The Many Faces of Poverty

Volume 5 The Many Faces of Poverty: Volume 5 Copyright © PEP-CBMS Network Office, 2014

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—whether virtual, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the written permission of the copyright owner.

Published by De La Salle University Publishing House for the CBMS International Network Coordinating Team

First printing, 2014

Published and distributed by De La Salle University Publishing House 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila, Philippines 1004 Tel. No: (632) 524-4611 loc. 271 Telefax: (632) 523-4281 Emails: [email protected] [email protected] Website: www.dlsu.edu.ph

The De La Salle University Publishing House is the publications office of De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines.

Printed in the Philippines

Acknowledgments

The publication of this volume has been made possible through the PEP- CBMS Network Office based at the Angelo King Institute for Economic and Business Studies of De La Salle University-Manila with the aid of a grant from the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada and the Department for International Development, United Kingdom. CONTENTSCONTENTS

i Foreword

1 Introduction

3 Explanatory Text

The Many Faces of Poverty

9 City of Antipolo

37 City of Legazpi

65 City of Marikina

97 City of Naga

125 City of Puerto Princesa

153 City of Tacloban

187 City of Valenzuela FOREWORDFOREWORD

The official poverty monitoring system (PMS) in the Philippines relies mainly on family income and expenditure surveys. Information on other aspects of well-being is generally obtained from representative health surveys, national population and housing censuses, and others. However, these surveys and censuses are (i) too costly to be replicated frequently; (ii) conducted at different time periods, making it impossible to get a comprehensive profile of the different socio-demographic groups of interest at a specific point in time; and (iii) have sampling designs that do not usually correspond to the geographical disaggregation needed by local government units (LGUs). In addition, the implementation of the decentralization policy, which devolves to LGUs the function of delivering basic services, creates greater demand for data at the local level. The Community-Based Monitoring System (CBMS) seeks to address these gaps by providing data at the local level appropriate for diagnosing the cause and extent of local poverty, formulating appropriate policies and programs, identifying eligible beneficiaries, and assessing the impact of policies and programs. It also supports the decentralization process by capacitating the LGUs to collect, analyze, and use data in local planning, budgeting, and program implementation. This fifth volume of statistical tables and poverty maps of seven cities generated through the CBMS methodology represents part of what we hope will be a series of publications that will emerge from the collaborations between the CBMS Network Coordinating Team and its partner-LGUs. These partnerships have been in place for several years now, and these partner-LGUs are finally enjoying the fruits of their hard labor. The CBMS poverty maps will identify who and where the poor are as they provide a comprehensive picture of the different faces of poverty in different parts of the country. They will also aid in identifying the most pressing needs of the community, assist in prioritizing interventions to address these needs, and facilitate the targeting of programs for those who need the assistance most. The cities featured in this volume are Antipolo, Legazpi, Marikina, Naga, Puerto Princesa, Tacloban, and Valenzuela. The statistics presented in this report are based on the CBMS censuses conducted in these cities during a 5-year period–from 2009-2013. The work leading to the publication of this book owes much to the unwavering support and commitment of our partners both at the local and national levels. For so many months now, we have worked hand-in-hand with them in consolidating databases and validating our findings. And now, with their consent, we are sharing their data to a wide range of CBMS stakeholders all over the country – indeed a glowing testament of their dedication to make their development planning processes more efficient and effective! Tremendous thanks are therefore in order to all our partner LGUs, national government agencies, non-government organizations, donors and other development partners for making this possible. It is hoped that this publication will provide the necessary data to facilitate evidence-based decision- making toward improving local governance and reducing poverty in the country.

CELIA M. REYES CBMS Network Leader

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 5) i INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Considered a foremost legislation that ushered in a new era of local governance, the Local Government Code (LGC) of 1991 has paved the way not only for greater autonomy but also for increased expenditure responsibility and revenue authority of local government units. Since then, the local government units (LGUs) have assumed a greater role in local government management and service delivery. The devolution is substantial not only in the magnitude of responsibilities that were shifted to LGUs but also in the amount of resources now at their disposal to effectively discharge the devolved functions. Today, LGUs have access to multiple revenue sources, chief of which is their share in the national internal revenues—the Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA). For the period 2006–2008, the average IRA per year is P176.4 billion (see Table 1).

Table 1. Internal Revenue Allotment of Local Government Units, 2006–2008

Amount Year (in P billion)

2008 210.7 2007 183.9 2006 134.5 TOTAL 529.1 Ave. per year 176.4 Source: DBM

While experts agree that local governments are not awash with cash, the P529.1 billion worth of IRA that the LGUs have received over the 3-year period is certainly a big amount. This underscores the importance of making sure that LGUs are equipped with the right tools, systems, and procedures to ensure the effective use of these public financial resources. One way to do this is by providing them access to comprehensive socioeconomic data, on the basis of which they can craft their development plans and budgets.

Statistical Issues and Concerns at the Subnational Level

With decentralization, the types of data demanded by a wide range of users—policymakers, program implementers, civil society, and others—are changing. Data disaggregated to correspond to the different levels of government are needed by LGUs to adequately assess their local situation. Moreover, longitudinal data are needed to track welfare changes over time. Household-level data are also needed to identify eligible beneficiaries of different programs. In 2005, 14 years after the LGC enactment, the ADB-WB released a report highlighting statistical issues and concerns at the subnational level. It said: “The most comprehensive and consistent comparative subnational data is at the regional level although this is simply an administrative level of government that has no responsibilities for delivery of social services. More data is gradually becoming available at the provincial level, but not at lower levels, which are at the frontline of efforts to reduce poverty.”1

1 Decentralization in the Philippines: Strengthening Local Government Financing and Resource Management in the Short-Term, 2005 (A joint document of the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank).

