DOCSLIB.ORG

MOSER Martin Das Bedingungslose Grundeinkommen Im

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
MOSER Martin Das Bedingungslose Grundeinkommen Im Autor: MOSER Martin Das bedingungslose Grundeinkommen im Ländervergleich Utopie oder Notwendigkeit? Masterarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Master of Arts Eingereicht an der Umwelt-, Regional- und Bildungswissenschaftlichen Fakultät Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz Gutachter: HÖLLINGER Franz, Ao.Univ.-Prof. Dr.phil. Institut für Soziologie 2020 Inhalt: Das bedingungslose Grundeinkommen ist ein umstrittenes Modell einer Sozialreform, in dem alle Bürger/innen bedingungslos eine Geldsumme vom Staat erhalten sollen, die ausreicht, um die Grundbedürfnisse zu decken und steuerfinanziert ist. Diese Masterarbeit soll einen Überblick über die Debatte um das bedingungslose Grundeinkommen schaffen, indem Argumente dafür und dagegen erörtert werden. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird die wissenschaftliche Literatur zum Thema aufgearbeitet. Die Debatte um das bedingungslose Grundeinkommen bewegt sich auf einer sachlichen und einer ideologischen Ebene. Auf der sachlichen Ebene wird diskutiert, ob und wie das bedingungslose Grundeinkommen finanzierbar ist und ob die Auswirkungen einer Einführung, wie etwa die vermeintlich sinkende Arbeitsleistung, für die Gesellschaft tragbar wären. Auf der ideologischen Ebene wird diskutiert, ob das Konzept des BGE gerecht ist und ob dessen Einführung die Leben der Menschen tatsächlich verbessern würde. Realpolitisch gab es bereits einige Versuche, wie etwa in den USA oder aktueller auch in Finnland, jedoch wurde das bedingungslose Grundeinkommen nirgends längerfristig eingeführt. Im empirischen Teil der Arbeit wird anhand einer Sekundärdatenanalyse einer internationalen Fragebogenstudie der Frage nachgegangen, inwiefern und warum sich die Debatte zwischen ausgewählten EU-Mitgliedsländern unterscheidet. Für die Sekundärdatenanalyse wurden die Länder Österreich, Deutschland, Finnland, Dänemark, Belgien, Irland und Spanien für eine nähere Analyse ausgewählt. Außerdem wird untersucht, ob soziodemografische Faktoren einen Einfluss auf die Einstellung, das Wissen und die Argumente bezüglich des Grundeinkommens haben. Es scheint einen positiven Zusammenhang zwischen der Präsenz der Debatte in einem Land und der Zustimmung zu geben. In Ländern, in denen sich Leute gut mit dem BGE auskennen, wie etwa Finnland, ist die Zustimmung tendenziell höher. Ein weiterer Einflussfaktor ist wohl der soziopolitische Rahmen der Länder. Es finden sich Hinweise, dass die reale Erfahrung durch einen Versuch mit dem BGE in Finnland zur positiven Einstellung gegenüber dem BGE führt. Die relativ starke Ablehnung des BGE in Dänemark dürfte damit zusammenhängen, dass in diesem Land Sozialleistungen eng an Erwerbsarbeit gebunden sind. 2 Abstract: The universal basic income is a controversial model of social reform, in which all citizens are to receive unconditionally a sum of money from the state which is sufficient to cover basic needs and is financed by taxes. This master's thesis aims to provide an overview of the debate on the universal basic income by discussing arguments for and against it. In the first part of the thesis, the scientific literature on the subject will be reviewed. The debate on the universal basic income is on a factual and an ideological level. On the factual level, it is discussed whether and how the universal basic income can be financed and whether the effects of its introduction, such as the supposed decline in work performance, would be acceptable to society. On the ideological level, there is a discussion of whether the concept of UBI is fair and whether its introduction would actually improve people's lives. There have already been some attempts to try out basic income models in practice, for example in the USA or more recently in Finland, but none of these experiments have been carried out over longer periods of time. In the empirical part of the study, I investigate in which ways the public opinion about basic income differs between selected EU member states, using data from an international survey. For this analysis, Austria, Germany, Finland, Denmark, Belgium, Ireland and Spain were selected. Also, the impact of socio-demographic factors on attitudes, knowledge and arguments concerning the basic income is examined. There seems to be a positive correlation between the presence of the debate in a country and the public support for the UBI. In countries where people are well acquainted with the UBI, such as Finland, support tends to be higher. Another influencing factor is probably the socio-political framework of the countries. There is some evidence that real experience with the UBI, like the experiment in Finland, leads to positive attitudes towards UBI. The relatively strong opposition to the UBI in Denmark is probably related to the fact that in this country social benefits are closely linked to gainful employment. 3 Inhalt 1. Einleitung ............................................................................................................ 