PROCEEDINGS OF THE 12TH INTERNATIONAL
CONGRESS OF THRACOLOGY
”The Thracians and their Neighbors in the Bronze and Iron Ages”
- Volume I -
Institutions involved in the organization of the Congress:
Dâmboviţa County Council
„Valahia” University of Târgovişte
Institute of Archaeology „Vasile Pârvan” –
Center of Thracology Bucureşti
International Union of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences
– 30th Commission
„Curtea Domnească” National Museum Complex of Târgovişte
Braşov County History Museum
Museum of Brăila
Persons involved in the organization of the Congress:
The Honorary Committee
Prof. univ. dr. Ion Cucui, president
Conf. univ. dr. Călin D. Oros, vice-president Conf. univ. dr. Adrian Țuțuianu, vice-president
Acad. Alexandru Vulpe, vice-president
Prof. univ. dr. Marin Cârciumaru, secretary
Organizing Committee
Prof. dr. Valeriu Sîrbu, president
Prof. dr. Cristian Schuster, secretary general Conf. univ. dr. Marian Cosac, vice-president
Dr. Ovidiu Cîrstina, member Dr. Radu Ştefănescu, member
Prof. univ. dr. Ionel Cândea, member
Secretariat
Prof. dr. Cristian Schuster Dr. George Murătoreanu
Dr. Ana Ilie
It is the authors who are responsible for the contents and the quality of studies. Due to the late reception of manuscripts, the Editorial Board could not in all cases intervene to any significant extent in order to ensure a standard language.
DÂMBOVIŢA COUNTY COUNCIL INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY „VASILE PÂRVAN” BUCHAREST
„CURTEA DOMNEASCĂ”
NATIONAL MUSEUM COMPLEX OF TÂRGOVIŞTE
„VALAHIA” UNIVERSITY OF TÂRGOVIŞTE
The Thracians and their Neighbors in the Bronze and Iron Ages
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 12TH INTERNATIONAL
CONGRESS OF THRACOLOGY
TÂRGOVIȘTE
10TH -14TH SEPTEMBER 2013
“Settlements, Fortresses, Artifacts”
- Volume I -
Editorial Board
Cristian Schuster, Ovidiu Cîrstina,
Marian Cosac and George Murătoreanu
Covers: Valeriu Sîrbu, Dana Smaznov DTP: Dana Smaznov, Valeriu Sîrbu
Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României
INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF THRACOLOGY. Proceeding
(12 ; 2013 ; Târgovişte) Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of Thracology : the Thracians and their Neighbors in the bronze and Iron ages : Târgovişte, 10th-
14th September 2013. - Târgovişte : Cetatea de
Scaun, 2013
2 vol.
ISBN 978-606-537-208-5
Vol. 1 : Settlements, fortresses, artifacts / editorial board: Cristian Schuster, Ovidiu
Cîrstina, Marian Cosac and George Murătoreanu. - Bibliogr. - ISBN 978-606-537-207-8
