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Ficha Técnica DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE SANIDAD VEGETAL CENTRO NACIONAL DE REFERENCIA FITOSANITARIA FICHA TÉCNICA Grade grass. Themeda quadrivalvis DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE SANIDAD VEGETAL CENTRO NACIONAL DE REFERENCIA FITOSANITARIA CONTENIDO IDENTIDAD ..............................................................................................................................................................1 Nombre científico ..................................................................................................................................................1 Sinónimos .............................................................................................................................................................1 Clasificación taxonómica ......................................................................................................................................1 Nombres comunes ................................................................................................................................................1 SITUACIÓN EN MÉXICO .........................................................................................................................................1 DISTRIBUCIÓN ........................................................................................................................................................1 HOSPEDANTES .......................................................................................................................................................1 ASPECTOS BIOLÓGICOS.......................................................................................................................................2 Descripción morfológica .......................................................................................................................................2 Ciclo de vida .........................................................................................................................................................6 Usos ......................................................................................................................................................................6 Daños....................................................................................................................................................................6 ASPECTOS EPIDEMIOLÓGICOS ...........................................................................................................................7 Dispersión .............................................................................................................................................................7 Simbiosis ..............................................................................................................................................................7 MEDIDAS DE MANEJO Y CONTROL .....................................................................................................................7 Control cultural ......................................................................................................................................................7 Control químico .................................................................................................................................................. 10 Control biológico ................................................................................................................................................ 10 Manejo integrado ............................................................................................................................................... 10 LITERATURA CITADA .......................................................................................................................................... 10 DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE SANIDAD VEGETAL CENTRO NACIONAL DE REFERENCIA FITOSANITARIA IDENTIDAD áreas subhúmedas, semiáridas, subtropicales y Nombre científico tropicales, con una precipitación pluvial de 450 a Themeda quadrivalvis (L.) Kuntze. 