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 5) 1 Local Poverty Monitoring Systems Rise up to the Challenge

Owing to still unresolved statistical issues and concerns at the subnational level, an increasing number of LGUs all over the country have taken the initiative to establish their own Community-Based Monitoring System (CBMS). As of March 2014, CBMS is being implemented in 70 provinces (32 of which are implementing the system province-wide), 801 municipalities, and 63 cities, covering a total of 21,582 barangays. Data generated by CBMS have so far been used in diagnosing the nature and extent of poverty in their localities, identifying appropriate interventions, identifying eligible beneficiaries of poverty reduction programs, and assessing the impact of some of these programs. National government agencies have likewise taken notice of the CBMS initiative. Today, CBMS is recognized as a tool for (i) building the capacity of LGUs on poverty diagnosis and planning, (ii) localizing the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), and (iii) generating local poverty statistics for evidence- based development planning and budgeting. Parallel with efforts to establish databanks at each geopolitical level, an initiative on building the national repository of CBMS data has also been jumpstarted with the installation of the repository at the National Anti-Poverty Commission (NAPC) and at the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG). The national repository is envisioned to facilitate data sharing across government agencies, the private sector, donor agencies, and other relevant stakeholders. Specifically, the national repository will (i) facilitate the access and use of the integrated CBMS database by national entities in their advocacy work with key decisionmakers, (ii) support government and non-government funding sources in strengthening evidence-based planning and monitoring and in aligning their interventions to national priorities, and (ii) facilitate the implementation of targeted programs.

Concluding Remarks

Public statistics will increasingly shape public agenda at the local level as more and more LGUs establish their own monitoring systems to make their development planning processes more efficient and effective. In this scenario, local poverty monitoring systems such as the CBMS will have an extremely important role to play. The country’s experience with local-level poverty monitoring systems clearly demonstrates that there can be a comprehensive picture of the poverty situation. Very few, if any, national surveys collect information on the different dimensions of poverty. There is a survey on income and expenditure, another on health, another on education, another on employment, another on nutrition, and others. As the samples and the reference periods are different, there is no comprehensive picture of the poverty status of the population at any point in time. This is where CBMS can make a difference as it addressess these gaps through its set of core indicators relating to the different dimensions of poverty.

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 5) 2 EXPLANATORYEXPLANATORY TEXTTEXT

A. CBMS Core Indicators

The statistical tables and poverty maps presented in this volume pertain to the CBMS Core Indicators (also known as Core Local Poverty Indicators1), which were generated using the CBMS methodology.

Box 1. Community-Based Monitoring System (CBMS)

The CBMS is an organized way of collecting ongoing or recurring information at the local level to be used by local governments, national government agencies, non-government organization (NGOs), and civil society for planning, budgeting, and implementing local development programs, as well as for monitoring and evaluating their performance. It is a tool for improved local governance and democratic decisionmaking that promotes greater transparency and accountability in resource allocation.

It involves the following steps: Step 1 – Advocacy/organization Step 2 – Data collection and field editing Step 3 – Data encoding and map digitization Step 4 – Data consolidation, database-building and poverty mapping Step 5 – Data validation and community consultation Step 6 – Knowledge (database) management Step 7 – Plan formulation Step 8 – Dissemination, implementation, and monitoring

The CBMS Core Indicators are a set of carefully selected indicators that capture the multiple dimensions of poverty. They define the basic criteria for attaining a decent quality of life and correspond to the minimum basic needs covering (a) health, (b) nutrition, (c) housing, (d) water and sanitation, (e) basic education, (f) income, (g) employment, and (h) peace and order. Together, these indicators provide information not only on how poor a community is, but also on who in the community is poor, and where.

The CBMS Core Indicators are presented in Table 1. Meanwhile, the poverty and food thresholds used are presented in Table 2.

1 The Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) has issued Memorandum Circular 2003-92 (April 2003) to set policy guidelines for the adoption of the 13 core local poverty indicators, for planning and Memoradum Circular 2004-152 (November 2004) to encourage LGUs to intensify efforts toward the achievement of the millennium development goals (MDGs). The latter circular also enjoins LGUs to use monitoring systems such as MBN-CBIS, CBMS, IRAP, etc., to monitor and diagnose the nature and extent of poverty in their respective localities. CBMS was adopted by the DILG as the data collection and processing system for the CLPIMS which was the tool adopted to monitor the MDGs for LGUs.

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 5) 3 Table 1. The CBMS Core Indicators