I. Schuster, Cristian (ed.)
II. Cîrstina, Ovidiu (ed.) III. Cosac, Marian (ed.) IV. Murătoreanu, George (ed.)
904(398.9)(063)
ISBN general 978-606-537-208-5 ISBN vol. I 978-606-537-207-8 Editura Cetatea de Scaun, Târgoviște, 2013 www.cetateadescaun.ro , email: [email protected]
SUMMARY
FOREWORD......................................................................................................................................... 9
A NEW BANIABIC TYPE AXE FROM SOUTHERN ROMANIA
Radu B ă jenaru (Bucharest – Romania), Alin Frînculeasa (Ploieşti – Romania)............................. 13
A SPECIAL RED DEER ANTLER ARTEFACT FROM THE DACIAN SETTLEMENT OF
UNIP, TIMIŞ COUNTY, ROMANIA
Corneliu Beldiman (Bucharest – Romania) ..................................................................................... 17
DATA ABOUT THE OSSEOUS MATERIALS ARTEFACTS FROM DACIAN HILLFOR OF
ARDEU, HUNEDOARA COUNTY, ROMANIA
Corneliu Beldiman (Bucharest – Romania), Iosif Vasile Ferencz (Deva – Romania), Diana-Maria
Sztancs (Bucharest – Romania)........................................................................................................ 39
WOMEN AT PISTIROS
Jan Bouzek (Prague – Czeh Republic), Lydia Domaradzka (Sofia – Bulgaria)............................... 67
WHETSTONES WITH A HANGING HOLE IN STEPPE ZONE CULTURES OF THE
NORTHERN PONTIC AND THE GREAT HUNGARIAN PLAIN FROM THE LATE BRONZE AGE AND THE EARLY IRON AGE
Marcin Burghardt (Rzeszowsk - Poland) ........................................................................................ 83
REPERES CHRONOLOGIQUES OFFERTS PAR LA CERAMIQUE GRECQUE
IMPORTÉE
Livia Buzoianu, Maria B ă rbulescu (Constanţa – Romania) ............................................................ 95
VIEWPOINTS IN INTERPRETING LATE IRON AGE HILL-FORTS AND FORTIFIED
SETTLEMENTS BETWEEN THE SOUTHERN CARPATHIANS AND THE DANUBE (2ND CENTURY BC – 1ST CENTURY AD)
Vlad C ă r ă bi ș i, Monica Nicol ă escu (Bucharest – Romania) .......................................................... 111
THE TRIBAL WORLD OF ANCIENT THRACE
Peter Delev (Sofia – Bulgaria)....................................................................................................... 127
DATA ON LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT IN THE IRON AGE HABITATION FROM
CÂRLOMĂNEŞTI (BUZĂU COUNTY), IN THE LIGHT OF RECENT ARCHAEOZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Georgeta El Susi (Reşiţa – Romania) ............................................................................................ 135
TEI CULTURE SETTLEMENTS IN BUCHAREST AND ILFOV COUNTY
Elena-Florentina Gavril ă (Bucharest – Romania)......................................................................... 153
FIRST MILLENIUM BC THRACIAN SETTLEMENT ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE UPPER
MARITSA REGION AND ITS ADJACENT AREAS
Alexei Gotzev (Sofia – Bulgaria).................................................................................................... 169
The Thracians and their Neighbors in the Bronze and Iron Ages
L′EXPLOITATION DES SOURCES SALÉES DU BASSIN SUPÉRIEUR DE LA RIVIÈRE
IALOMIŢA, DE L′ ÂGE DU BRONZE JUSQU′AU IER SIÈCLE AP. J.C
Ana Ilie, Gheorghe Olteanu, Ovidiu Cîrstina, Adrian P ă una ş , Bogdan Ilie
(Târgoviște, Roumanie).................................................................................................................. 183
SPARADOKOS: BRUDER ODER SCHWAGER DES ODRYSENKÖNIGS SITALKES?
Dobriela Kotova (Sofia – Bulgarien)............................................................................................. 207
LES SPÉCIFITÉS DE L'EMPLACEMENT DES HABITATIONS DU PREMIER ET SECOND
ÂGE DU FER DANS LA ZONE DE STEPPE BOISÉE DE LA MOLDAVIE CENTRALE
Alexandru Levinschi (Chişinău – R. Moldavie)............................................................................. 213
IN QUEST FOR QUALITY STONE: LA TÈNE ROTARY QUERNS FROM ŽIDOVAR,
SOUTH BANAT
Marija Ljuština (Belgrade – Serbia) .............................................................................................. 225
MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH IN THE PRUT-DNIESTER
INTERFLUVE BARBARICUM
Sergiu Mateev (Kishinev – R. of Moldova) ................................................................................... 237
ON A POSSIBLE FUNCTION OF THE GETO-DACIAN DECORATED HEARTHS
Alexandru S. Morintz (Bucharest – Romania) ............................................................................... 255
LA FORTIFICATION GÈTE DE HORODCA MICA, RÉPUBLIQUE DE MOLDAVIE:
TECHNIQUES DE CONSTRUCTION ET PHASES DE L’ÉDIFICATION
Octavian Munteanu, Vasile Iarmulschi (Chişinău – R. Moldova)................................................. 269
DIACHRONIC EVOLUTION OF SITES FROM SAHARNA AREA,
THE REGION OF MIDDLE DNIESTER
Ion Niculi ţă, Aurel Zanoci, Mihail B ăţ (Chişinău – R. of Moldova) ............................................. 295
LES POLEIS-EMPORIA ET LES MARCHES THRACES DU ROYAUME
ODRYSE (VE– MILIEU DU IVE SIECLE AV. J.-C.)
