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View Entire Issue Vol. 11, No. 9 A Publication of the Geological Society of America September 2001 INSIDE " Stream Piracy Revisited: A Groundwater-Sapping Solution, p. 4 Darryll T. Pederson " Northeastern Section Meeting, p. 22 " Field Forum Scheduled, p. 43 Contents GSA TODAY (ISSN 1052-5173) is published monthly by The Geological Vol. 11, No. 9 September 2001 Society of America, Inc., with offices at 3300 Penrose Place, Boulder, Colorado. Mailing address: P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140, U.S.A. Periodicals postage paid at Boulder, Colorado, and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to GSA Today, Member Services, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140. science article Copyright © 2001, The Geological Society of America, Inc. (GSA). All rights 4 reserved. Copyright not claimed on content prepared wholly by U.S. Stream Piracy Revisited: A Groundwater-Sapping Solution . government employees within scope of their employment. Individual scientists Darryll T. Pederson are hereby granted permission, without fees or further requests to GSA, to use a single figure, a single table, and/or a brief paragraph of text in other subsequent works and to make unlimited photocopies of items in 12 this journal for noncommercial use in classrooms to further education Dialogue . and science. For any other use, contact Copyright Permissions, GSA, P.O. Measuring Success Scientifically: Earth System Processes Meeting a Hit Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140, USA, fax 303-447-1133, [email protected]; reference GSA Today, ISSN 1052-5173. Per- 13 mission is granted to authors to post the abstracts only of their articles From Loch Ness to Biomedical Research . on their own or their organization’s Web site providing the posting includes this reference: “The full paper was published in the Geological 14 Society of America’s journal GSA Today, [include year, month, and page Boston 2001: A Geo-Odyssey . numbers if known, where the article will appear].” GSA provides this and Register Online; Pardee Keynote Symposia other forums for the presentation of diverse opinions and positions by scientists worldwide, regardless of their race, citizenship, gender, religion, or political viewpoint. Opinions presented in this publication do not reflect Cole Awards for Postdoctoral Research . 16 official positions of the Society. SUBSCRIPTIONS for 2001 calendar year: Society Members: GSA GSA Foundation Update . 18 Today is provided as part of membership dues. Contact Member Services at 1-888-443-4472, (303) 447-2020 or [email protected] for 19 membership information. Nonmembers & Institutions: Free with paid Environmental Consulting: . subscription to both GSA Bulletin and Geology, otherwise $65 for U.S., What to Expect and How to Succeed Canada, and Mexico; $75 elsewhere. Contact Subscription Services at (800) 627-0629 or [email protected]. Also available on an annual CD-ROM (together with GSA Bulletin, Geology, GSA Data Repository, The Evolution of GSA: Part 1 . 20 and an Electronic Retrospective Index to journal articles from 1972); $94 to GSA Members, others call GSA Subscription Services for prices and details. Claims: For nonreceipt or for damaged copies, members contact Northeastern Section, GSA . 22 Member Services; all others contact Subscription Services. Claims are 37th Annual Meeting Preliminary Announcement honored for one year; please allow sufficient delivery time for overseas copies, up to six months. Rock Stars: J. Tuzo Wilson . 24 STAFF: Acting Executive Director: David A. Stephenson Science Editors: Karl E. Karlstrom, Department of Earth and Planetary GSA Names 2001 Research Grant Recipients . 26 Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-1116, [email protected]; Molly F. Miller, Department of Geology, Box 117-B, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, [email protected] Envision Yourself in a GSA Division: Part 1 . 29 Director of Publications: Jon Olsen Managing Editor: Jeanette Hammann Editorial Assistant: Christina Alba Penrose Conference Report: The Iapetus Ocean . 32 Production Manager: Diane C. Lorenz Production Coordinator: Margo Y. Good Graphics Production: Margo Y. Good Birdsall-Dreiss Distinguished Lecturer for 2002 Announced . 36 GSA Today lead science articles should present the results of exciting new research or summarize and synthesize important problems or issues, and they must be understandable to all in the earth science community. Congressional Science Fellow Begins Term This Month . 38 Contact science editor Karl Karlstrom, [email protected], to submit a manuscript. Online Peer Review Brings Convenience, Maintains Security . 39 ADVERTISING: Classifieds and display: Contact Ann Crawford, (303) 447-2020, ext. 1153, fax 303-447-1133; [email protected]. GSA Earth Science Week 2001 Poster . 