BASIC NEEDS CORE INDICATORS Computation/Formula Simple Scoring

A. Health 1 Proportion of children Total number of children aged 0 to less than One (1) if the household has a under 5 years old who 5 years old who died divided by (the sum of member under 5 years old who died; died total number of children aged 0 to less than zero (0) otherwise. 5 years old plus the total number of child deaths 0 to less than 5 years old) 2 Proportion of women who Total number of women who died due to One (1) if the household has a died due to pregnancy- pregnancy related causes divided by (the female member who died due to related causes total number of children less than one year pregnancy-related causes; zero (0) old plus total number of women who died otherwise. due to pregnancy-related causes) B. Nutrition 3 Proportion of children 0-5 Total number of children 0-5 years old who One (1) if the household has a years old who are are moderately or severely underweight over member 0-5 years old who is malnourished total number of children 0-5 years old malnourished; zero (0) otherwise. C. Housing 4 Proportion of households Total number of households living in housing One (1) if the household lives in living in makeshift housing with makeshift roof and/or walls over total makeshift housing; zero (0) number of households otherwise. 5 Proportion of households Total number of households occupying One (1) if the household is an who are informal settlers house and/or lots without permission of informal settler; zero (0) otherwise. owner over total number of households D. Water and 6 Proportion of households Total number of households without access One (1) if the household does not Sanitation without access to safe to community water system, artesian deep have access to safe water supply; water supply and shallow wells or bottled water over total zero (0) otherwise. number of households 7 Proportion of households Total number of households without access One (1) if the household does not without access to sanitary to water-sealed toilet or closed pit over total have access to sanitary toilet toilet facilities number of households facilities; zero (0) otherwise. E. Education 8 Proportion of children 6-11 Total number of children 6-11 years old who years old who are not are not attending elementary school over attending elementary total number of children 6-11 years old school 9 Proportion of children 12- Total number of children 12-15 years old 15 years old who are not who are not attending secondary school over attending secondary total number of children 12-15 years old school 8-9 Proportion of children 6-15 Total number of children 6-15 years old who One (1) if the household has a years old who are not are not attending school over total number of member 6-15 years old not attending school children 6-15 years old attending school; zero (0) otherwise.

F. Income 10 Proportion of households Total number of households with income One (1) if the household has a per with income below the below the poverty threshold over total capita income below poverty poverty threshold number of households threshold; zero (0) otherwise. 11 Proportion of households Total number of households with income One (1) if the household has a per with income below the below the food (subsistence) threshold over capita income below food threshold; food threshold total number of households zero (0) otherwise. 12 Proportion of households Total number of households who One (1) if the household has who experienced hunger experienced hunger due to food shortage experienced hunger due to food due to food shortage over total number of households shortage; zero (0) otherwise. G. Employment 13 Proportion of persons in Total number of persons aged 15 and above One (1) if the household has the labor force who are who are not working but actively seeking unemployed member/s; zero (0) unemployed work over total number of labor force otherwise.

H. Peace and 14 Proportion of persons who Total number of persons who are victims of One (1) if the household has Order are victims of crimes crimes over total population victim/s of crime; zero (0) otherwise.

CBMS Average number of unmet Sum of unmet needs of households over Sum of the scores (number of Composite needs total number of households unmet needs) of the 13 indicators. Indicator

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 5) 4 Table 2. Poverty and Food Thresholds

Month of Data Year of Data R e fe re n ce Poverty Threshold Food Threshold C ity C o lle ction C o lle ctio n Ye a r U rba n R u ra l U rb a n R ura l January - June 2011 2010 19,638 18,690 13,716 13,054 July - December 2011 2011 20,341 19,359 14,207 13,521 City of Antipolo January - June 2012 2011 20,341 19,359 14,207 13,521 July - December 2012 2012 20,676 19,678 14,441 13,744 January - June 2009 2008 18,228 17,290 12,731 12,076 July - December 2009 2009 19,382 18,385 13,537 12,841 January - June 2010 2009 19,382 18,385 13,537 12,841 City of Legazpi July - December 2010 2010 20,236 19,195 14,134 13,407 January - June 2011 2010 20,236 19,195 14,134 13,407 July - December 2011 2011 20,927 19,851 14,617 13,865 January - June 2012 2011 20,907 20,907 14,602 14,602 City of Marikina July - December 2012 2012 21,100 21,100 14,737 14,737 January - June 2011 2010 18,369 17,628 12,830 12,312 July - December 2011 2011 18,996 18,230 13,268 12,733 City of Naga January - June 2012 2011 18,996 18,230 13,268 12,733 July - December 2012 2012 19,484 18,698 13,608 13,060 January - June 2013 2012 19,484 18,698 13,608 13,060 City of Puerto January - June 2009 2008 13,994 13,364 9,774 9,334 P rin c es a July - December 2009 2009 14,550 13,895 10,162 9,705 January - June 2011 2010 16,770 15,780 11,713 11,022 July - December 2011 2011 17,265 16,246 12,059 11,347 City of Tacloban January - June 2012 2011 17,265 16,246 12,059 11,347 July - December 2012 2012 17,681 16,637 12,349 11,620 City of Valenzuela April-June 2012 2011 20,907 20,907 14,602 14,602

B. Authority for the Survey

The National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) has issued Resolution No. 6 (2005), which recognizes and enjoins support to the CBMS as a tool for strengthening the statistical system at the local level. It also directs the NSCB Technical Staff to initiate and coordinate an advocacy program for the adoption of the CBMS by the LGUs, through the Regional Statistical Coordination Committees (RSCCs), the technical arm of the NSCB Executive Board in the regions. The NSCB has also approved the CBMS Survey Instruments (NSCB Approval No. DILG-1237-01)

C. Survey Operations

All survey operations were undertaken under the supervision of the CBMS Technical Working Groups (TWGs) at the provincial and municipal Levels. They identified the local personnel who were trained as enumerators and field supervisors. Technical assistance was provided by the PEP-CBMS Network Office, the Bureau of Local Government Development (BLGD) and Regional Office 8 of the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG), and the National Anti- Poverty Commission (NAPC).

Training is mainly conducted at two levels. The first level training (Training of Trainors) is conducted for members of the TWGs. This is usually conducted by members of the research staff of the PEP-CBMS Network Office and CBMS-accredited trainors from the DILG, NAPC and NEDA.

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 5) 5 Meanwhile, a second level training (Training of Enumerators) is conducted for enumerators-- usually composed of barangay health workers and students. Members of the TWG act as trainors in this training.