Kalin Porozhanov (Sofia – Bulgarie)............................................................................................. 315
HELLESPONTUS, THE THRACIAN BOSPORUS AND INFORMATION
RELATED TO THRACIANS ON THEIR COASTS DURING THE HALF OF THE FIRST MILLENIUM BC
Alexandar Portalsky (Blagoevgrad – Bulgaria)............................................................................. 321
DISCOVERIES OF CELTIC NATURE ON THE MIDDLE AND SUPIRIOR COURSE OF
THE OLT RIVER IN THE SECOND IRON AGE
Lucica Savu (Braşov – Romania)................................................................................................... 327
DIE GETISCHEN DAVA VON RADOVANU IM LICHTE
DER NEUSTEN FORSCHUNGEN
Cristian Schuster (Bukarest – Rumänien), Done Ş erb ă nescu (Olteniţa – Rumänien), Alexandru S.
Morintz (Bukarest – Rumänien)..................................................................................................... 335
THE GETO-DACIAN FORTRESS OF PIETROASA MICĂ – “GRUIU DĂRII”, BUZĂU
COUNTY (ROMANIA)
Valeriu Sîrbu (Brăila, Bucharest - Romania) Sebastian Matei (Buzău - Romania)...................... 347
NEWLY DISCOVERED MONUMENTS OF THE ANCIENT IRON METALLURGY:
RESEARCH PERSPECTIVE AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES
Nino Sulava, Rusudan Chagelishvili, Nino Kalandadze, Tamar Beridze (Tbilisi - Georgia)........ 375
6
The Thracians and their Neighbors in the Bronze and Iron Ages
SPECIAL ASPECTS OF GRAECO-BARBARIAN CONTACTS IN THE EARLY
COLONIZATION PERIOD OF THE NORTHERN BLACK SEA COASTAL REGION IN THE LIGHT OF THE EXAMINATION OF THE MATERIALS OF THE CITY-SITE NEMIROV ON THE RIVERSIDE OF SOUTH BUG
Marina Vakhtina, Maya Kashuba (Saint-Petersburg - Russia)...................................................... 379
TRANSCARPATHIAN FINDS OF STAMPED CERAMICS
Izabela Wnuczek (Rzeszow - Poland) ............................................................................................ 397
THRAKISCH UND DAKISCH – SPRACHEN ODER DIALEKTE?
Svetlana Yanakieva (Sofia – Bulgarien)......................................................................................... 407
7
FOREWORD
Our country has previously hosted once more this Congress, 17 years ago, when the 7th edition was held at Constanţa-Mangalia-Neptun/Olimp. Since then, other editions of this congress have been organized by colleagues from Bulgaria (2000), Republic of Moldova (2004), Greece (2005) and Turkey (2010). In 1996, when the 7th edition of the Congress was held, the status of this research direction – Thracology – was most probably different than today both in Romania and in the other countries. At that time, our research field benefited from the existence of an independent institution (The Romanian Institute of Thracology, director prof. dr. Petre Roman), with its own juridical status and budget. Today,
the Centre of Thracology activates harmonically as part of the “Vasile Parvan” Institute of Archaeology of the Romanian Academy.
As other peoples from antiquity were dedicated distinct branches of research that included historical, archaeological, linguistic, anthropological, archaeo-zoological, and ethnographical investigations it was only natural that the Thracians also had their own distinct discipline. The Thracology was and still is a field of extremely interesting scientific disputes. An example in this direction is the dispute concerning the appearance of the first Thracians in the Balkans.
Many research opportunities are still offered by the study of antic written sources. The archaeology and the linguistic studies permit (and most surely will still do so in the future) the discovery of new faces of the material and spiritual culture of this people.