2000 mm (Pandeya, 1967; Parsons y Cuthbertson, Se han reportado dos subespecies T. quadrivalvis 2001; Vogler, 2009). var. helferi y T. quadrivalvis var. quadrivalvis (Randall, 2012). T. quadrivalvis se ha reportado en Asia: India, Pakistán, Republica de Omán, Republica de Yemen, Sinónimos Irán, Irak, Turquía, Arabia Saudita, Emiratos Árabes, Andropogon nutans L. Israel, Siria, Jordania, Líbano, Kuwait, Tailandia, 1 Andropogon quadrivalvis L. Indonesia, Islas Andamán, China. Oceanía: Anthistiria ciliate L Republica de Fiji, Australia, Papúa Nueva Guinea. Themeda ciliate Hack África: Egipto, Madagascar. Norteamérica: Estados Hitchcock y Chase, 1917; Nash, 1912 Unidos y México. Centroamérica: Honduras, Martinica y Barbados. Sudamérica: Argentina y Clasificación taxonómica Brasil (Nash, 1912; Hitchcock y Chase, 1917; Dominio: Eukarya Lazarides, 1980; Keir y Vogler, 2006; Vogler, 2009; Reino: Plantae Patzelt, 2011; Sánchez-Kern et al., 2013) División (Phyllum): Spermatophyta Subdivisión (Subphyllum): Spermatophytina HOSPEDANTES Clase: Monocotyledonae En Omán, la maleza se encuentra asociada a grupos Orden: Cyperales de árboles y arbustos compuestos principalmente Familia: Poaceae por Anogeissus dhofarica, Maytenus dhofarensis Género: Themeda (maiten), Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (olivo) y Especie: T. quadrivalvis los pastos Apluda mutica (hierba de Mauricio), Setaria pumila (zacate cola de zorra amarilla). Nombres comunes Mientras que en Yemen se encuentra asociado a Grader grass, habana oat grass, oatgrass, yerba Heteropogon contartus (zacate barba negra), Americana (Parsons y Cuthbertson, 2001; Gallagher Bothriochloa insculpta (Capim azul da Australia) y et al., 2013; Sanchez-Kern et al., 2013). Eustachys paspaloides (pasto digital del caribe). En Omán y Yemen forma parte de la vegetación de las SITUACIÓN EN MÉXICO montañas y en el caso de África del Este forma parte En México de acuerdo a la NIMF 08, el estatus de la de la vegetación de la sabana (Patzelt, 2011). maleza es presente solo en algunas áreas, se encuentra bajo control fitosanitario. Esta maleza puede crecer en las orillas de los predios de cultivos de soya (Glycine max) y en DISTRIBUCIÓN asociación con otros pastos como Ambrosia trifida Themeda quadrivalvis es nativa de la India, Nepal y (ambrosia gigante) y Setaria sp. Al parecer no tiene Pakistán (Gallagher et al., 2013). Se distribuye en la capacidad de crecer dentro de los cultivos de G. DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE SANIDAD VEGETAL CENTRO NACIONAL DE REFERENCIA FITOSANITARIA max (soya) y en áreas donde crece Sorghum involutas, glabras en ambas superficies, con halepense (zacate Johnson) (Reese y Garrie, 1985; escasos pelos papilosos y setáceos en los márgenes Neldner et al., 1997). Parsons y Cuthbertson (2001) hacia la base, márgenes escabrosos (Sánchez-Ken reportan que la maleza afecta en etapas tempranas et al., 2013). a la caña de azúcar Inflorescencia de hasta 130 cm de longitud, muy T. quadrivalvis crece en pastizales naturales como compleja formada por varios grupos de en pastos mejorados (Keir y Vogler, 2006). En la ramificaciones, cada grupo con una espata en cada India crece en asociación con Barleria sepalosa y B. nudo y parcialmente cubriendo la base, formada por 2 lawii (Gosavi et al., 2014). En Estados Unidos se ha varias ramas, con un profilo dorado a pardo en la reportado en asociación con Setaria sp., y Ambrosia base de cada rama, sobre el eje parten trifida (ambrosia gigante) (Reese y Garrie, 1985). En ramificaciones con una bráctea de la cual salen de México está presente en las orillas de las carreteras 8-10 ramérulos formados por dos pares de y áreas silvestres, así como en orillas de parcelas espiguillas homógamas y un triplete de espiguillas (Sánchez-Ken et al., 2013). heterógamas; espiguillas homógamas insertadas más o menos al mismo nivel y formado por un ASPECTOS BIOLÓGICOS involucro al triplete de espiguillas heterógamas, de Descripción morfológica 4-7 mm de largo, sin desarticulación, con tres T. quadrivalvis es una planta herbácea anual, pero brácteas, dorsiventralmente aplanadas. Primera puede llegar a crecer como planta perene por un gluma tan larga como la espiguilla multinervada con corto tiempo, el crecimiento depende del lugar y hasta 10 nervios, con escasos pelos papilosos puede llegar a alcanzar hasta 3 metros de altura. setáceos de hasta 3 mm de longitud hacia arriba y Presenta un sistema radicular profundo con raíces hacia los márgenes, ápice redondo a agudo. adventicias. Forma carricillos, generalmente sin Segunda gluma casi tan larga como la espiguilla, ramificaciones; sin embargo la maleza también se ligeramente más corta que la primera, 3-nervada. puede ramificar en los estolones y en los culmos. Lema (solo una) hialina, sin nervaduras, glabra, Tallos erectos y a veces geniculados en su base; lodículas 2; estambres 3, cuando presentes entrenudos y nudos glabros, segundos nudos rudimentarios; callo del triplete de espiguillas basales con raíces adventicias gruesas y puede heterógamas, desarticulación oblicua, piloso, los llegar a cubrir hasta el 95% de la superficie del suelo pelos dorados a pardos; espiguillas heterógamas, (Figura 1) (Pandeya, 1967; Reese y Garrie, 1985, una sésil y dos pediceladas. Espiguillas pediceladas, Vogler, 2009; Patzelt, 2011; Perreta et al., 2011; estériles, casi iguales, sobre un pedicelo de 1.5 mm Sánchez-Ken et al., 2013). de largo, aplanadas, glabras; espiguillas sésiles fértiles, 4-6 mm de largo excluyendo la arista de la Hojas con vainas glabras,
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