D. Data Processing System

The CBMS Data Processing System includes the CBMS Data Encoding System, Statistics Simulator (StatSim) and the CBMS-Natural Resources Database (NRDB).

The CBMS Encoding System uses CSPro (Census and Survey Processing), a software developed by the United States Bureau of Census for entering, editing, tabulating, and disseminating data from censuses and surveys. The CSPro-based Encoding System converts survey data into electronic data. It produces text files (ASCII) described by data dictionaries, which adds flexibility to the output data. This feature facilitates the interface between the CBMS data and other database systems and statistical softwares.

The CBMS-NRDB is capable of creating and storing spatial (shapefiles) and non-spatial (texts and numbers) data as well as generating maps, reports and graphs ideal for presentation and analysis of poverty attributes in the community. This has significantly addressed the need for a simple yet powerful and free geographically-oriented database.

The data presented through poverty maps using the CBMS-NRDB are processed using the CBMS StatSim which has been developed by the PEP-CBMS Network Office to address the particular need of LGUs to harness outputs from the CBMS Database such as custom tables, reports, case lists and queries. The StatSim simulates simple computations and tabulations usually done through statistical software or other tabulation applications, and also exports indicators and statistics for use in dissemination, such as tables and maps.

These software are provided for free to CBMS-implementing LGUs.

E. CBMS Poverty Maps

The poverty map for each indicator is prepared at two levels. The first level is the provincial map disaggregated by municipality while the second level is the provincial map by barangay.

A simple color scheme is used for the poverty maps. Green, light green, pink and red represents the four ranges of data for each indicator. Each indicator, however, used a different range relative to the provincial data.

2 The NRDB was developed by Mr. Richard Alexander, a British volunteer who spent three years working for the Bohol Environment Management Office through the assistance of the Voluntary Service Overseas (vso.org.uk).

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 5) 6 F. Limitations of the Data

While observations are taken from the entire population, the user of the data presented in this report should bear in mind that due to some difficulties, the CBMS was not carried out in the following five barangays in the City of Tacloban: 109 (V&G Subd.), 109-A, 62-B, 77, and 80 (Marasbaras).

Estimates on poverty and subsistence incidence may also be affected by under- and/or over-reporting of income or reluctance on the part of the respondents to reveal their true levels of income. As in other surveys, the CBMS enumerators may also have encountered interview non-response and item non-response.

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 5) 7

The Many Faces of Poverty in the City of Valenzuela

CBMS Core Indicators, City of Valenzuela, 2012

Households Population Ma gni tu de Proportion Ma gni tu de Pro po r tio n INDICATOR

DEMOGRAPHY Population 87,772 349,892 Average household size 4 Children under 1 year old 6,871 Children under 5 years old 35,188 Children 0-5 years old 42,116 Children 6-11 years old 41,574 Members 12-15 years old 27,238 Members 6-15 years old 68,812 Members 10 years old and above 280,040 Members of the labor force 131,228

HEALTH AND NUTRITION Children under 5 years old who died 151 0.4 Women who died due to pregnancy related-causes 10 0.1 Malnourished children 0-5 years old 1,110 2.6

HOUSING Households living in makeshift housing 2,517 2.9 Households who are informal settlers 3,417 3.9

WATER AND SANITATION Households without access to improved water source1 4,681 5.3 Households without access to sanitary toilet facilities 555 0.6

BASIC EDUCATION Children 6-11 years old not attending elementary school 6,171 14.8 Children 12-15 years old not attending high school 8,791 32.3 Children 6-15 years old not attending school 4,757 6.9

INCOME AND LIVELIHOOD Households with income below poverty threshold 19,670 22.4 Households with income below food threshold 11,718 13.4 Households who experienced hunger due to food shortage 1,423 1.6 Unemployment rate (15 years old and above) 16,742 12.8

PEACE AND ORDER Victims of crime 1,284 0.4

CBMS Composite Indicator, City of Valenzuela, 2012 Av era g e CBMS Composite Indicator 0.7

1Considered as improved water sources are piped water into dwelling/yard/plot, public tap/stand pipe, tube well/borehole, protected or semi-protected dug well, protected water from spring, rainwater and bottled water provided that the source of water used for other household needs are also from those mentioned above.

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 5) 191 Total Number of Households and Population, by Barangay, City of Valenzuela, 2012

B a ra n g a y Total households Total population

Arkong Bato 1,760 6,907 Bagbaguin 2,472 9,792 Balangkas 2,097 8,087 Bignay 3,591 14,909 Bisig 225 953 Canumay East 1,646 6,871 Canumay West 2,752 10,740 Coloong 1,750 6,578 Dalandanan 2,675 10,577 Gen. T. de Leon 14,545 57,617 Isla 731 2,726 Karuhatan 5,411 22,593 Lawang Bato 3,139 11,227 Lingunan 2,689 10,764 Mabolo 339 969 Malanday 2,585 10,884 Malinta 7,049 26,984 Mapulang Lupa 3,803 14,904 Marulas 6,163 26,045 Maysan 3,622 13,915 Palasan 888 3,831 Parada 2,862 10,613 Pariancillo Villa 212 957 Paso de Blas 1,728 6,849 Pasolo 825 3,205 Poblacion 81 313 Pulo 193 772 Punturin 2,748 11,171 Rincon 842 3,183 Tagalag 591 2,466 Ugong 4,574 19,477 Veinte Reales 2,579 10,851 Wawang Pulo 605 2,162

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 5) 192 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Valenzuela

