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I Fachgebiet Englische Philologie Inaugural-Dissertation Zur Erlangung Des Doktorgrades Der Philosophischen Fakultät Der West

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I Fachgebiet Englische Philologie Inaugural-Dissertation Zur Erlangung Des Doktorgrades Der Philosophischen Fakultät Der West Fachgebiet Englische Philologie THE NATURE OF ETHNIC CONFLICTS AND THEIR REPRESENTATION IN SELECTED NIGERIAN LITERATURE: A CASE STUDY OF LITERATURE FOR CONFLICT RESOLUTION Inaugural-Dissertation Zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophischen Fakultät der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität zu Münster ( Westf. ) vorgelegt von ONYEBUCHI JAMES ILE, MA geboren in Ufuma, Anambra State, Nigeria 2009 i Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 1. Dezember 2008 Dekan: Prof. Dr. Christian Pietsch Referent: Prof. Dr. Klaus Stierstorfer Korreferent: Prof. Dele Layiwola, University of Ibadan, Nigeria ii CURRICULUM VITAE PERSONAL DATA FAMILY NAME: ILE OTHER NAMES: ONYEBUCHI JAMES DATE OF BIRTH: 06. 02. 1970 PLACE OF BIRTH: UFUMA NATIONALITY: NIGERIAN MARITAL STATUS: MARRIED CONTACT ADDRESS: No 15 Mungo Park Close, Asokoro, off Gimbya Street Area 11, Abuja E.MAIL ADDRESS: [email protected] or [email protected] Telephone: +2348030707464 EDUCATION 2004-2008 WESTFÄLISCHE-WILHELM UNIVERSITY MÜNSTER, GERMANY PROMOTIONSSTUDIUM/DOCTORAL STUDIES IN LITERATURE IN ENGLISH AREA OF SPECIALIZATION: LITERATURE AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION THEME OF DISSERTATION: THE NATURE OF ETHNIC CONFLICTS AND THEIR REPRESENTATION IN SELECTED NIGERIAN LITERATURE: A CASE STUDY OF LITERATURE FOR CONFLICT RESOLUTION 1998-2003 HEINRICH-HEINE UNIVERSITY DUESSELDORF, GERMANY MASTERS OF ARTS IN ENGLISH / AMERICAN STUDIES AND POLITICAL SCIENCE 1,9 (upper second class upper) Note: Before 2006 or so, Germany, due to its emphasis on specialisation, had a Masters programme that ran for 4/5yrs. This programme had an integrated Bachelor programme or (Vordiplom/Zwischenprüfung). From 2006 it converted to the conventional 3-year Bachelors and 2-year Masters. 1996-1997/ 98 UNIVERSITY OF SAARLAND AND UNIVERSITY OF DUESSELDORF PNDS IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE 1992-1996 UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA GERMAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE ( MAJOR ) FRENCH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE ( MINOR ) RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE ( MINOR ) iii 1990-91/2 AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, NIGERIA POLITICAL SCIENCE AND HISTORY 1989 PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH PRIVATE STUDIES 1982-1987/ 88 GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UMUAHIA: WEST AFRICAN SCHOOL CERTIFICATE / HOLY GHOST SECONDARY TECHNICAL SCHOOL, UMUAHIA: GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION 1977-1982 URBAN SCHOOL 1, UMUAHIA AND SCHOOL ROAD MODEL PRIMARY SCHOOL, UMUAHIA: FIRST SCHOOL LEAVING CERTIFICATE WORK EXPERIENCE 2008 JAN- NOVEMBER KOMMISARIATWEST, VIENNA, AUSTRIA CHARTERED TRANSLATOR FEBRUARY 2007-OCTOBER KOMMISARIATWEST, VIENNA, AUSTRIA CHARTERED TRANSLATOR MARCH 2006-SEPTEMBER KOMMISARIATWEST, VIENNA, AUSTRIA CHARTERED TRANSLATOR SEPTEMBER 2005-MARCH 2006 INSTITUTE OF AFRICAN STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN, NIGERIA RESEARCH FELLOW FEBRUARY 2005 – OCTOBER 2005 SECURITYHEADQUARTERS, LINZ AND VIENNA, AUSTRIA CHARTERED TRANSLATOR FEBRUARY 2004 – MAY/ AUGUST-NOVEMBER SICHERHEITSDIREKTION BURGENLAND, AUSTRIA CHARTERED TRANSLATOR JANUARY 2003 –MARCH 2003 SECURITY DEPARTMENT, VIENNA, AUSTRIA CHARTERED TRANSLATOR MARCH 2002 –SEPTEMBER 2002 NOVEMBER SECURITY DEPARTMENT, VIENNA, AUSTRIA CHARTERED TRANSLATOR iv 2001 FEBRUARY – APRIL FEDERAL OFFICE FOR POLICE AFFAIRS, ZÜRICH, ZWITZERLAND CHARTERED TRANSLATOR 2001 AUGUST – SEPTEMBER WEST LB SYSTEMS BANK, DUESSELDORF, GERMANY OFFICE ASSISTANT (MARKETING) 2000 MARCH – SEPTEMBER FEDERAL OFFICE FOR POLICE AFFAIRS, ZÜRICH, ZWITZERLAND CHARTERED TRANSLATOR 1999 OCTOBER - FEBRUARY 2000 DIE DEUTSCHE POST, DUESSELDORF, GERMANY PART-TIME WORKER 1999 JULY- SEPTEMBER MANNESMAN, SOLIGEN OHLIGS, GERMANY PRODUCTIONS ASSISTANT 1999 FEBRUARY – APRIL KRONENBERG, LEICHLINGEN, GERMANY PRODUCTIONS ASSISTANT 1998 JULY- OCTOBER, KRONENBERG, LEICHLIGEN, GERMANY PRODUCTIONS ASSISTANT INTELLECTUAL ACHIEVEMENTS: 1. GERMAN ACADEMIC EXCHANGE SCHOLAR 2. AUTHOR OF AN-ABOUT-TO-PUBLISHED NOVEL ENTITLED: THE WATCHFUL EYES OF GOD v DEDICATION This work is dedicated to the memory of my late father Nze J.C. Ile, whose wish was to be alive and be witness to the great moments of his children’s lives, but who passed on onto the bosom of his Creator and Maker. His earthly works bear witness for him. And also to Mum, Mrs C.U. Ile, whose goodwill and love for her children is immeasurable. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My deeply felt gratitude goes to my Supervisor, Professor Dr. Klaus Stierstorfer, who assisted me at every inch of the way during the period of my research. My special thanks also to Professor Dr. Dr. Reinhard Meyers of the political science institute of the Westfälische Wilhelm- University, Münster, Germany for accepting to be my third examiner in ethnic conflict issues my research raised. I’m also very grateful to Professor Dele Layiwola, my second reader and motivator at Ibadan with whom I discovered the path, and also every member of staff of the Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, for the unquantifiable help they rendered to me during my research stay at the University, especially the librarian at the French section of the Institute, Dr (mrs) Angela Okpala. I remain thankful to my dear wife, Mrs Chidogo Mary James-Ile, who was always there with me through the rigorous road of academic research. My regards go also to all members of the Hall-government of the Postgraduate Hall, Tafawa Balewa Hall, University of Ibadan, especially to Mr James for all the support and help he rendered to me during my period of registration at the Hall. Not left out is also late Mr Idowu vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS A M P-----A Man of the People: Achebe, Chinua. Oxford: Heinemann Educational Publishers, 1966. D B---------Destination Biafra: Emecheta, Buchi. Oxford: Heinemann Educational, Publishers, 1994. D L---------Dangerous Love: Okri, Ben. London: Phoenix House, 1996. E W B------The Empire Writes Back: Ashcroft, Bill, et al. New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 1989. HYS--------Half of a Yellow Sun: Adichie, Chimamanda. New York: Alfred A. Knopf Publishers, 2006. N L E------No Longer at Ease: Achebe, Chinua. London: Heinemann Educational Publishers, 1960. S A---------Season of Anomy: Soyinka, Wole. London: Arrow Books Limited 62-65 Chandos Place, London WC2N 4NW, 1988. S Ag-------The Secret Agent: Conrad, Joseph. London: Penguin Books, 1907. T D’U------Tess of the D’Urbervilles: Hardy, Thomas. London: Penguin Books, 1994. viii ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication---------------------------------------------------------------------vi Acknowledgement----------------------------------------------------------vii List of Abbreviations-------------------------------------------------------viii Foreword------------------------------------------------------------------------2 1. The New Trends in Scholarship and Post-colonial Theories: An Introduction-----------------------------------------------------------------12 2. Ethnicity in Nigeria ------ -----------------------------------------------54 2.1 The Igbo People of Nigeria------------------------------------------71 2.2 The Yoruba People of Nigeria--------------------------------------74 2.3 The Hausa-Fulani People of Nigeria------------------------------78 2.4 Independence and the Competition For Scarce Political, Social And Economic Resources--------------------------------------------81 3. Nigerian Literature as Social Praxis: Its Implication for Ethnic Conflicts, National Orientation and Development----------------88 4. Nigerian Literature and Conflict Resolution: The Practical Implications-----------------------------------------------------------------121 4.1 Season of Anomy as conflict story: A case study--------------149 4.2 Iska as conflict story: A case study--------------------------------179 4.3 Destination Biafra as conflict story: A case study-------------194 5. Literature, the World and Change-------------------------------------218 5.1 The Metropolitan Dimension---------------------------------------223 5.2 The Post-colonial Dimension---------------------------------------247 Conclusion------------------------------------------------------------------273 Works cited------------------------------------------------------------------279 1 FOREWORD The essence of scholarship is to bring order where there is disorder, to bring clarity where there is confusion and to make knowledge functional, to bring about an overload of information and to turn too much information - or information-overload - into focused power: the power to make Nigerian literature, a subfield of post-colonial studies, serve practical purposes in national orientation and development. It was the need to lay a solid foundation for the future development of the Nigerian society that the intellectuals of post-colonial Nigeria evaluated, interpreted and deconstructed the colonial theories that had almost shaped what was perceived as their identity. The gaining of independence as well as the realities of multi- ethnicity made it even more imperative for these intellectuals to re- evaluate the post-colonial Nigerian condition; for Nigeria had become a society where ethnic diversity fell short of being a rich cultural heritage, which could be galvanised into a unifying force. However, it is this sudden realisation of the need to put things aright that implicates post- colonialism as possessive of regenerative power. It is regenerative in the sense that its theories are needed in order to understand the things that happen in post-colonial societies; it could also be disintegrative once the theories are applied subversively to the point of nihilism. Once they are applied subversively to the point of nihilism, they become, according to 2 Leela
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