and security provision in contemporary society. The Journal of criminal justice and security research work applies basic scientific approaches to the following areas: • understanding the social, psychological, philosophic, economic, historical, legal and political aspects of crime, deviance and justice; • exploring the aetiology, prevention, control and response to criminality and criminals; • assessing the extent and form of crime and deviant behaviour in society; • studying criminal law and legal procedures; • studying law enforcement in practice and the work of prosecution services, the courts and correctional facilities; • studying other social control mechanisms and methods of security provision in contemporary society. Letnik 8/št. 3 in 4/ december 2006 Uredniški odbor / Editorial Board: Year 8/ No 3 and 4/December 2006 Hans-Juergen Albrecht, Max Planck Institut for Foreign and Interna­ strani / Pages: 179-402 tional Criminal Law, Germany, Andrej Anžiè, University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Izdajatelj / Publisher: Security, Slovenia Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za varnostne vede, Slovenija Darko Anželj, Ministry of Interior, Slovenia, University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, Igor Beliè, University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Slovenia Security, Slovenia, Glavni in odgovorni urednik / Editor-in-chief: Borka J.
    [Show full text]