Map 1. Proportion of Children under 5 Years Old who Died, by Barangay, 2012

Bottom 13 Barangays B ar a n g a y M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n Arkong Bato 12 1.7 Bisig 1 1.6 Pariancillo Villa 1 1.1 Canumay West 10 1.0 Tagalag 2 1.0 Paso de Blas 6 0.8 Wawang Pulo 1 0.7 Lingunan 7 0.6 Malanday 6 0.6 Bignay 8 0.5 Bagbaguin 6 0.5 Veinte Reales 6 0.5 Dalandanan 5 0.5

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 5) 193 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Valenzuela

Map 2. Proportion of Women who Died Due to Pregnancy-Related Causes, by Barangay, 2012

Bottom 8 Barangays

B ar a n g a y M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n

Canumay West 2 1.0 Coloong 1 1.0 Mapulang Lupa 2 0.6 Dalandanan 1 0.5 Lingunan 1 0.4 Maysan 1 0.4 Bignay 1 0.3 Malinta 1 0.2

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 5) 194 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Valenzuela

Map 3. Proportion of Children 0-5 Years Old who are Malnourished, by Barangay, 2012

Bottom 10 Barangays

B ar a n g a y M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n Paso de Blas 169 18.9 Bagbaguin 161 12.3 Coloong 80 11.9 Mabolo 4 6.5 Arkong Bato 47 5.8 Maysan 98 5.7 Pariancillo Villa 6 5.5 Pulo 3 4.8 Ugong 111 3.9 Mapulang Lupa 73 3.8

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 5) 195 Table 1. Health and Nutrition Indicators, by Barangay, City of Valenzuela 2012

B a ra n g a y Number of Children under Number of Women deaths due Number of Malnourished children under 5 years old children under to pregnancy-related ch ildren ch ildren 5 years old who died 1 year old c a u s e s (0-5 years old) (0-5 years old)

M a g ni tu de Propor tion M a g ni tu de Pr opo r ti on M a g ni tu de Propor tion

Arkong Bato 677 12 1.7 146 0 0 812 47 5.8 Bagbaguin 1097 6 0.5 226 0 0 1,313 161 12.3 Balangkas 685 2 0.3 127 0 0 834 12 1.4 Bignay 1579 8 0.5 299 1 0.3 1,934 23 1.2 Bisig 63 1 1.6 9 0 0 80 1 1.2 Canumay East 707 3 0.4 129 0 0 833 4 0.5 Canumay West 1024 10 1.0 205 2 1.0 1,212 25 2.1 Coloong 563 0 0 98 1 1.0 674 80 11.9 Dalandanan 990 5 0.5 209 1 0.5 1,164 15 1.3 Gen. T. de Leon 5,577 25 0.4 1,038 0 0 6,711 103 1.5 Isla 233 1 0.4 36 0 0 285 3 1.1 Karuhatan 2,304 8 0.3 469 0 0 2,736 37 1.4 Lawang Bato 1,331 0 0 268 0 0 1,559 16 1.0 Lingunan 1,145 7 0.6 236 1 0.4 1,337 8 0.6 Mabolo 49 0 0 5 0 0 62 4 6.5 Malanday 1,072 6 0.6 210 0 0 1,312 24 1.8 Malinta 2,760 12 0.4 552 1 0.2 3,340 36 1.1 Mapulang Lupa 1,614 6 0.4 316 2 0.6 1,912 73 3.8 Marulas 2,352 5 0.2 443 0 0 2,816 13 0.5 Maysan 1,443 2 0.1 251 1 0.4 1,716 98 5.7 Palasan 333 0 0 75 0 0 398 6 1.5 Parada 1,090 3 0.3 224 0 0 1,304 12 0.9 Pariancillo Villa 91 1 1.1 16 0 0 110 6 5.5 Paso de Blas 758 6 0.8 166 0 0 895 169 18.9 Pasolo 292 1 0.3 50 0 0 343 0 0 Poblacion 23 0 0 5 0 0 30 0 0 Pulo 50 0 0 11 0 0 63 3 4.8 Punturin 1,173 3 0.3 230 0 0 1,410 4 0.3 Rincon 294 1 0.3 66 0 0 349 1 0.3 Tagalag 203 2 1.0 39 0 0 254 1 0.4 Ugong 2,362 8 0.3 495 0 0 2,815 111 3.9 Veinte Reales 1,116 6 0.5 197 0 0 1,325 13 1.0 Wawang Pulo 138 1 0.7 25 0 0 178 1 0.6

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 5) 196 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Valenzuela

Map 4. Proportion of Households Living in Makeshift Housing, by Barangay, 2012

Bottom 10 Barangays

B ar a n g a y M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n

Rincon 184 21.9 Parada 309 10.8 Pulo 16 8.3 Pariancillo Villa 17 8.0 Mapulang Lupa 250 6.6 Malanday 167 6.5 Bignay 228 6.3 Malinta 272 3.9 Veinte Reales 87 3.4 Lingunan 82 3.0

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 5) 197 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Valenzuela

Map 5. Proportion of Households who are Informal Settlers, by Barangay, 2012

Bottom 10 Barangays

B ar a n g a y M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n

Malinta 627 8.9 Bagbaguin 182 7.4 Canumay West 200 7.3 Veinte Reales 163 6.3 Malanday 152 5.9 Mapulang Lupa 186 4.9 Pariancillo Villa 10 4.7 Pulo 9 4.7 Lingunan 123 4.6 Ugong 193 4.2

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 5) 198 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Valenzuela

Map 6. Proportion of Households without Access to Safe Improved Water Source, by Barangay, 2012

