Coagulating Colubrids
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Biogeography of the Reptiles of the Central African Republic
African Journal of Herpetology, 2006 55(1): 23-59. ©Herpetological Association of Africa Original article Biogeography of the Reptiles of the Central African Republic LAURENT CHIRIO AND IVAN INEICH Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle Département de Systématique et Evolution (Reptiles) – USM 602, Case Postale 30, 25, rue Cuvier, F-75005 Paris, France This work is dedicated to the memory of our friend and colleague Jens B. Rasmussen, Curator of Reptiles at the Zoological Museum of Copenhagen, Denmark Abstract.—A large number of reptiles from the Central African Republic (CAR) were collected during recent surveys conducted over six years (October 1990 to June 1996) and deposited at the Paris Natural History Museum (MNHN). This large collection of 4873 specimens comprises 86 terrapins and tortois- es, five crocodiles, 1814 lizards, 38 amphisbaenids and 2930 snakes, totalling 183 species from 78 local- ities within the CAR. A total of 62 taxa were recorded for the first time in the CAR, the occurrence of numerous others was confirmed, and the known distribution of several taxa is greatly extended. Based on this material and an additional six species known to occur in, or immediately adjacent to, the coun- try from other sources, we present a biogeographical analysis of the 189 species of reptiles in the CAR. Key words.—Central African Republic, reptile fauna, biogeography, distribution. he majority of African countries have been improved; known distributions of many species Tthe subject of several reptile studies (see are greatly expanded and distributions of some for example LeBreton 1999 for Cameroon). species are questioned in light of our results. -
Snakes of Durban
SNakes of durban Brown House Snake Herald Snake Non - venomous Boaedon capensis Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia Often found near human habitation where they Also referred to as the Red-lipped herald. hunt rodents, lizards and small birds. This nocturnal (active at night) snake feeds They are active at night and often collected mainlyly on frogs and is one of the more common for the pet trade. snakes found around human dwellings. SPOTTED BUSH Snake Eastern Natal Green Snake Southern Brown Egg eater Philothamnus semivariegatus Philothamnus natalensis natalensis Dasypeltis inornata Probably the most commonly found snake in This green snake is often confused with the This snake has heavily keeled body scales and urban areas. They are very good climbers, Green mamba. This diurnal species, (active during is nocturnal (active at night) . Although harmless, often seen hunting geckos and lizards the day) actively hunts frogs and geckos. they put up an impressive aggression display, in the rafters of homes. Max length 1.1 metres. with striking and open mouth gaping. Can reach This diurnal species (active during the day) over 1 metre in length and when they are that big is often confused with the Green mamba. they can eat chicken eggs. Habitat includes Max length 1.1 metres. grasslands, coastal forests and it frequents suburban gardens where they are known to enter aviaries in search of eggs. night adder Causus rhombeatus A common snake often found near ponds and dams because they feed exclusively on amphibians. They have a cytotoxic venom and bite symptoms will include pain and swelling. Max length 1 metre. -
Reptile and Amphibian Enforcement Applicable Law Sections
Reptile and Amphibian Enforcement Applicable Law Sections Environmental Conservation Law 11-0103. Definitions. As used in the Fish and Wildlife Law: 1. a. "Fish" means all varieties of the super-class Pisces. b. "Food fish" means all species of edible fish and squid (cephalopoda). c. "Migratory fish of the sea" means both catadromous and anadromous species of fish which live a part of their life span in salt water streams and oceans. d. "Fish protected by law" means fish protected, by law or by regulations of the department, by restrictions on open seasons or on size of fish that may be taken. e. Unless otherwise indicated, "Trout" includes brook trout, brown trout, red-throat trout, rainbow trout and splake. "Trout", "landlocked salmon", "black bass", "pickerel", "pike", and "walleye" mean respectively, the fish or groups of fish identified by those names, with or without one or more other common names of fish belonging to the group. "Pacific salmon" means coho salmon, chinook salmon and pink salmon. 2. "Game" is classified as (a) game birds; (b) big game; (c) small game. a. "Game birds" are classified as (1) migratory game birds and (2) upland game birds. (1) "Migratory game birds" means the Anatidae or waterfowl, commonly known as geese, brant, swans and river and sea ducks; the Rallidae, commonly known as rails, American coots, mud hens and gallinules; the Limicolae or shorebirds, commonly known as woodcock, snipe, plover, surfbirds, sandpipers, tattlers and curlews; the Corvidae, commonly known as jays, crows and magpies. (2) "Upland game birds" (Gallinae) means wild turkeys, grouse, pheasant, Hungarian or European gray-legged partridge and quail. -
Fatal Boomslang Bite in the Northern Cape