6 1.1. Relevanz des Themas ................................................................................... 7 1.2. Was ist das bedingungslose Grundeinkommen?........................................... 9 1.3. Wer soll das bedingungslose Grundeinkommen bekommen? ..................... 10 1.4. Historische Vorläufer ................................................................................... 13 1.4.1. Argrarian Justice ................................................................................... 13 1.4.2. La fausse industrie ................................................................................ 14 1.4.3. Joseph Charliers „Lösung des Sozialproblems“ .................................... 15 1.5. Verschiedene Modelle ................................................................................. 15 1.5.1. Götz Werners Modell ............................................................................ 16 1.5.2. Das solidarische Bürgergeld ................................................................. 17 1.5.3. Beteiligungs-Entschädigung.................................................................. 18 1.5.4. Ein beschränktes bedingungsloses Grundeinkommen ......................... 18 1.5.5. Das Schweizer Modell .......................................................................... 19 2. Argumente für und gegen ein bedingungsloses Grundeinkommen ........... 20 2.1. Die sachliche Ebene .................................................................................... 21 2.1.1. Die Auswirkungen auf den Arbeitsmarkt ............................................... 21 2.1.2. Wirtschaftliche Auswirkungen der Einführung eines BGE ..................... 26 2.1.3. Arbeitsanreize ....................................................................................... 29 2.1.4. Die Automatisierung der Arbeitswelt. .................................................... 32 2.1.5. Die Probleme des aktuellen Sozialsystems. ......................................... 38 2.1.6. Die Finanzierung des bedingungslosen Grundeinkommens. ................ 42 2.2. Die ideologische Ebene ............................................................................... 53 2.2.1. Mehr Selbstbestimmung und -entfaltung............................................... 54 2.2.2. Gesundheit............................................................................................ 55 2.2.3. Der Arbeitsbegriff .................................................................................. 56 2.2.4. Die Menschenwürde ............................................................................. 58 4 2.2.5. Ungleichheit und Gerechtigkeit ............................................................. 60 2.2.6. Soziologische Theorien verschiedener Gerechtigkeitsprinzipien .......... 64 3. Experimente mit dem bedingungslosen Grundeinkommen ......................... 66 3.1. Grundeinkommensversuche in den USA ..................................................... 67 3.2. Das Mincome Experiment............................................................................ 69 3.3. Das finnische Grundeinkommen-Experiment .............................................. 71 4. Die politische Ebene der Grundeinkommensdebatte ................................... 73 4.1. Die Akteur/innen in der Grundeinkommensdebatte ..................................... 76 4.2. Die Rolle der Kultur in der Grundeinkommensdebatte ................................ 81 4.3. Der ökonomische und politische Kontext in der Grundeinkommensdebatte 83 4.4. Der politische Prozess der Einführung eines bedingungslosen Grundeinkommens ................................................................................................ 88 5. Empirischer Ländervergleich der Grundeinkommensdebatte am Beispiel von ausgewählten EU-Mitgliedsstaaten ............................................................... 91 5.1. Methodik und Datenauswahl ....................................................................... 92 5.2. Einstellung gegenüber dem bedingungslosen Grundeinkommen im Vergleich. .............................................................................................................. 93 5.3. Das Wissen über das BGE im Vergleich ..................................................... 98 5.4. Die Argumentationen um das bedingungslose Grundeinkommen im Ländervergleich ..................................................................................................... 99 5.4.1. Argumente für ein bedingungsloses Grundeinkommen ........................ 99 5.4.2. Argumente gegen ein bedingungsloses Grundeinkommen..................102
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Arguments for Basic Income, Universal Pensions and Universal