Bottom 10 Barangays

B ar a n g a y M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n

Punturin 900 32.8 Lawang Bato 638 20.3 Poblacion 8 9.9 Veinte Reales 251 9.7 Bignay 346 9.6 Ugong 308 6.7 Mapulang Lupa 247 6.5 Canumay East 100 6.1 Arkong Bato 98 5.6 Paso de Blas 97 5.6

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 5) 199 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Valenzuela

Map 7. Proportion of Households without Access to Sanitary Toilet Facilities, by Barangay, 2012

Bottom 11 Barangays

B ar a n g a y M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n Mapulang Lupa 169 4.4 Coloong 45 2.6 Rincon 21 2.5 Pulo 2 1.0 Malanday 24 0.9 Marulas 48 0.8 Malinta 50 0.7 Arkong Bato 12 0.7 Veinte Reales 16 0.6 Karuhatan 25 0.5 Pariancillo Villa 1 0.5

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 5) 200 Table 2. Housing, Water and Sanitation Indicators, by Barangay, City of Valenzuela, 2012

B a ra n g a y Households living in Households who are Households without access Households without access makeshift housing informal settlers to improved water source to sanitary toilet facilities

M a g ni tu de P r o p or t i o n M a g ni tu de P r o p or t i o n M a g ni tu de P r o p or t i o n M a g ni tu de P r o p or t i o n

Arkong Bato 24 1.4 30 1.7 98 5.6 12 0.7 Bagbaguin 36 1.5 182 7.4 38 1.5 6 0.2 Balangkas 22 1.0 33 1.6 18 0.9 6 0.3 Bignay 228 6.3 24 0.7 346 9.6 8 0.2 Bisig 6 2.7 3 1.3 4 1.8 0 0 Canumay East 10 0.6 64 3.9 100 6.1 5 0.3 Canumay West 51 1.9 200 7.3 131 4.8 11 0.4 Coloong 30 1.7 19 1.1 65 3.7 45 2.6 Dalandanan 53 2.0 17 0.6 104 3.9 8 0.3 Gen. T. de Leon 364 2.5 584 4.0 433 3.0 43 0.3 Isla 4 0.5 3 0.4 5 0.7 3 0.4 Karuhatan 39 0.7 65 1.2 69 1.3 25 0.5 Lawang Bato 57 1.8 107 3.4 638 20.3 5 0.2 Lingunan 82 3.0 123 4.6 145 5.4 8 0.3 Mabolo 6 1.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 Malanday 167 6.5 152 5.9 81 3.1 24 0.9 Malinta 272 3.9 627 8.9 144 2.0 50 0.7 Mapulang Lupa 250 6.6 186 4.9 247 6.5 169 4.4 Marulas 52 0.8 227 3.7 198 3.2 48 0.8 Maysan 19 0.5 128 3.5 111 3.1 6 0.2 Palasan 18 2.0 35 3.9 15 1.7 3 0.3 Parada 309 10.8 76 2.7 64 2.2 7 0.2 Pariancillo Villa 17 8.0 10 4.7 8 3.8 1 0.5 Paso de Blas 4 0.2 36 2.1 97 5.6 2 0.1 Pasolo 17 2.1 8 1.0 11 1.3 3 0.4 Poblacion 1 1.2 0 0 8 9.9 0 0 Pulo 16 8.3 9 4.7 3 1.6 2 1.0 Punturin 4 0.1 101 3.7 900 32.8 6 0.2 Rincon 184 21.9 5 0.6 17 2.0 21 2.5 Tagalag 6 1.0 1 0.2 4 0.7 1 0.2 Ugong 77 1.7 193 4.2 308 6.7 9 0.2 Veinte Reales 87 3.4 163 6.3 251 9.7 16 0.6 Wawang Pulo 5 0.8 6 1.0 20 3.3 2 0.3

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 5) 201 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Valenzuela

Map 8. Proportion of Children 6-11 years old Not Attending Elementary School, by Barangay, 2012

Bottom 11 Barangays

B ar a n g a y M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n Tagalag 61 19.4 Karuhatan 419 16.6 Veinte Reales 236 16.6 Bisig 18 16.4 Canumay West 223 16.3 Dalandanan 184 16.3 Malinta 508 16.2 Ugong 415 16.0 Arkong Bato 137 15.9 Gen. T. de Leon 1062 15.8 Coloong 122 15.8

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 5) 202 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Valenzuela

Map 9. Proportion of Children 12-15 years old Not Attending High School, by Barangay, 2012

Bottom 10 Barangays

B ar a n g a y M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n

Rincon 83 36.6 Malanday 312 36.2 Mapulang Lupa 421 35.5 Arkong Bato 189 35.3 Karuhatan 575 34.6 Gen. T. de Leon 1552 34.4 Malinta 713 34.3 Ugong 550 33.6 Bignay 420 33.3 Pasolo 79 32.8

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 5) 203 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Valenzuela

Map 10. Proportion of Children 6-15 years old Not Attending School, by Barangay, 2012

Bottom 11 Barangays

B ar a n g a y M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n Veinte Reales 234 10.4 Pasolo 59 9.9 Malanday 183 8.8 Arkong Bato 120 8.6 Canumay West 183 8.2 Malinta 421 8.1 Coloong 100 7.8 Isla 45 7.8 Punturin 169 7.4 Gen. T. de Leon 821 7.3 Tagalag 38 7.3

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 5) 204 Table 3. Education Indicators, by Barangay, City of Valenzuela, 2012

B a ra n g a y Number of Children not attending Number of Children not attending Number of Children not ch ildren elementary school ch ildren high school ch ildren attending school (6-11 years old) (6-11 years old) (12-15 years old) (12-15 years old) (6-15 years old) (6-15 years old)