African Journal of Emergency Medicine 9 (2019) 53–55 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect African Journal of Emergency Medicine journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/afjem CASE REPORT Fatal Boomslang bite in the Northern Cape T ⁎ Hendrik Johannes Krügera, Franz Gustav Lemkea,b, a Department of Emergency Medicine, Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe Hospital, Kimberley, South Africa b University of Cape Town, Division of Emergency Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa ABSTRACT Introduction: The authors describe an atypical presentation after a Boomslang bite with rapid progression of symptoms and death. Case report: A young gentleman was bitten and rapidly decompensated before monovalent antivenom could be administered, with fatal results. Conclusion: This case highlights the importance of having monovalent Boomslang antivenom rapidly available in all referral centres that may be involved in the management of Boomslang bite victims. African relevance which stemmed with difficulty. At 20h30, the severed head of the snake was identified by a snake • Boomslang bites are relatively uncommon in South Africa; further- expert as a juvenile female Boomslang (Dispholidus typus) – Fig. 1. more, there is little literature on the management of these poten- Various experts were consulted and concurred that the presentation was tially-fatal bites. atypical, and that, if the symptoms were due to Boomslang en- • This case study stresses the importance of early access to mono- venomation, the rapid onset was a poor prognostic sign. valent antivenom. The following treatment was recommended until monovalent anti- • The authors postulate that Boomslang venom toxicity may be dose venom could be emergently procured; the plan was initiated within 1 dependant, and therefore symptoms may progress more rapidly than hour of presentation at RMS EC: previously thought. -
Venomous Snakes of the Horn of Africa
VENOMOUS SNAKES OF THE HORN OF AFRICA Venomous Snake Identification Burrowing Asps Boomslang, Vine and Tree Snakes Snakebite Prevention Behavior: Venomous snakes are found throughout the Horn of Africa. Assume that any snake you encounter is venomous. Leave Long, Flattened Head, Round Fixed Front Smooth Long, Cylindrical Behavior: Burrowing asps spend the majority of time underground in burrows under stones, concrete slabs, logs, snakes alone. Many people are bitten because they try to kill a snake or get a closer look at it. Slightly Distinct from Neck Pupils Fangs Scales Body, Thin Tail They are active during both the daytime and nighttime. or wooden planks. 5-8 feet in length They live in trees and feed on bats, birds, and lizards. They are active on the surface only during the nighttime hours or after heavy rains flood their burrows. They are not aggressive: will quickly flee to nearest tree or bush if surprised on ground. Snakebites occur most often: MAMBAS They feed on small reptiles and rodents found in holes or underground. They do not climb. When molested, they inflate their bodies or necks as threat posture before biting. After rainstorms that follow long, dry spells or after rains in desert areas. Dendroaspis spp. SAVANNA VINE They are not aggressive: bites usually occur at night when snakes are stepped on accidentally. SNAKE During the half-hour before total darkness and the first two hours after dark. Habitats: Trees next to caves, coastal bush and reeds, tropical forests, open savannas, Thelotornis Habitats: Burrows in sand or soft soil, semi-desert areas, woodlands, and savannas. -
Notice Warning Concerning Copyright Restrictions P.O
Publisher of Journal of Herpetology, Herpetological Review, Herpetological Circulars, Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, and three series of books, Facsimile Reprints in Herpetology, Contributions to Herpetology, and Herpetological Conservation Officers and Editors for 2015-2016 President AARON BAUER Department of Biology Villanova University Villanova, PA 19085, USA President-Elect RICK SHINE School of Biological Sciences University of Sydney Sydney, AUSTRALIA Secretary MARION PREEST Keck Science Department The Claremont Colleges Claremont, CA 91711, USA Treasurer ANN PATERSON Department of Natural Science Williams Baptist College Walnut Ridge, AR 72476, USA Publications Secretary BRECK BARTHOLOMEW Notice warning concerning copyright restrictions P.O. Box 58517 Salt Lake City, UT 84158, USA Immediate Past-President ROBERT ALDRIDGE Saint Louis University St Louis, MO 63013, USA Directors (Class and Category) ROBIN ANDREWS (2018 R) Virginia Polytechnic and State University, USA FRANK BURBRINK (2016 R) College of Staten Island, USA ALISON CREE (2016 Non-US) University of Otago, NEW ZEALAND TONY GAMBLE (2018 Mem. at-Large) University of Minnesota, USA LISA HAZARD (2016 R) Montclair State University, USA KIM LOVICH (2018 Cons) San Diego Zoo Global, USA EMILY TAYLOR (2018 R) California Polytechnic State University, USA GREGORY WATKINS-COLWELL (2016 R) Yale Peabody Mus. of Nat. Hist., USA Trustee GEORGE PISANI University of Kansas, USA Journal of Herpetology PAUL BARTELT, Co-Editor Waldorf College Forest City, IA 50436, USA TIFFANY -
Colubrid Venom Composition: an -Omics Perspective