    Money for nothing? Arguments for basic income, universal pensions and universal child benefits in Norway Christian Petersen Master thesis Department of Comparative Politics University of Bergen June 2014 Abstract Basic income is a radical idea which has gained more attention in many countries in recent years, as traditional welfare states are having trouble solving the problems they were created to solve. Basic income promises to solve many of these problems in an effective and simple way. The purpose of this thesis is to study basic income in a way which can supplement the existing literature, and make it relevant in a Norwegian perspective. Hopefully this can contribute towards placing basic income on the political agenda and in the public debate. A large amount of literature is written on basic income, but by comparing the arguments used to promote a basic income with empirical data from previously implemented social policy in Norway, I hope to contribute towards an area which is not well covered. To do this I identify the arguments used to promote a basic income, and compare them to the arguments used to promote other universal social policy in Norway at the time they were introduced. The empirical cases of the universal child benefit and the universal old age pension in Norway has been chosen, because they resemble a basic income in many ways. The study is of a qualitative nature, and the method of document analysis is used to conduct the study. The data material for basic income is mainly scholarly literature. The data materials used for the analysis of the child benefit scheme and the old age pension are government documents, mainly preparatory work for new laws, legal propositions put forward in parliament, white papers, and transcripts of debates in parliament.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of Current Basic Income Related Experiments
    Overview of Current Basic Income Related Experiments (October 2017) October 19, 2017 Kate McFarland News, News & Events, The McFarland Report Existing and Upcoming BI-Related Experiments By Kate McFarland 5 Last updated: October 15, 2017 It seems that 2017 has been a watershed year for the global basic income movement, as multiple governments and private research groups have independently conceived and launched experimental trials of basic income (and closely related policies). Several new experiments in North America and Europe represent the first such experiments in the developed world since the 1970s (when a 10 negative income tax was tested in several cities in the United States and Canada), and the largest basic income trial ever designed is about to take place in Kenya. At the same time, rumors of other experiments have appeared only to be revealed to have been premature, and sloppy and superficial media reports have obfuscated differences in the design and motivation of these disparate studies. This article reviews the latest information (as of October 15 2017) on the experiments that actually are being conducted (or well along the path) [1] [2]. The federal government of Finland is currently conducting an experiment of the effects of a basic income on unemployed citizens, which began in January 2017 and will conclude in December 2018. Prior to the launch of the Finnish experiment, the provincial government of Ontario had already announced its plans to test a type of unconditional income guarantee; at the time of this writing, it is 20 currently enrolling participants in three areas of the province, who will receive an income guarantee for up to three years.
    [Show full text]
  • Download This Report
    Social Security Review2021 Evolution of Social Security in South Africa: An Agenda for Action ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Copyright 2021 The Department of Social Development extends its Department of Social Development appreciation to the HSRC for providing editorial services for this inaugural edition of the Social Security Review. Special thanks This publication is an output of the Development of Social go to Shirin Motala, Stewart Ngandu and Tim Hart for their Development with support from the Economic Development excellent guidance and support to the Department to ensure Programme, Human Sciences Research Council. a high standard for the publication, including the peer review of all the chapters. The Department is immensely grateful to EDITORS: Shirin Motala; Stewart Ngandu & Tim Hart the Authors who willingly responded to the requests from the HSRC for editing and approving of drafts. This is more so as Credits many of these requests came at short notice. Cover Illustration and design 2021 by Ilse Visagie, HSRC Book layout and production by Blackmoon Design and Advertising We wish to acknowledge the contribution of the team of Copy editing by John Seagar. Peer Reviewers, 23 of them who will remain unnamed as the approach was a double blinded peer review process. They Copyright Statement provided their intellectual insights and gave direction to the The text and data in this publication may be reproduced as long authors in order to enhance the quality of the contributions. as the source is cited. Reproductions for commercial purposes are forbidden. We appreciate other colleagues at the HSRC, whose various contributions in the execution of the project enabled the Rights and Permission - All rights reserved achievement of milestones under tremendous pressure.