The development and the evolution of the Thracians cannot be fully comprehended without knowledge of their neighbors and of the connections between the Thracians and the Celts, the Greeks, the Macedonians, the Scythians, the Romans, etc. This is what justifies the theme of this congress,
namely “The Thracians and their Neighbors in Antiquity, in the Bronze and Iron Ages”.
Of course, not all the specialists that research the Thracians accept the existence of a separate field of research dedicated to this people. Some do it out of belief, having, in their opinion, the necessary arguments in this direction, others, unfortunately, do it for reasons that include fashion or pure opportunism. As long as the disputes are carried at a scientific level, the things subscribe to normality. But, unfortunately, we notice that sometimes this pseudo-conflict is transferred to the relations between institutions or even between persons which is damaging to the scientific research.
On behalf of the Organizing Committee, we convey our thanks to everyone for the personal, scientific and financial efforts made in order to attend this prestigious scientific event.
We need to express our gratitude to the Dâmbovi ţ a County Council, and to its President –
Professor Adrian Ţuţuianu, who, understanding the meaning of a scientific manifestation of the amplitude of the present one, accepted from the start to grant us a decisive financial help without which we could not have organized this event. We also thank the “Valahia” University, its rectors – Professor Ion Cucui and Professor Călin Oros, who allowed us to use their International Conference Center and the Campus. And we also thank the colleagues, Dr. Marian Cosac and Dr. George Murătoreanu, for their
support. We must not omit from the “thank you” list the “Curtea Domneasc ă ” National Museum
Complex from Târgovişte and its director, Dr. Ovidiu Cârstina and his colleagues, the Brasov County Museum and its manager – Dr. Radu Ştefănescu, and the Br ă ila Museum and its director – Professor Ionel Cândea. Another “thank you” we direct towards the manager of the “Vasile Parvan” Institute of Archaeology – Academician Alexandru Vulpe and to the colleagues from the Centre of Thracology.
We also want to express our high appreciation towards the efforts of Professor Marin
Cârciumaru, who, with his well-known ability and determination, was the generator of energy that made all the people involved in the organization of the Congress to resonate in unison.
The Thracians and their Neighbors in the Bronze and Iron Ages
The Institute of Archaeology, an institution with a smaller budget compared to the other partners, wishes to thank for the financial help granted by the ArchaeoCommunity Foundation from the USA and
“Sebastian Morintz” Foundation from Oltenita and to Cristina-Hannelore Schuster.
One can say – and many have said upon departure and in messages sent afterwards – that this congress was a scientific and cultural success, but also a success in terms of the interpersonal relations.
The congress was attended by 96 distinguished researchers, from 14 countries, which held 67 lectures of great topical, geographic and chronological diversity.
Without a doubt, the lectures and the discussion that took place resulted in a significantly wealthier body of knowledge on the Thracians and neighboring peoples. Furthermore, the publishing, before the end of the year, of the lectures will result in the quick adoption by the international scientific world of many finds, ideas and interpretations of the phenomena in question.
It is worth noticing that the participants voted, unanimously, in favor of establishing an
association with legal personality – The International Association of Thracian Studies –, which will
be able to include all the specialists across the globe involved in the research and scientific and cultural application of the Thracian vestiges, of course as interacting with the neighboring peoples. This association will be able to promote a more fruitful scientific cooperation across borders, between researches with such interests.
Also, all the participants to the Congress adopted a Statement of protest against the destruction of historical monuments, in general, and of Thracian vestiges, in particular, destructions which have multiplied lately.
The lectures held at the congress will be, for topic and financial reasons, published in 2013, in two volumes. The first volume, containing the lectures on the topic ”Settlements, Fortresses, Artefacts”, will be published in Târgovişte, while the second one, on the topic “Necropolises, Cult places, Religion, Mythology”, will be published in Braşov.
On behalf of the Organizing Committee,
Prof. Dr. Valeriu Sîrbu
Chairman
Prof. Dr. Cristian Schuster
Secretary General
10
LES POLEIS-EMPORIA ET LES MARCHES THRACES DU
ROYAUME ODRYSE (VE– MILIEU DU IVE SIECLE AV. J.-C.)