toxins Review Colubrid Venom Composition: An -Omics Perspective Inácio L. M. Junqueira-de-Azevedo 1,*, Pollyanna F. Campos 1, Ana T. C. Ching 2 and Stephen P. Mackessy 3 1 Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; [email protected] 2 Laboratório de Imunoquímica, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; [email protected] 3 School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639-0017, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +55-11-2627-9731 Academic Editor: Bryan Fry Received: 7 June 2016; Accepted: 8 July 2016; Published: 23 July 2016 Abstract: Snake venoms have been subjected to increasingly sensitive analyses for well over 100 years, but most research has been restricted to front-fanged snakes, which actually represent a relatively small proportion of extant species of advanced snakes. Because rear-fanged snakes are a diverse and distinct radiation of the advanced snakes, understanding venom composition among “colubrids” is critical to understanding the evolution of venom among snakes. Here we review the state of knowledge concerning rear-fanged snake venom composition, emphasizing those toxins for which protein or transcript sequences are available. We have also added new transcriptome-based data on venoms of three species of rear-fanged snakes. Based on this compilation, it is apparent that several components, including cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRiSPs), C-type lectins (CTLs), CTLs-like proteins and snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs), are broadly distributed among “colubrid” venoms, while others, notably three-finger toxins (3FTxs), appear nearly restricted to the Colubridae (sensu stricto). -
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THE HERPETOLOGICAL BULLETIN The Herpetological Bulletin is produced quarterly and publishes, in English, a range of articles concerned with herpetology. These include full-length papers of mostly a semi-technical nature, book reviews, letters from readers, society news, and other items of general herpetological interest. Emphasis is placed on natural history, conservation, captive breeding and husbandry, veterinary and behavioural aspects. Articles reporting the results of experimental research, descriptions of new taxa, or taxonomic revisions should be submitted to The Herpetological Journal (see inside back cover for Editor's address). ISSN 1473-0928 The British Herpetological Society. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the permission of the Editor. Printed by Metloc Printers Limited, Old Station Road, Loughton, Essex. Information for contributors 1. Contributions should be submitted in hard copy form (2 copies of manuscript, double-spaced) AND on computer diskette in Windows format only. The Bulletin is typeset directly from the author's diskette, so wherever possible all manuscripts should be prepared using a word-processor. Please indicate word-processing software used, and if possible also include a text-only version of the file. The text should be arranged in the following order: Title; Name(s) of author(s); Address(es) of authors (please indicate corresponding author); Abstract (optional - if included should not exceed 10% of total word length); Text; Acknowledgements; References; Appendices. Footnotes should not be included. Refer to this issue for style and format information. 2. Slides and high resolution scanned images are the preferred form of illustration, although good quality prints are also acceptable. -
The Development of Animal Form: Ontogeny, Morphology, And
The Development of Animal Form Ontogeny, Morphology, and Evolution Contemporary research in the field of evolutionary deve- lopmental biology, or ‘evo-devo’, have to date been pre- dominantlydevotedtointerpretingbasicfeaturesofanimal architecture in molecular genetics terms.Considerably less time has been spent on the exploitation of the wealth of facts and concepts available from traditional disciplines, such as comparative morphology, even though these tradi- tional approaches can continue to offer a fresh insight into evolutionary developmental questions. The Development of Animal Form aims to integrate traditional morphologi- cal and contemporary molecular genetic approaches and to deal with postembryonic development as well. This ap- proach leads to unconventional views on the basic features of animal organisation, such as body axes, symmetry, seg- ments, body regions, appendages, and related concepts. This book will be of particular interest to graduate stu- dents and researchers in evolutionary and developmental biology, as well as to those in related areas of cell biology, genetics, and zoology. Alessandro Minelli is a Professor of Zoology at the Univer- sity of Padova, Italy. An honorary fellow of the Royal Ento- mological Society, he was a founding member and vice- president of the European Society for Evolutionary Biology. From 1995 to 2001, he served as president of the Interna- tional Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. He has served on the editorial board of multiple learned journals, including Evolution & Development. The Development of Animal Form Ontogeny, Morphology, and Evolution ALESSANDRO MINELLI University of Padova Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge , United Kingdom Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521808514 © Alessandro Minelli 2003 This book is in copyright. -
First Reported Case of Thrombocytopenia from a Heterodon Nasicus Envenomation T
