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APUNTS INSTRUMENTALS Joan Genebriera 1 MANUAL DEL OBSERVATORIO ASTRONÓMICO Joan Genebriera Rev 15/08/2021 ASTROPRIORAT OBSERVATORY Observatorio Astropriorat quid pro quo Ruego me indiquen si encuentran errores en este manual. Gracias Astropriorat 2 INTRODUCCIÓN Cerro Paranal, Chile 2009 En una primera intención estas notas fueron creadas para uso propio como “apuntes de observación”por lo que no pretenden sustituir a un buen libro de texto sobre instrumentación u operativa astronómica. Por ello, si en algún momento parecen “crípticos” pido disculpas al lector. Sin embargo su propia condición de apuntes hace que quizás resulten útiles a quienes busquen el detalle práctico que no encuentran en otros lugares. El lector notara que frecuentemente se hace mencion del observatorio de Tacande, La Palma. Esto es debido a que una gran parte del manual fue producido durante el periodo de uso de este observatorio. Actualmente el observatorio se encuentra en Catalunya, España continental Son el resultado de más de 15 años de recopilación de datos propios, excepto cuando se cite expresamente como crédito externo a otras personas o instituciones. Estas notas son de libre disposición, pero por el mismo principio ético, se ruega que en caso de reproducción se cite la procedencia. En mi opinión, las nuevas “fronteras" de la Astronomía amateur son la espectroscopia,las ocultaciones de estrellas por objetos del Sistema Solar, el registro de exoplanetas y la radioastronomía. Se trata de untrabajo apasionante que requiere de mayores conocimientos y equipo, pero los resultados merecen este esfuerzo. Quiero agradecer a mi colega y amigo Boris Fritz su aportación de: “OBSERVACIÓN VISUAL DEL CIELO PROFUNDO”enestos apuntes Joan Genebriera, Junio 2010 Astropriorat 3 ÍNDICE Características del Observatorio ……………......................……….….6 I La observación visual La observación visual del cielo profundo …………………………………. 7 Técnicas de observación ………………………………………..…..…….. 8 La magnitud límite …………………………………….….…………..…… 9 Los secretos del aumento ……………………………………...……….…. 12 Tomar notas y hacer dibujos ……………………………….……………... 13 Filtros ………………………………………………………..…………..… 15 II Fotografía astronómica de gran campo Objetivos fotográficos ……………………………………………….…… 17 Time Lapse ………………………………………………………………… 20 III Telescopios Observación visual telescopio RC406 …….....……………….....……...........27 Observación RC406 + CCD …………………………… ………….…….. 30 Telescopios auxiliares ……………………………………….……….......… 33 Notas Básicas sobre CCD‟s ………………………………………………... 35 Ruido …………………………………………………………………….. 36 RBI ............................................................................................................................ 39 Relación Señal/Ruido (SNR) ……………………………………………...41 Relación Señal/Ruido de la cámara G4-1600 + RC406 ………....……..…..42 Parámetros de configuración del Observatorio ...............................…………..45 Calidad del cielo .......................………………………………………..…… 48 ¿Cómo determinar la polución lumínica? ……………………………….… 51 Criterio de Nyquist ………………………………………………….....…. 52 IV Proceso Imágenes Deep Sky Consejos generales sobre el proceso de imágenes en “Deep Sky”……………. 56 Pre proceso de las Imágenes Astronómicas (calibración) …………………… 58 Detalle del tratamiento de imágenes RGB, LRGB para cámaras científicas ….. 62 Filtros ……………………………………………………………………….. 64 Exposición recomendada …………………………………………………… 66 Solar Analog Stars ……………………………………………………………67 Proceso de imagen DDP …………………………………………………..… 69 Cámara DSRL......………………………………………………………......…72 Detalle del tratamiento de imagen en cámaras DSLR ………………………… 77 Histogramas ………………………………………………………………….. 79 Astropriorat 4 V Proceso Imágenes Sistema Solar Notas generales ……………………………………………….…………………. 80 Cámaras empleadas en imágenes del Sistema Solar ……..……………………..…. 84 Software para imágenes del Sistema Solar………………………………………… 87 Seeing astronómico vs. Meteorología……………………………..……………… 89 Observaciones solares con el refractor Esprit 120 ED……………....…………… 91 Proceso de imágenes solares ……………………………………….…………..… 97 Filtro H-alfa Coronado 0,7A ……………………………………………………. 99 VI Astrometría Muestreo crítico ………………………………………………………………….. 101 Astrometría/Fotometría de gran campo ………………………………………. ..103 Catálogos para Astrometría: ……………………………………………………… 107 -GAIA, CMC 15, UCAC4, URAT1, PPMXL VII Ocultaciones de estrellas por objetos del Sistema Solar Cámara, equipoy software (en construcción)…………………………………..…. 109 VIII Nociones de Astrodinámica Leyes de Kepler …………………………………………………………………. 113 Leyes de Newton …………………………………………………………………114 Elementos orbitales .............................................……………………………….…... 117 Determinación práctica de orbitas ………………………………………………. 123 Efemérides …………………………………………………………………..…. 