Kalin Porozhanov (Sofia – Bulgarie)
Key-words: poleis-emporia, Thracian marketplaces, Athenian arché, Odrysian basileia, kings and coasts
Abstract: The Poleis-Emporia and Thracian Marketplaces of the Odrysian kingdom (5th – mid-4th centuries BC).
The poleis-emporia and Thracian marketplaces substantiate the policy of the Odrysian rulers to acquire new market opportunities, provided by the poleis, in order to develop further on the economic relations between the communities. The ambition of the Odrysian kings to rule over most of the poleis turned out to be much harder to realise over the bigger and stronger ones than over the smaller and weaker. As to Athens, it was much more profitable to take care of the bigger and stronger taxpayers.
The ancient sources specifically refer to some of the poleis along the Odrysian coasts as emporia, or marketplaces. These were usually not very big cities which the Odrysian kings could and did dominate. As the Athenian tribute lists testify, these poleis-emporia, being members of the arché, paid nothing or next to nothing to Athens. It is not very clear whether and how much the Odrysian royal court taxed them. However, being within the confines of the Odrysian Empire, they operated as its own marketplaces.
The insufficient number of markets with developed commodity-money relations and Greek emporia under their control, the kings of the powerful Odrysian basileia compensated by establishing new “internationalised” Thracian market centres – emporia – in other places of the realm as well, so as to support the full functioning of the developing economy of the empire. This is evidenced by the archaeological research of the sites near the village of Krastevich, Hissarya municipality, the emporion Pistiros near the village of Vetren, Pazardzhik district, the coastal emporia on the site of the Pobeda and Izgrev residential agglomerations in Burgas, and elsewhere – a total of about 20 of them.
Au moment de leur installation sur les côtes thraces de l’Europe, les Hellènes des poleis en voie de formation entrent en négociations et relations économiques avec les ethnies indigènes thraces. La fondation-même de leur apoikiai ne se fait qu’avec l’accord de l’autorité locale. Ces relations de voisinage mutuellement profitables ne font aucun doute.
Le problème surgit du fait que le royaume-basilea odryse des Thraces, à partir du Ve s. av. J.-
C. commence à faire preuve de ses intentions impériales en même temps que la Ligue Athénienne se manifeste comme empire-arché. Les transformations sociales et politiques dans la basilea aussi bien que dans l’arché imposaient nécessairement des rajustements dans les relations entre les deux Etats riverains; relations dans lesquelles les villes côtières grecques jouaient le rôle primordial dans les échanges commerciaux (Picard 2007, p. 466–467). Ces transformations se manifestent non seulement dans l’accélération du commerce, mais aussi dans l’imposition par force d’impôts sur les poleis et les ethnies assujettis, les poleis convoités des deux côtés étant, dans une certaine mesure, les mêmes. Ces villes localisées sur le littoral de la basilea et pour la plupart – membres de l’arché, mettaient les rois odryses dans une situation de conflit: d’un côté ils avaient à traiter avec les différents poleis fixés sur leurs rives, alors que ces-derniers, de leur côté, entretenaient des relations réglementées avec Athènes, en chef de l’empire-arché, dont ils éraient membres.
Les rois odryses aspiraient à exercer leur pouvoir sur le plus grand nombre des poleis, ce qui c’est avéré d’autant plus difficile que le poleis fût grand et fort; les plus petits et faibles d’entre eux ne représentaient pas d’aussi grosse difficulté. Encore, de la part d’Athènes, était-il moins onéreux d’assister d’une manière plus active les gros imposables plutôt que tous les autres.
C’est une chose de relever des impôts et des taxes et toute une autre de profiter aussi des marchés des villes: les impôts sont percevables ou de force, ou par traité avec le leader Athènes. Profiter des marchés des poleis alors, c’est chose différente. En principe, les plus grandes et donc, plus fortes des villes ouvraient leurs marchés à l’empire odryse, car elles avaient besoin de ses matières premières tout en conservant dans une certaine mesure leur autonomie, alors que les villes plus petites dépendaient entièrement ou presque du pouvoir des souverains thraces. Les rois odryses écoulaient par ces marchés