Toxicon 157 (2019) 12–17 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Toxicon journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/toxicon Case report First reported case of thrombocytopenia from a Heterodon nasicus envenomation T ∗ Nicklaus Brandehoffa,c, , Cara F. Smithb, Jennie A. Buchanana, Stephen P. Mackessyb, Caitlin F. Bonneya a Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center – Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA b School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, USA c University of California, San Francisco-Fresno, Fresno, CA, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Context: The vast majority of the 2.5 million annual worldwide venomous snakebites are attributed to Viperidae Envenomation or Elapidae envenomations. Of the nearly 2000 Colubridae species described, only a handful are known to cause Colubridae medically significant envenomations. Considered medically insignificant, Heterodon nasicus (Western Hognose Heterodon nasicus Snake) is a North American rear-fanged colubrid common in the legal pet trading industry. Previously reported cases of envenomations describe local pain, swelling, edema, and blistering. However, there are no reported cases of systemic or hematologic toxicity. Case details: A 20-year-old female sustained a bite while feeding a captive H. nasicus causing local symptoms and thrombocytopenia. On day three after envenomation, the patient was seen in the emergency department for persistent pain, swelling, and blistering. At that time, she was found to have a platelet count of 90 × 109/L. Previous routine platelet counts ranged from 315 to 373 × 109/L during the prior two years. Local symptoms peaked on day seven post envenomation. Her local symptoms and thrombocytopenia improved on evaluation four months after envenomation. -
Snake Communities Worldwide
Web Ecology 6: 44–58. Testing hypotheses on the ecological patterns of rarity using a novel model of study: snake communities worldwide L. Luiselli Luiselli, L. 2006. Testing hypotheses on the ecological patterns of rarity using a novel model of study: snake communities worldwide. – Web Ecol. 6: 44–58. The theoretical and empirical causes and consequences of rarity are of central impor- tance for both ecological theory and conservation. It is not surprising that studies of the biology of rarity have grown tremendously during the past two decades, with particular emphasis on patterns observed in insects, birds, mammals, and plants. I analyse the patterns of the biology of rarity by using a novel model system: snake communities worldwide. I also test some of the main hypotheses that have been proposed to explain and predict rarity in species. I use two operational definitions for rarity in snakes: Rare species (RAR) are those that accounted for 1% to 2% of the total number of individuals captured within a given community; Very rare species (VER) account for ≤ 1% of individuals captured. I analyse each community by sample size, species richness, conti- nent, climatic region, habitat and ecological characteristics of the RAR and VER spe- cies. Positive correlations between total species number and the fraction of RAR and VER species and between sample size and rare species in general were found. As shown in previous insect studies, there is a clear trend for the percentage of RAR and VER snake species to increase in species-rich, tropical African and South American commu- nities. This study also shows that rare species are particularly common in the tropics, although habitat type did not influence the frequency of RAR and VER species. -
Patterns of Species Richness, Endemism and Environmental Gradients of African Reptiles
Journal of Biogeography (J. Biogeogr.) (2016) ORIGINAL Patterns of species richness, endemism ARTICLE and environmental gradients of African reptiles Amir Lewin1*, Anat Feldman1, Aaron M. Bauer2, Jonathan Belmaker1, Donald G. Broadley3†, Laurent Chirio4, Yuval Itescu1, Matthew LeBreton5, Erez Maza1, Danny Meirte6, Zoltan T. Nagy7, Maria Novosolov1, Uri Roll8, 1 9 1 1 Oliver Tallowin , Jean-Francßois Trape , Enav Vidan and Shai Meiri 1Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, ABSTRACT 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel, 2Department of Aim To map and assess the richness patterns of reptiles (and included groups: Biology, Villanova University, Villanova PA 3 amphisbaenians, crocodiles, lizards, snakes and turtles) in Africa, quantify the 19085, USA, Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe, PO Box 240, Bulawayo, overlap in species richness of reptiles (and included groups) with the other ter- Zimbabwe, 4Museum National d’Histoire restrial vertebrate classes, investigate the environmental correlates underlying Naturelle, Department Systematique et these patterns, and evaluate the role of range size on richness patterns. Evolution (Reptiles), ISYEB (Institut Location Africa. Systematique, Evolution, Biodiversite, UMR 7205 CNRS/EPHE/MNHN), Paris, France, Methods We assembled a data set of distributions of all African reptile spe- 5Mosaic, (Environment, Health, Data, cies. We tested the spatial congruence of reptile richness with that of amphib- Technology), BP 35322 Yaounde, Cameroon, ians, birds and mammals. We further tested the relative importance of 6Department of African Biology, Royal temperature, precipitation, elevation range and net primary productivity for Museum for Central Africa, 3080 Tervuren, species richness over two spatial scales (ecoregions and 1° grids). We arranged Belgium, 7Royal Belgian Institute of Natural reptile and vertebrate groups into range-size quartiles in order to evaluate the Sciences, OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny, role of range size in producing richness patterns.