    [Show full text]
  • The Heretical Political Discourse
    The Heretical Political Discourse – a Discourse Analysis of the Danish Debate on Basic Income Erik Christensen AALBORG UNIVERSITY PRESS 2008 The Heretical Political Discourse – a Discourse Analysis of the Danish Debate on Basic Income Erik Christensen © The Author and Aalborg University Press, 2008 Cover & Layout: Lars Pedersen / Anblik Grafisk Printed by Narayana Press ISBN-13: 978-87-7307-XXX-X Distribution: Aalborg University Press Niels Jernes Vej 6B 9220 Aalborg Denmark Phone: (+45) 96 35 71 40, Fax: (+45) 96 35 00 76 E-mail: [email protected] www.forlag.aau.dk All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopy- ing and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers, except for reviews and short excerpts in scholarly publications. List of Content ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5 INTRODUCTION 7 CHAPter 1 Citizen’s Income as a Heretical Political 19 Discourse: the Danish Debate about Citizen’s Income CHAPter 2 The Rhetoric of »Rights and Obligations« 45 in »Workfare« and »Citizen’s Income« Paradigms/Discourses in Denmark in a Labour History Perspective CHAPter 3 Feminist Arguments in Favour of Welfare 63 and Basic Income in Denmark CHAPter 4 Welfare Discourses in Denmark from a 91 Basic Income Perspective CHAPter 5 A Global Ecological Argument for a Basic 119 Income CHAPter 6 Basic Income on the Political Agenda: 139 between Inclusion and Exclusion REFerenceS 147 Acknowledgements Chapter 1 was originally published as a working paper from the Department of Economics, Politics and Public Administration, Aalborg University, 1998:2, and later in Inclusion and Exclusion: Unemployment and non-standard Employment in Europe, edited by Jens Lind and Iver Hornemann Møller, 1999, Ashgate, (ISBN 978-1- 84014-849-7).
    [Show full text]
  • Degrowth with Basic Income – the Radical Combination
    Essay written for the 14th BIEN congress, Munich September 2012 Jan Otto Andersson, Åbo Akademi University, Finland Degrowth with basic income – the radical combination Basic income and degrowth are both ideas with a great critical potential. They force us to reflect on our views of people and society, on our visions and values. Many of the “truths” related to the industrial society are suddenly watered down and even reversed as soon as we start to take the two concepts seriously. Even if there are moderate versions of both degrowth and basic income that may be integrated into the prevailing ideology, they threaten to undermine the fundamental vision of “the age of high mass consumption”.1 If the two concepts were connected into a consistent political agenda they could herald a new epoch transforming our work, lives and morals. But how compatible are basic income and degrowth? What kind of basic income and which meaning of degrowth would fit a warranted political vision? Can an introduction of a basic income counter the strong drives behind the present growthmania? As a start I portray the concepts of growth and degrowth. Then I take a look at some views concerning the relationship between basic income and growth. After a presentation of the drivers behind economic growth I try to assess whether a basic income could work as a restraining factor on the growth imperative. As a conclusion I give some thoughts on the kind of basic income that could be part of a radical transformation towards degrowth. Growth and degrowth What is the meaning of growth and degrowth? Economic growth, measured by GDP, reflects the market value of all produced goods and services.
    [Show full text]
  • Citizen Wage
    Citizen wage A study concerning the perception of citizen wage in Sweden Author: Juliana Huus Human Geography Supervisor: Tom Mels Gotland University Spring Semester 2009 Abstract In this Bachelor paper, I have studied the field of citizen wage, a revolutionary concept that challenges the current system of welfare, our view of society today, which can have implications on our perception of different spaces and patterns of movement between different rooms. The subject has on an academic level been discussed and accepted however not on a political level. Citizen wage is a concept of a broader meaning of a social security system that entails providing the states citizens with economic subsidy without any form of requirements around it. The subsidy should cover all basic costs of living and be collected through taxation. The idea is based on principles of human justice, that everyone has the right to a decent living, and the state is therefore obliged to distribute sufficient economic means for living without any conditions, as a right not as a solution. The main focus of this study has been to investigate the opinions of citizen wage in Sweden, what the main arguments for or against an implementation of citizen wage is perceived to be. This study is based on a literature study concerning subjects relevant when discussing citizen wage, as well as a quantitative study of a number of articles derived from Swedish press concerning the theme. The study resulted in findings that reflect a mostly negative outlook on citizen wage, however the large amount of positive articles indicate that there is an interest of implementing citizen wage in Sweden.
