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Music-Induced Chills Yale Review of Undergraduate Research in Psychology Music-Induced Chills Will Halimou Oberlin College INTRODUCTION Chills in the context of social behavior Chills are rapidly spreading, tingling In their review paper, Panksepp & feelings that consist of goosebumps and shivers Bernatzky (2002) posit, “Chills are related to (Harrison & Loui, 2014; Mori & Iwanaga, 2014). socio-emotional systems that generate These “aesthetic chills” are distinct from separation-distress.”. The researchers primarily chills/goosebumps induced by cold temperatures base this idea off of a PET imaging study that (Craig, 2005). There are two broad categories of showed arousal of the ventral striatum and chills: “goosetingles” which are associated with midbrain regions that include the periaqueductal positive feelings and approach-related gray areas that are thought to play a role in constructs, and “coldshivers” which correspond separation distress. According to their review to negative emotions and avoidance-related paper, “…the perception of separation could constructs (Maruskin et al., 2012). Music has provide motivational urgency for social-reunion been shown to be a stable and powerful inducer responses.” Some time after this review paper of chills (Goldstein, 1980) associated with the was published, Grewe et al. (2007) found that former type: goosetingles. among several different musical sections, the There is agreement in the literature that entry of a voice consistently elicited the most general reward sensitivity predicts chills chills. Similarly, in their review paper, Harrison (Harrison & Loui, 2014). This link is promising & Loui (2014) note that melodies occupying the because there is already a plethora of knowledge human vocal register were major chill-inducers. on reward pathways. Several mysteries in music These observations about the human research could potentially be elucidated if vocal register in music work together with the viewed in the context of reward sensitivity, such separation distress idea. The “voices” in the as how sad music makes people feel pleasure music could be reminiscent of a child calling out (Sachs et al., 2015). to his or her parent. Ultimately, this idea is Not everyone experiences music-induced difficult to properly verify and the cited PET chills equally. Some researchers found that study does not provide specific enough evidence females experience more chills and hypothesized to strongly back this claim. The stated brain that this is because females use music to regions have many functions and cannot be tied influence mood more than males do (Panksepp solely to separation distress. However, with more & Bernatzky, 2002). However, it is difficult to experiments and evidence to bolster it, this idea test whether females and males truly use music could provide an interesting framework for for different purposes. Contrary to Panksepp & viewing the relationship between a social, Bernatzky (2002), Grewe et al. (2007) argue that communicative feature of music and chills. personality factors rather than demographic Chills are linked to reward pathways factors (age, gender, music education) In one study, as the intensity of chills characterize chill responders and non-responders increased, there were increases in cerebral blood (Grewe et al., 2009). Indeed, more of the recent flow and decreases in the ventral striatum, literature seems to agree with this perspective. midbrain, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and This review aims to clarify which ventral medial prefrontal cortex - brain regions individual-based personality and neurological thought to be involved in reward/motivation, traits predispose one to experiencing more chills emotion, and arousal (Blood & Zatorre, 2001). in response to music. We will focus on general This finding would explain why people enjoy reward sensitivity, openness to experience, and listening to chill-inducing music, even if the high resting physiological arousal. subject matter or mood of the piece is melancholic. In addition, Salimpoor et al. (2013) noted that people find music more rewarding 74 Yale Review of Undergraduate Research in Psychology when they have increased functional could make these people more actively engage connectivity of the auditory cortices, amygdala, with external stimuli (Cherry, 2016; McCrae and and ventromedial prefrontal regions with the Costa, 1997). nucleus accumbens. The wide brain connectivity Nusbaum & Silvia (2011) found that with the nucleus accumbens implicates reward degree of music engagement, rather than genre pathways with music listening and corollary preference, directly related to amounts of chills. experiences like chills. This finding makes sense when viewed in Chills and their corresponding anticipation conjunction with Mori & Iwanaga’s (2015) are highly pleasurable observation that people experience more chills One study observed that endogenous when the music is self-selected as opposed to dopamine was released in the striatum at peak experimenter-selected. Further support for the emotional arousal during music listening link between music engagement and chill (Salimpoor et al., 2011). While this study did not experiences comes from the finding that skin use the term “chills”, “peak emotional arousal” conductance response (SCR) during chills was seems to be an analogous phrase, as Harrison & higher when people listened in solitude versus in Loui (2014) simply categorize these chills as the company of others (Egermann et al., 2011). “strong experiences with music.” Salimpoor et This higher SCR suggests that music is more al.’s study also found that the anticipation of arousing when listened to alone, and the authors chills generated neurological activity linked to of the study suggest that this effect could be due reward. Specifically, the caudate was more to increased engagement and concentration on involved during the anticipation phase, while the the music during solitude. These findings point nucleus accumbens was more involved during to a link between the degree of engagement with the peak emotional response (Salimpoor et al., music listening and the experience of chills. 2011). Physical Arousal Furthermore, in their review, Panksepp Chills are associated with high & Bernatzky (2002) discuss a relationship emotional arousal. Salimpoor et al. (2009) between endogenous opioids and chills. observed a “…strong positive correlation Researchers established that naloxone, an opiate between ratings of pleasure and emotional antagonist, can reduce the incidence of chills arousal.”. Researchers found that individuals (Naloxone Injection: MedlinePlus Drug who did not experience pleasure also showed no Information, 2016). This fact suggests that the significant increases in emotional arousal. Not chill response is caused by an abrupt increase in only are chills associated with high emotional endogenous opioid activity or an endorphin rush. arousal, but they are also associated with These results collectively suggest that both physical changes as well. One study found that anticipating and experiencing music-induced people with high resting psychophysiological chills is a highly pleasurable experience. arousal experience chills more frequently than Higher openness and BAS scores correspond those with lower resting psychophysiological with more chills arousal (Mori & Iwanaga, 2015). Indeed there is Openness to experience, one of the “big a close relationship between chills and five” personality traits (McCrae and Costa 1997) SCR/piloerection, two indicators of sympathetic and high Behavioral Activation System (BAS) nervous system arousal (Craig, 2005). In scores are also thought to be highly related to addition to galvanic skin response (GSR) and likelihood of experiencing chills from music piloerection measurements, cardiac signatures of (Silvia & Nusbaum, 2011; Mori & Iwanaga, emotionality (EK) values, as well as heart rate, 2015). The BAS is a neurobehavioral system increased significantly during moments of peak thought to regulate positive affect and approach positive emotion accompanied by piloerection behavior in response to rewards (Livingstone, (Sumpf et al., 2015). 2008). These two traits are often found hand-in- CONCLUSION hand, such as in the context of determining Several studies have established that career adaptability (Li et al., 2015). Given its certain subsections of the population experience association with approach behavior, it is likely music-induced chills more than others: people that high BAS scores are associated with high with more general reward sensitivity, higher levels of openness. Openness corresponds with levels of openness, and higher degrees of resting an increased curiosity and extraversion, which physiological arousal. Knowledge about the type 75 Yale Review of Undergraduate Research in Psychology of people that experience music-induced chills Psychoacoustical Correlates Of Chills And Strong can reveal mechanisms behind not only the Emotions. Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal 24(3), pp. 297–314. pleasurable emotions conjured by music, but also Guhn, M., Hamm, A. and Zentner, M. 2007. Physiological physical responses caused by music. and Musico-Acoustic Correlates of the Chill There has been much research about the Response. Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary types of acoustic qualities in music that induce Journal 24(5), pp. 473–484. chills. Grewe et al. (2007) observed that shivers Harrison, L. and Loui, P. 2014. Thrills, chills, frissons, and skin orgasms: toward an integrative model
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