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24-96 Investigations of Fish Diseases in Common Dab (Limandag Limanda) in Danish Waters

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24-96 Investigations of Fish Diseases in Common Dab (Limandag Limanda) in Danish Waters Investigations of fisb diseases in common dab (Limanda limanda) in Danisb Waters by Stig Mellergaard Danish Institute for Fisheries Research Department of Marine and Coastal Research Fish Disease Laboratory Copenhagen, Denmark and The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University Institute for Veterinary Microbiology Laboratory of Fish Diseases Copenhagen, Denmark Danmarks Fiskeriundersøgelser Afd. for Hav- og Kystøkologi Fiskepatologisk Laboratorium Bfilowsvej l3 1870 Frederiksberg C ISBN: 87-88047-47-4 DFU-Rapport nr. 24-96 ~~--------------- Index 1 Preface ........................................................................................................................... 1 2 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 2 3 Summary in Danish ......................................................................................................... 4 4 List of papers included ..................... .............. ............... ........................... ...................... 6 5 Introduction ..................... ........................................................ ...................................... 7 6 Stress ............................................................................................................................. 7 6.1 Effect ofstress ............................................................................................... 8 7 Biological stress factors ............................................................. :..................................... 9 7.1 Predation .. ....... ...... ............................................................. ...................... .... 9 7.2 Pathogens ..................................................................................................... 9 7.3 Nutrition ....................................................................................................... 11 7.4 Algal toxins .................................................................................................. 13 7.5 Population density ........................................................................................ 14 7.6 Age .............................................................................................................. 15 8 Physical-chemical stress factors .................................................................................... 17 8.1 Temperature ....................... ~ .......................................................................... 17 8.2 Supersaturation ............................................................................................ 19 8.3 Salinity ......................................................................................................... 20 8.4 Pollution ...................................................................................................... 20 8.5 Oxygen deficiency ......................................................................................... 25 8.6 Fishing activity .............................................................................................. 27 9 The common dab ............................................................................................................ 30 9.1 Habitat ......................................................................................................... 30 9.2 Growth ........................................................................................................ 30 9.3 Age composition .......................................................................................... 30 9.4 Spawning ...................................................................................................... 31 9.5 Larval development ..................................................................................... 31 10 Diseases of importance for this study ............................................................................. 32 10.1 Lymphocystis ............................................................................................... 32 10.1.1 Agent ...................................................................................... 32 I .... __ . __._--------- 10.1.2 Symptoms ................................................................................ 32 10.1.3 Effect on host ......................................................................... 32 10.1.4 Response to stress .................................................................. 34 10.2 Epiderrnal papilloma ...................................................... ~ ............................. 34 10.2.1~ Agent ...................................................................................... 35 10.2.2 Symptoms ............................................................................... 35 10.2.3 Effect on host .......................................................................... 35 10.2.4 Response to stress ................................................................... 36 10.3 Skin ulcers ................................................................................................... 37 10.3.1 Agent ...................................................................................... 37 10.3.2 Symptoms .............................................................................. 37 10.3.3 Effect on host ......................................................................... 38 10.3.4 Response to stress .................................................................. 38 10.4 X-cell gill disease ........................................ ~ ................................................. 38 10.4.1 Agent ...................................................................................... 39 10.4.2 Symptoms ............................................................................... 39 10.4.3 Effect on host ......................................................................... 39 10.4.4 Response to stress .................................................................. 40 11 Final comments ............................................................................................................. 42 12 Main conclusions .......................................................................................................... 43 13 Literature cited ............................................................................................................. 44 14 Paper 1. Adenovirus-like particles associated with epithelial hyperplasias in dab, Limanda limanda (L.) ..................................................................................... 53 15 Paper 2. Impact of oxygen deficiency on the disease status of common dab Limanda limanda ............................................................................................ 59 16 Paper 3. Epidemiology ofX-cell gill disease in common dab Limanda limanda ........... 75 17 Paper 4. The epidemiology of lymphocystis, epiderrnal papilloma and skin ulcers in common dab Limanda limanda along the west coast of Denmark ................... 87 II 1. Preface Thepresent work wasinitiated to study the epidemiology of some fish diseases which have been used for monitoring the impact of environmental stress on the health condition of fish. ,Common dab and plaice were chosen as target species, and the results presented in this Ph.D.-thesis are focussed on common dab. The study took place over aperiod of 11 years which made it possibIe to study the long-term fluctuations ofthe disease rates and by chance made it possibIe to study the iinpact of oxygen deficiency on the health'condition of dab in the Kattegat and the N orth Se~i; The planning and implementationofthe project were made inclose collaboration Withmy good colleague and friend Else Nielsenwho I wish tothank her for many constructive and enjoyable hours spent, on planning and during our many "seabattles" ?nboard RV "DANA". Iamgrateful for the excellent technical assistan~e carried out by Inger Hornum during the whole project Furthermore, I wish to thank the large number of colleagues who h~~e participatedin the manycruises at sea, both for their a.ssistance during the oft~n long working' hours and also for their very joyful company during our leisure time. '" An important factor in a project like this hasbeen the facility provided onboard,RV "DANA". lwish to thank the crew for their interest in the prbject and for always doing th~ir best to ensure that we got our samples under all weather conditions. I am also very gra~eful. for their joyful company during thefish processing after a long day of work and during other leisure activities, . ,. I' ;', for example by,participating in my culinary experiments inthe galley. I also wish to express my gratitude to my dear chief Katherine Richardson and my supervisor professor Jens Laurits Larsen, the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University,'forencouraging me towrite this Ph.D.-thesis and for commenting and making linguistic corrections tothe manuscript. Furthermore, I wish to thank the staff ofthe library at the ~'Castle".for fulfilling my continous , .demand of literature, and not forgetting my good colleagues at the Fish Disease Laboratory for listening to my complaints and problems during my work with the thesis. "The Danish Research Academy is acknowledged for funding the feeto the Royal Veterinary ånd Agricultural University for my one year PhD-study. Finally I wish to thank my family and my cat for always expressing their pleasu.re when I arrived from my cruises at sea
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