M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n M ag nitude P r o p or t i o n M ag nitude P r o p or t i o n

Arkong Bato 859 137 15.9 535 189 35.3 1,394 120 8.6 Bagbaguin 1,141 129 11.3 696 180 25.9 1,837 72 3.9 Balangkas 937 122 13.0 694 193 27.8 1,631 77 4.7 Bignay 1,974 278 14.1 1,263 420 33.3 3,237 202 6.2 Bisig 110 18 16.4 86 21 24.4 196 11 5.6 Canumay East 743 100 13.5 488 142 29.1 1,231 88 7.1 Canumay West 1,365 223 16.3 861 276 32.1 2,226 183 8.2 Coloong 772 122 15.8 503 145 28.8 1,275 100 7.8 Dalandanan 1,132 184 16.3 819 245 29.9 1,951 120 6.2 Gen. T. de Leon 6,723 1062 15.8 4,508 1,552 34.4 11,231 821 7.3 Isla 340 48 14.1 238 70 29.4 578 45 7.8 Karuhatan 2,529 419 16.6 1,662 575 34.6 4,191 283 6.8 Lawang Bato 1,340 183 13.7 800 237 29.6 2,140 105 4.9 Lingunan 1,255 195 15.5 837 274 32.7 2,092 136 6.5 Mabolo 77 8 10.4 56 13 23.2 133 4 3.0 Malanday 1,217 156 12.8 861 312 36.2 2,078 183 8.8 Malinta 3,144 508 16.2 2,077 713 34.3 5,221 421 8.1 Mapulang Lupa 1,892 267 14.1 1,186 421 35.5 3,078 189 6.1 Marulas 3,071 430 14.0 2,101 632 30.1 5,172 318 6.1 Maysan 1,599 227 14.2 1,021 332 32.5 2,620 179 6.8 Palasan 444 51 11.5 326 95 29.1 770 45 5.8 Parada 1,236 155 12.5 778 209 26.9 2,014 129 6.4 Pariancillo Villa 97 6 6.2 80 18 22.5 177 7 4.0 Paso de Blas 768 111 14.5 454 141 31.1 1,222 75 6.1 Pasolo 353 54 15.3 241 79 32.8 594 59 9.9 Poblacion 37 5 13.5 20 5 25.0 57 3 5.3 Pulo 95 9 9.5 68 17 25.0 163 6 3.7 Punturin 1,392 174 12.5 906 274 30.2 2,298 169 7.4 Rincon 364 50 13.7 227 83 36.6 591 31 5.2 Tagalag 315 61 19.4 205 64 31.2 520 38 7.3 Ugong 2,586 415 16.0 1,639 550 33.6 4,225 281 6.7 Veinte Reales 1,425 236 16.6 831 272 32.7 2,256 234 10.4 Wawang Pulo 242 28 11.6 171 42 24.6 413 23 5.6

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 5) 205 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Valenzuela

Map 11. Proportion of Households with Income Below the Poverty Threshold, by Barangay, 2012

Bottom 10 Barangays

B ar a n g a y M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n

Pariancillo Villa 73 34.4 Bignay 1199 33.4 Veinte Reales 843 32.7 Malanday 836 32.3 Coloong 486 27.8 Pulo 53 27.5 Pasolo 216 26.2 Palasan 231 26.0 Marulas 1595 25.9 Ugong 1125 24.6

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 5) 206 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Valenzuela

Map 12. Proportion of Households with Income Below the Food Threshold, by Barangay, 2012

Bottom 10 Barangays

B ar a n g a y M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n

Bignay 750 20.9 Veinte Reales 539 20.9 Malanday 537 20.8 Pariancillo Villa 41 19.3 Coloong 313 17.9 Pasolo 145 17.6 Pulo 34 17.6 Marulas 1046 17.0 Palasan 142 16.0 Canumay West 406 14.8

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 5) 207 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Valenzuela

Map 13. Proportion of Households who Experienced Hunger due to Food Shortage, by Barangay, 2012

Bottom 10 Barangays

B ar a n g a y M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n

Bignay 157 4.4 Arkong Bato 59 3.4 Veinte Reales 76 2.9 Coloong 49 2.8 Ugong 107 2.3 Dalandanan 59 2.2 Malinta 147 2.1 Lingunan 56 2.1 Bagbaguin 52 2.1 Paso de Blas 35 2.0

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 5) 208 Table 4. Income Indicators, by Barangay, City of Valenzuela, 2012

B a ra n g a y Households with income Households with income Households who experienced below the poverty threshold below the food threshold hunger due to food shortage M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n

Arkong Bato 396 22.5 202 11.5 59 3.4 Bagbaguin 433 17.5 229 9.3 52 2.1 Balangkas 373 17.8 200 9.5 10 0.5 Bignay 1,199 33.4 750 20.9 157 4.4 Bisig 29 12.9 12 5.3 3 1.3 Canumay East 348 21.1 234 14.2 7 0.4 Canumay West 604 21.9 406 14.8 35 1.3 Coloong 486 27.8 313 17.9 49 2.8 Dalandanan 417 15.6 187 7.0 59 2.2 Gen. T. de Leon 3,263 22.4 1,910 13.1 225 1.5 Isla 150 20.5 80 10.9 0 0 Karuhatan 1,008 18.6 585 10.8 84 1.6 Lawang Bato 645 20.5 393 12.5 14 0.4 Lingunan 418 15.5 245 9.1 56 2.1 Mabolo 72 21.2 48 14.2 0 0 Malanday 836 32.3 537 20.8 34 1.3 Malinta 1,552 22.0 928 13.2 147 2.1 Mapulang Lupa 713 18.7 389 10.2 27 0.7 Marulas 1,595 25.9 1,046 17.0 101 1.6 Maysan 827 22.8 506 14.0 33 0.9 Palasan 231 26.0 142 16.0 4 0.5 Parada 560 19.6 320 11.2 2 0.1 Pariancillo Villa 73 34.4 41 19.3 2 0.9 Paso de Blas 334 19.3 197 11.4 35 2.0 Pasolo 216 26.2 145 17.6 4 0.5 Poblacion 11 13.6 4 4.9 0 0 Pulo 53 27.5 34 17.6 3 1.6 Punturin 517 18.8 283 10.3 31 1.1 Rincon 125 14.8 67 8.0 3 0.4 Tagalag 97 16.4 38 6.4 1 0.2 Ugong 1,125 24.6 662 14.5 107 2.3 Veinte Reales 843 32.7 539 20.9 76 2.9 Wawang Pulo 121 20.0 46 7.6 3 0.5

