The Morphological and Biochemical Components of Resistance in Field Bean Against Pod Borers

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(6): 3894-3905 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 6 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.906.459 The Morphological and Biochemical Components of Resistance in Field Bean against Pod Borers K.M. Rashmi1, K.N. Muniswamy Gowda2, B. Tambat2, N. Umashankar Kumar2 and L. Vijayakumar1 1College of Agriculture, VC form Mandya, India 2College of Agriculture, Karekere, Hassan-573 225 *Corresponding author ABSTRACT The morphological characters viz., pod length, pod width, pod wall thickness and trichome K e yw or ds density in selected genotypes were studied and the correlation studies revealed that pod length showed positive correlation (r = 0.90) with pod damage. However, pod width Morphological and showed non- significant association (r = 0.34) with the pod damage. While, pod trichome biochemical traits, density and pod wall thickness (r = -0.89 & -0.88, respectively) showed significant Field bean, Pod negative association with pod damage. The biochemical basis of resistance to pod borers borers, Karnataka in field bean genotypes revealed, the total phenols in pods of healthy and infested samples Article Info (r= - 0.92 & -0.95, respectively) showed a significant and negative relationship with per cent pod damage caused by pod borers. While, total sugars in healthy and infested pods (r Accepted: = 091 & 0.94, respectively), reducing sugars in healthy and infested pods (r = 0.89 & 0.92, 30 May 2020 Available Online: respectively), crude proteins in healthy and infested pods (r = 0.90 & 0.96, respectively) 10 June 2020 and amino acids in healthy and infested pods (r= 0.96 & 0.91, respectively) showed a significant positive association with per cent pod damage caused by pod borers. Introduction damage by insect pests is considered as one of the major drawbacks in achieving the Lablab purpureus (L.), commonly called as potential yield in field bean. Several of pests field bean is one of the ancient leguminous severely ravage the buds, flowers and crops cultivated mainly in southern parts of developing seeds of bean crop resulting in India. Though the crop is cultivated in almost crop loss. Govindan (1974) reported around all regions of Karnataka, it is highly grown as 55 species of insects and one species of mite a mixed crop with finger millet and sorghum feeding on crop from seedling stage to harvest and to a smaller extent as a pure crop under in Karnataka. rainfed as well as irrigated conditions. The 3894 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(6): 3894-3905 Among sucking pests lablab bug, Coptosoma Materials and Methods cribraria (Fabricius), Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius) and Nezara viridula (Linnaeus) Out of the 30 genotypes screened 15 occurred commonly in large numbers genotypes which sustained high and low throughout the cropping period levels of pod borer infestation were selected (Govindan,1974). The significant crop to study the morphological and biochemical damage was attributed to the pod borer factors associated with resistance and complex including Helicoverpa armigera susceptibility. The pods of selected genotypes (Hubner), Adisura atkinsoni (Moore), Maruca were collected at 20 days after pod initiation testulalis (Geyer), Etiella zinckenella and subjected for further analysis of (Treitschke), Cydia ptychora (Meyrick), morphological and biochemical components. Exelastis atomosa (Walshinghan), The pod samples of both healthy and infested Sphenarches caffer (Zeller) and Lampides pods were used for biochemical analysis. boeticus (Linnaeus) and Callosobruchus theobromae (L.) which are of considerable Morphological characters importance causing 80 per cent pod damage (Katagihallimath and Siddappaji, 1962). The The morphological traits viz., pod length, pod inflorescence is attacked by several species of width, trichome density and pod wall borers, of which E. atomosa, A. atkinsoni and thickness were studied. H. armigera have been considered as major pests. Currently, spotted borer, M. vitrata is Pod length attaining a major pest status on Lablab varieties, blooming throughout the year. The Ten pods from each genotype on five seed yield loss caused by A. atkinsoni has randomly selected plants were used to assess reported to be more than 95 per cent the pod length with the help of graph paper (Chakravarthy, 1983) and pod damage, more and expressed in centimetre per pod. Mean than 49.43 per cent (Mallikarjunappa, 1989). length of pods were computed and correlated with the infestation of pod borers. By considering the seriousness of damage caused by the pod borers it is felt necessary to Pod width find efficient and precise control measures. Since, L. purpureus is a vegetable crop, the The ten pods from each genotype on five eco-friendly suppression methods like the use randomly