    [Show full text]
  • PDLUKE Thesis Basic Income Is an Idea.Pdf
    “Basic Income is an idea whose time has come”: But why here, why now, and in what way? Paul David Luke Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds Department of Sociology and Social Policy September 2019 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement The right of Paul David Luke to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Page 3 of 209 Abstract That Basic Income has received increased attention recently is noted in both academic and media discourse. A critical question about this attention is whether it amounts to more than “just a fad”. Contesting the label of “fad”, this thesis argues that the contemporary attention to Basic Income emerges through interlinked debates around the social understanding of work and the extent of the State. This argument is developed from semi-structured interviews with stakeholders who have relevant expertise in and around the Basic Income discourse, as well as thematic analysis of print media discussion of Basic Income in 2015 – 2017. This thesis examines the significance of the attention through the framework developed by Levitas as the Imaginary Reconstitution of Society. That is, it considers the discourse around Basic Income as fragmentary utopias, containing a mixture of critiques of the present, visions of the future “good society”, and policy proposals to move between the two.
    [Show full text]
  • Universal Basic Income
    UNIVERSAL BASIC INCOME MARCUS BRANCAGLIONE THIS BOOK WAS DISTRIBUTED BY: www.PaperRevolution.org © 2016 Marcus Brancaglione. All the work is under Licença ⒶRobinRight. To see a copy of the go to, http://www.recivitas.org/licenca-robinright Autor: Marcus Brancaglione Final edition, organization, cover: Bruna Augusto Proofreading and English version: Marcio Rolim and Fabiana Reis Cecin Preface to the English version ............................................... 8 I must admit, I was wrong ............................................. 12 Development? Development is undeniable. But is it for all? ................................................................................. 13 But it's never too late to make it right .......................... 19 The theory of practice ................................................... 22 Another vision, another definition ............................... 28 The upcoming Basic Income... ...................................... 34 Basic Income: Definitions .............................................. 38 Universalities ................................................................. 41 Contingencies ................................................................ 46 Conditions and Unconditionalities ................................ 48 Practices and Experiences ............................................. 51 Sums .............................................................................. 55 Properties ...................................................................... 57 Consensualities ............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 19Th BIEN Congress Hyderabad, India
    19th BIEN Congress Hyderabad, India Abstracts of Papers presented at the Congress August 22-25, 2019 Abstracts ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE CONGRESS AUGUST 22-25, 2019 Contents CS1- Perspectives on Basic Income ....................................................................................... 6 Telemaque Masson ................................................................................................................ 6 Basic Income as an answer to the Fundamental Contradiction of all Liberal Theory .......................... 6 Chloe Halpenny ...................................................................................................................... 8 Basic Income: A Feminist Proposal? ..................................................................................................... 8 Michael W. Howard ................................................................................................................ 9 The Left Debate on Basic Income in the United States......................................................................... 9 Otto Lehto .............................................................................................................................10 Evolutionary Economics and Universal Basic Income: Complex Adaptation under Radical Uncertainty ......................................................................................................................................... 10 Malcolm Torry ........................................................................................................................12
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of Workplace Automation Has Already Arrived by Nyc Labretš, Munich, Germany, 2012
    Alea Iacta Est The Writing On The Wall Res Ipsa Loquitur What Was Once Just Science Fiction Regarding The Future Of Work Is Reality Today With That Now Comes Our Urgent Need To Establish A Universal Global Basic Income PRIOR To The Year 2020 A Call For Action by Nyc Labretš 14th Congress of the Basic Income Earth Network, Munich, Germany, 14. Sept. to Sept. 16, 2012 “Twilight Zone” “The Brain Center At Whipple’s” Original Air Date: 15 May, 1964 http://bit.ly/TUPbien14Labrets 1 Abstract The Future of Workplace Automation Has Already Arrived by Nyc Labretš, Munich, Germany, 2012 In its Conclusion this Paper will present a simple Formula that shows how it will be possible to provide a full 40% of population of any 1st World’s country, (be it the United States, Germany, or any or all countries of the European Union), with an Unconditional Basic Income for an investment range of no more than 5% to 10% of Annual Gross Domestic Product. Today, in the year 2012, a ‘Human Worker Free’ Amazon/Kiva Systems Automated Warehouse in the USA that is wholly staffed by Kiva Systems Order Fulfillment Warehouse Robots, instead of human workers, is already much more cost-effective for Amazon to operate, (each of these Kiva Systems Robots cost Amazon ⅔rds less a year to operate than what human workers cost to employ, and in the space of year Kiva Robot can work at least 4 times as many hours as a human worker can), as it is to have the lowest paid American Minimum Wage human workers do the same exact work.