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 5) 209 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Valenzuela

Map 14. Unemployment Rate (15 years old and above), by Barangay, 2012

Bottom 10 Barangays

B ar a n g a y M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n

Bisig 82 21.2 Arkong Bato 473 16.6 Balangkas 509 16.2 Tagalag 157 16.1 Bagbaguin 615 15.6 Canumay West 589 14.6 Mabolo 65 14.5 Punturin 599 14.4 Lingunan 629 14.1 Rincon 177 13.6

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 5) 210 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Valenzuela

Map 15. Proportion of Persons who are Victims of Crime, by Barangay, 2012

Bottom 13 Barangays

B ar a n g a y M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n Lingunan 99 0.9 Malinta 196 0.7 Veinte Reales 71 0.7 Paso de Blas 44 0.6 Arkong Bato 40 0.6 Coloong 33 0.5 Gen. T. de Leon 240 0.4 Marulas 105 0.4 Maysan 62 0.4 Mapulang Lupa 59 0.4 Bagbaguin 36 0.4 Rincon 13 0.4 Pariancillo Villa 4 0.4

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 5) 211 Table 5. Unemployment and Victims of Crime Indicators, by Barangay, City of Valenzuela, 2012

B a ra n g a y Number of persons Unemployment rate Persons who are victims of in the labor force (15 years old and above) crim es (15 years old and above) M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n

Arkong Bato 2,847 473 16.6 40 0.6 Bagbaguin 3,946 615 15.6 36 0.4 Balangkas 3,143 509 16.2 2 0.0 Bignay 5,242 684 13.0 33 0.2 Bisig 387 82 21.2 0 0 Canumay East 2,874 347 12.1 16 0.2 Canumay West 4,044 589 14.6 27 0.3 Coloong 2,449 303 12.4 33 0.5 Dalandanan 4,120 518 12.6 16 0.2 Gen. T. de Leon 20,750 2,757 13.3 240 0.4 Isla 1,020 72 7.1 1 0.0 Karuhatan 8,585 1,027 12.0 79 0.3 Lawang Bato 4,358 266 6.1 11 0.1 Lingunan 4,449 629 14.1 99 0.9 Mabolo 447 65 14.5 0 0 Malanday 3,984 457 11.5 25 0.2 Malinta 10,485 1,403 13.4 196 0.7 Mapulang Lupa 5,529 600 10.9 59 0.4 Marulas 9,647 1,295 13.4 105 0.4 Maysan 5,390 652 12.1 62 0.4 Palasan 1,248 100 8.0 6 0.2 Parada 4,115 513 12.5 3 0.0 Pariancillo Villa 285 23 8.1 4 0.4 Paso de Blas 2,693 285 10.6 44 0.6 Pasolo 1,201 142 11.8 4 0.1 Poblacion 141 12 8.5 0 0 Pulo 264 27 10.2 2 0.3 Punturin 4,165 599 14.4 9 0.1 Rincon 1,306 177 13.6 13 0.4 Tagalag 974 157 16.1 0 0 Ugong 6,683 809 12.1 44 0.2 Veinte Reales 3,633 492 13.5 71 0.7 Wawang Pulo 824 63 7.6 4 0.2

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 5) 212 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Valenzuela

Map 16. CBMS Composite Indicator, by Barangay, 2012

Bottom 11 Barangays B ar a n g a y A v er a g e Veinte Reales 1.0 Bignay 1.0 Malanday 0.9 Pariancillo Villa 0.9 Punturin 0.9 Coloong 0.8 Arkong Bato 0.8 Pulo 0.8 Canumay West 0.8 Malinta 0.8 Ugong 0.8

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 5) 213 Table 6. CBMS Composite Indicator, by Barangay, City of Valenzuela, 2012

B a ra n g a y CBMS Composite Indicator

Arkong Bato 0.8 Bagbaguin 0.7 Balangkas 0.5 Bignay 1.0 Bisig 0.6 Canumay East 0.7 Canumay West 0.8 Coloong 0.8 Dalandanan 0.5 Gen. T. de Leon 0.7 Isla 0.5 Karuhatan 0.6 Lawang Bato 0.7 Lingunan 0.7 Mabolo 0.5 Malanday 0.9 Malinta 0.8 Mapulang Lupa 0.7 Marulas 0.7 Maysan 0.7 Palasan 0.6 Parada 0.6 Pariancillo Villa 0.9 Paso de Blas 0.7 Pasolo 0.7 Poblacion 0.5 Pulo 0.8 Punturin 0.9 Rincon 0.7 Tagalag 0.5 Ugong 0.8 Veinte Reales 1.0 Wawang Pulo 0.5

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 5) 214