131 IX Fotometría Magnitud instrumental …………………………………………………………… 132 Índice de color …………………………………………………………………… 133 Coeficientes de extinción ………………………………………………………… 134 Apertura fotométrica …………………………..………………………………....136 Campos de Landolt …………………………………………………………….... 139 Otros campos fotométricos ………………………………………………….....… 146 Catálogos fotométricos: ……………………………………………….………..…. 147 -GAIA, CMC 15, UCAC4, SDSS, ALADIN, LONEOS Fotometría diferencial…………………………………………………...………. 149 Fotometría absoluta ……………………………………………………..………. 150 Transformación de magnitudes al sistema estándar …………………..………..… 152 Proceso general de datos fotométricos ………………………………………….. 156 Ecuaciones de conversión entre sistemas fotométricos ……………………………157 Sistemas de filtros fotométricos estándar …………………………….…………… 158 Astropriorat 5 X Espectroscopia CCD Notas generales de Astrofísica ………………………….…….…………....……… 161 Características del espectrógrafo ……………………………………….….………. 163 Notas instrumentales ………………………………………………………..……. 166 ¿Cómo debemos guiar y enfocar? ……………………………………………..…... 167 Adquisición de un espectro …………………………………………..……………. 170 Calibración de un espectro: ……………………………………..………………..... 172 - Pre-proceso - Espectrometría - Radiometría ¿Cómo medir la resolución (R)? ………..………………………..……………….… 176 ¿Cómo medir la SNR? ……………………………………………..…………….… 177 Empleo general del espectrógrafo: ……………………………..…………………... 179 - Medidas de velocidad radial - Medidas de rotación Espectro Solar …………………………………………………………………….. 182 Líneas espectrales presentes en las atmósferas estelares …………………………….184 Principales Líneas Nebulares ………………………………………………………. 185 Átomos, moléculas e iones observados en los cometas ………………………….…. 187 Las 20 estrellas más brillantes del tipo WOLF RAYET ……………………………. 190 Espectrógrafo DADOS......................................................................................................... 194 Apéndice A, Lamparas de referencia para calibración................................…………….196 Apéndice B, Seeing Astronómico………………………………..………..…….. 216 Apéndice C, Ópticas de ampliación focal…………………………..…………… 225 Apéndice D, Medidas e incertidumbre……….……………....………….……….. 227 Apéndice E, Telescopios guia ............……….…………………….…………... 229 Apéndice F, Colimacion de telescopios Cassegrain / RC ................................... Astropriorat 6 CARACTERÍSTICAS DEL OBSERVATORIO ASTROPRIORAT Catalunya, España Datos GPS con 9 satélites Lon:0,8641 E Lat.: 41,123 N Altura: 375 Huso Horario: +1GMT Hora Local invierno - 1h = T.U. Hora Local verano - 2h. = T.U. Hora Solar media (invierno) = T.U. - (1h+3,5m) Calidad Astronómica - Magnitud visual límite en noches sin Luna: 6,0 - Magnitud fondo cielo (sin Luna), por segundo arco ^2: 20,0 - FWHM nocturno: 1,5” - FWHM diurno (mañana): 2” - Contaminacion visible hasta una altura de +30º Notas generales: - En la zona de Astropriorat y a causa de su orografía, el Sol o cualquier otro objeto, no es visible hasta unas 2 horas (22,5º altura) aproximadamente después de su orto (salida). - Es conveniente cerrar la compuerta de la cúpula si la humedad interior supera el 90% o si la velocidad del viento es superior a 16 m/seg. (59 Km/h) o si hay niveles altos de polvo atmosférico. - Las compuerta superior de la cúpula Sirius, puede provocar obstrucción cenital en los telescopios RC406 y a menos de -26,5º DEC en el R120 Esprit ED observando sobre el meridiano. - Con el telescopio, la ventana útil de observación en Declinación es de +90º a – 30º Astropriorat 7 I– La observación visual LA OBSERVACIÓN VISUAL DEL CIELO PROFUNDO Cortesía de Boris Fritz La observación visual es, hoy en día, mucho menos popular que la astrofotografía, pero su argumento principal es su simplicidad: no se necesita equipamiento caro – ni cámaras, ordenadores etc., incluso se puede trabajar sin tracking automático (monturas acimutales, telescopios Dobson). Prismáticos y telescopios muy pequeños (75 a 100mm de diámetro) ofrecen vistas muy bonitas de muchos objetos. La sensación de estar en contacto directo con las maravillas del universo es lo que fascina al observador visual, aunque por supuesto no verá los objetos como en imágenes de color. Pero tampoco se deberían esperar los mejores resultados posibles al principio. Un observador novato primero tiene que entrenar sus ojos, porque estos de noche y detrás del ocular trabajan de una manera distinta a la vida diaria. Requerimientos importantes El requerimiento más importante – muchas veces subestimado – es disponer de un cielo oscuro. Desde el interior de las ciudades, no se llegara a disfrutar del cielo profundo, aunque se disponga de un telescopio grande. Es muy fácil de entender que lo que hace visible una superficie débilmente luminosa es su contraste con el cielo de fondo. Si el cielo de fondo, iluminado por la polución lumínica, es igual o más brillante que la nebulosa o galaxia,
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