41 GSA ONLINE: www.geosociety.org This publication is included on GSA’s annual Field Forum Scheduled: Kinematics and Vorticity of High-Strain Zones . 43 CD-ROM, GSA Journals on Compact Disc. Call GSA Member Services for details. Classified Advertising . 44 Printed in U.S.A. using pure soy inks. On the cover: Akaka Falls, Hawaii. The bellowing form of the plunge pool is the result of groundwater-sapping processing as well as vapor effects from the plunging 50% Total water, enhancing biological activity. See “Stream Piracy Revisited: A Groundwater- Recovered Fiber Sapping Solution,” by Darryll T. Pederson, p. 4–10. 10% Postconsumer GSA TODAY, SEPTEMBER 2001 3 Darryll T. Pederson, Department of energy to the system as increased logic settings, such as in a delta, stream Geosciences, University of Nebraska, recharge causes groundwater levels to piracy is a cyclic event. The final act of Lincoln, NE 68588-0340, USA rise, accelerating stream piracy. stream piracy is likely a rapid event that should be reflected as such in the geo- INTRODUCTION logic record. Understanding the mecha- The term stream piracy brings to mind nisms for stream piracy can lead to bet- ABSTRACT an action of forcible taking, leaving the ter understanding of the geologic record. Stream piracy describes a water-diver- helpless and plundered river poorer for Recognition that stream piracy has sion event during which water from one the experience—a takeoff on stories of occurred in the past is commonly based stream is captured by another stream the pirates of old. In an ironic sense, on observations such as barbed tribu- with a lower base level. Its past occur- two schools of thought are claiming vil- taries, dry valleys, beheaded streams, rence is recognized by unusual patterns lain status. Lane (1899) thought the term and elbows of capture. A marked of drainage, changes in accumulating too violent and sudden, and he used change of composition of accumulating sediment, and cyclic patterns of sediment “stream capture” to describe a ground- sediment in deltas, sedimentary basins, deposition. Stream piracy has been re- water-sapping–driven event, which he terraces, and/or biotic distributions also ported on all time and size scales, but its envisioned to be less dramatic and to be may signify upstream piracy (Bishop, mechanisms are controversial. Some the common mechanism for stream 1995; Pissart et al., 1997; Mather et al., researchers conclude that stream piracy piracy. Crosby (1937) took issue with 2000; Johnsson, 1999). Recognition that is a rare event and happens only on Lane (1899 and later papers) and argued piracy is happening now is based on small scales; this is based on a recogni- that surface water is the principal agent observed higher erosion rates for streams tion that surface-water energy decreases of stream piracy in most settings. This with steeper gradients on one side of a near divides and the belief that ground- set up a debate on the relative roles of drainage divide relative to the other, water-sapping processes decrease in surface-water erosion and groundwater- with the steeper gradient stream captur- effectiveness near divides and are not sapping erosion that persists today. This ing the headwaters of the lower gradient effective in rock and cohesive sediment. paper contends that groundwater-flow stream (Bates, 1961; Vogt, 1991; Ries et In contrast, numerous studies show that patterns and groundwater-sapping pro- al., 1998). As variants, development of groundwater-sapping is effective in rock cesses are important in most cases of karst aquifers can lead to underground and cohesive sediment, focused by the stream piracy, and the final act of piracy capture of rivers over time, such as the intersection of the extending channel can be rapid because of the developing recognition of loss of upper Danube with the water table, and effective in geometry. There is a predictable imprint flows (Hötzl, 1996), and cyclic develop- hillslope processes. Further, destruction of groundwater flow, and groundwater ment of lobes on the Holocene Missis- of evidence by surface water is the rea- sapping is effective at all scales and in sippi River delta is modulated by stream son for the general lack of recognition all geologic material. capture (Roberts, 1997). of groundwater-sapping effects. I argue The issue of stream piracy is more While the identity of the villain (mech- that the persistence of groundwater-flow than an academic discussion because it anism) remains controversial, there are systems, coupled with the evolving geo- is an important geologic process—past common elements in stream piracy metry as a pirating stream approaches a and present. Sediment-deposition pat- regardless of the erosion process. To divide, can sustain
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