selected plants were collected to of resistant varieties and application of need- measure the pod width with the help of graph based pesticides based on information of paper and expressed in centimetre per pod. insect-pest dynamics should be adopted. Mean width of pod was computed and correlated with the infestation of pod borers. Host plant resistance remains the most effective tool in integrated pest management Trichome density which is compatible with other methods of control without any additional cost to growers The density of trichomes on pods was counted (Nadeem et al., 2010). Hence, the present under ocular stage microscope as the method research programme on Morphological and suggested by Jackai and Oghiakhe (1989). biochemical components of resistance in Field Trichomes were counted on ten pods from bean against pod borers was undertaken each genotype on five randomly selected during 2017-18. plants by keeping a card board with 0.5 cm2 3895 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(6): 3894-3905 window on the pod samples to be examined Total phenols and trichome density were recorded. And mean trichome density was computed and Estimation of total phenols in pods of the correlated with infestation of pod borers. plant tissues were done by following Folin- Ciocalteau method suggested by Bray and Pod wall thickness Thorpe (1954). Thickness of pod wall in ten pods from each Preparation of reagents genotype of five randomly selected plants was measured by using the vernier calipers and Sodium carbonate solution expressed in millimetre per pod. Mean pod wall thickness was computed and correlated Two gram of sodium carbonate was dissolved with pod borer incidence. in 0.1 N Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and then the volume was made up to 100 ml with 0.1N Biochemical components NaOH solution. Biochemical constituents viz., total sugars, Folin-Ciocalteau reagent (FCR) reducing sugars, total phenols, crude protein and total free amino acids in pod samples of Hundred grams of Sodium tungstate and 25 different resistant and susceptible genotypes gm of sodium molybdate were dissolved in was done to establish the relationship between 700 ml of water. Later, 50 ml of 85 per cent various biochemical contents and resistance Orthophosphoric acid and 100 ml of or susceptibility. concentrated Hydrochloric acid (HCl) were added to it and boiled under reflux gently for Extraction of plant tissues in alcohol about 10 hours. It was then cooled and 150 gm of lithium sulfate dissolved in 50 ml of Both infested and un-infested pod samples of water was added to it. About 4-5 drops of five randomly selected plants from each liquid bromine was added to it. Then the genotype were collected and they were mixture was boiled for about 15 minutes to thoroughly washed with distilled water and remove excess of bromine. Later the solution dried under shade. One gram of pod sample was cooled and diluted to one liter with water. pieces of all the genotypes were taken in This reagent was stored in brown bottle. The separate conical flask and 15 ml of 80 per normality of this reagent was determined by cent ethanol was added. It was refluxed for titrating against standard NaOH solution (0.1 30 minutes on hot water bath. After boiling, N). It was then diluted as per the need to the cooled extract and the pieces of tissues make 2.0 N. Just before use, one volume of were ground thoroughly in a mortar with this stock solution was diluted with one pestle in slight ethanol. The supernatant was volume of water. The phenol content was decanted into another flask and residue was estimated as follows. again re-extracted with small quantity of hot ethanol and decanted. This extract was One ml of Folin-Ciocalteau reagent was filtered through Whatman No. 1 filter paper added to 1.0 ml of the alcohol extract of the and made up to a known volume with 80 per plant sample in a test tube followed by 2.0 ml cent ethanol. The ethanol part of (alcoholic) of 20 per cent sodium carbonate solution and extract was stored in refrigerator at 4O C, and the mixture was heated on a boiling water used for the estimation of total sugars, bath for exactly 1 minute. It was later cooled reducing sugars and phenols. and made up to known volume (20 ml) with 3896 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(6): 3894-3905 distilled water. The blue color developed was of distilled water was mixed with it and measured in a spectrophotometer at 650 nm. placed in an incubator at 30º C for 24-28 The standard curve was prepared using hours. This reagent was stored in a glass catechol and concentrations of phenols stoppered brown bottle. Reducing and total present in different samples of the genotypes sugars in the extracts were estimated by were calculated using the standard curve and following the procedure of Somogyi (1952). expressed as milligrams per gram of the plant For estimating the total sugars, hydrolysis of sample.

Load more