    [Show full text]
  • WP 4 | CASE STUDY Report: BIEN and the Basic Income
    WP 4 | CASE STUDY Report: BIEN and the Basic Income Theme [ssh.2013.3.2-1] [Social Innovation- Empowering People, changing societies] Project Full Title: “Transformative Social Innovation Theory project” Grant Agreement no. 613169 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no. 613169. Transit – Grant agreement no. 613169 – WP4 | Case Study Report 1 BIEN and the Basic Income Suggested citation: Backhaus, J. & Pel, B. (2017). WP4 Case Study Report: BIEN and the Basic Income, TRANSIT: EU SSH.2013.3.2-1 Grant agreement no. 613169. Acknowledgements: We would like to express our gratitude to all our interviewees who responded to our lengthy question catalogue. Cover: Illustration by Andrew J. Nilsen (http://andrewjnilsen.com) Date: December 2017 Authors: Julia Backhaus, Bonno Pel Lead partner: ICIS-Maastricht University Participating partners: ICIS-Maastricht University and Université libre de Bruxelles Contact person: Julia Backhaus Maastricht University E-mail: [email protected] Phone: + 31-43-3884703 Disclaimer: The content of this publication does not reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Responsibility for the information and views expressed therein lies entirely with the authors. Transit – Grant agreement no. 613169 – WP4 | Case Study Report 2 BIEN and the Basic Income Table of contents 1 Introduction ...................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Het Mondiaal Basisinkomen Als Oplossing Voor De Milieuproblematiek En De Extreme Armoede: Een Ethische Argumentatie
    Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte Vakgroep Wijsbegeerte en Moraalwetenschap Academiejaar 2008-2009 Het Mondiaal Basisinkomen als Oplossing voor de Milieuproblematiek en de Extreme Armoede: Een Ethische Argumentatie Scriptie tot het behalen van de graad Master in de Wijsbegeerte Robin Loris Studentennummer 20033404 Master Wijsbegeerte Promotor: Prof. D. Wim Vandekerckhove Inhoudsopgave Dankwoord 3 Inleiding 4 Deel 1: Het Mondiaal Basisinkomen gefinancierd door een taks op de ecologische voetafdruk 6 1. De Ecologische Voetafdruk 6 Landen en steden 6 Individuele personen 7 Het eerlijke aarde aandeel 8 Wat bepaalt de grootte van de voetafdruk? 10 Problemen met de voetafdrukmethode 11 Gevolgen van de grote mondiale voet 11 2. Het Mondiaal Basisinkomen 13 Geschiedenis 14 Mondiaal Basisinkomen op basis van milieugebruik 18 Conclusie 25 Deel 2: Argumentatief draagvlak 27 3. Basisinkomen 27 Vergelijking met meer conventionele modellen van basisinkomen 27 Andere vormen van een basisinkomen gefinancierd door een ecotaks 38 Conclusie 48 4. Sociale Rechtvaardigheid 49 Inleiding 49 Rawls 49 1 Nozick 57 Conclusie 64 5. Milieuduurzaamheid en Rechtvaardigheid 66 Milieutheorieën 67 Milieutheorieën en MBI 73 Convergentie 78 Conclusie 83 Conclusie 85 Bibliografie 88 2 Dankwoord Eerst en vooral wil ik mijn ouders, Eddy Loris en Regina Dhaenens, danken zonder wiens financiële en morele steun ik deze scriptie en mijn studies in het algemeen niet had kunnen tot een goed einde brengen. Mijn speciale dank gaat uit naar mijn promotor, Wim Vandekerckhove, voor het telkens nalezen wanneer er een gedeelte klaar was en zijn deskundige raad. Mijn broer, Jasper Loris, wil ik bedanken voor zijn hulp wanneer er weer eens problemen waren met mijn tekstverwerker.
    [Show full text]