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Nutrient Pollution and Eutrophication 1 / 19 Outline of Topics

1 Eutrophication Overview Limiting Nutrients Hazardous Blooms Dead Zones

2 Depletion in Lakes Thermal Stratification of Lakes Oxygen Depletion in Hypolimnion Oxygen Depletion in Epilimnion

Nutrient Pollution and Eutrophication 2 / 19 Lecture question: What is eutrophication?

Drastic increase in with time Productivity: net rate of photosynthesis (net primary productivity, NPP): net rate of growth A natural process, possibly over long time Three common productivity levels shown Cultural eutrophication: human-induced acceleration

Nutrient Pollution and Eutrophication 3 / 19 Eutrophication Limiting Nutrients (Lecture Question) What causes cultural eutrophication?

NPP usually limited by some factor: temperature, sunlight, predation, nutrients The limiting nutrient is a chemical that limits NPP Possible limiting nutrients: N, P, Si (for ), Fe Terrestrial NPP often limited by N Marine NPP often limited by N, sometimes Fe Freshwater NPP often limited by P (photo on left demonstrates)

Nutrient Pollution and Eutrophication 4 / 19 Eutrophication Cultural Eutrophication (Lecture Question) So what’s so bad about increased productivity?

Oxygen Depletion of organic material in the causes on the bottom of water bodies (esp in summer) Larger day-night fluctuations in dissolved oxygen even in surface water Sediment may release toxic chemicals under anoxic conditions Algae Blooms A nuisance for recreation and water treatment Some algae blooms are toxic (HABs) HABs are not necessarily pollution-related (for most, the connection is not obvious) Some toxic algae definitely thrive in polluted waters Other Changes Decreased visibility (bad for submerged aquatic vegetation, SAV) Increased sedimentation rate (bad for bottom-dwellers, reproduction)

Nutrient Pollution and Eutrophication 5 / 19 Eutrophication How do hazardous algae blooms (HABs) affect human health?

Amnesia Shellfish Poisoning Toxin: domoic acid (can be fatal) GI and neurological disorders Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea. Ciguatera Poisoning Toxins: ciguatoxin/maitotoxin (usually not fatal) GI, neurological and CV symptoms Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin: okadaic acid (not fatal) GI symptoms Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins: brevetoxins (not fatal) Syndrome almost identical to ciguatera poisoning but slightly less severe Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins: saxitoxins (can be fatal) Rapid neurological symptoms: tingling, numbness, burning, drowsiness, etc. Respiratory arrest can occur within 24 hours HAB events seems to be rising (may reflect better detection) Coastal HAB Events in the US Where in the US do these HAB events occur?

Nutrient Pollution and Eutrophication 7 / 19 Eutrophication Dead Zones (Lecture Questions) What are ‘dead zones’ and how are they formed?

Dead zones are very large areas with low oxygen levels. They usually occur in but have also been observed in large and lakes. Can be caused by nutrient pollution (often associated with agricultural ) and subsequent eutrophication Can also occur naturally: (unpolluted) river flooding empties into the and creates a top layer of freshwater, temporarily cutting off the oxygen supply Examples where the empties into the gulf : largest in the world The bottom (below 150 m) is completely anoxic Not caused by pollution but by v slow exchange of water with the Mediterranean through the narrow and shallow Bosporus strait (mouth of the ) Northern

Nutrient Pollution and Eutrophication 8 / 19 Eutrophication Global Location of Dead Zones What are some of these dead zones?

Nutrient Pollution and Eutrophication 9 / 19 Eutrophication Nutrient Pollution from the Mississippi How bad is the Gulf of Mexico dead zone?

Satellite picture shows the effect of nutrient discharge on algae levels (the green color reflects chlorophyll-a concentration).

Nutrient Pollution and Eutrophication 10 / 19 Eutrophication Gulf of Mexico dead zone forms every summer When the algae die they settle to the bottom and begin degrading (and consuming oxygen) Oxygen is depleted (mostly below the pycnocline) creating the dead zone The dead zone has grown in size from 3200 mi2 (1985–1991) to 5400 mi2 (2009–2013), about the size of CT Hypoxia in Lakes How exactly does hypoxia (low DO) develop in lakes in response to eutrophication?

Hypoxia usually occurs at the bottom of lakes in the summer Prominent example: central basin of But it can also occur at the top of lakes (especially overnight) and in the winter Steps to create summer hypoxia in lake bottoms 1. Eutrophication increases biological productivity over time; spring and summer blooms are common 2. Algae die and settle to the bottom, where their decomposition presents an oxygen demand 3. Oxygen demand is greatest in the summer, when biological productivity and rate of decomposition are greatest 4. At the same time, summer stratification of lakes cuts off the oxygen supply

Nutrient Pollution and Eutrophication 12 / 19 Oxygen Depletion in Lakes Thermal Stratification of Water Bodies Describe how water bodies stratify into layers.

Inflection point: thermocline Mixing between layers is very slow Detritus tends to accumulate in the sediment (bottom) Hypolimnion has limited

access to O2(g)

Nutrient Pollution and Eutrophication 13 / 19 Oxygen Depletion in Lakes Does the ocean stratify into layers?

surface ocean: warm, 100–200 m thermocline: down to 1 km deep ocean: cold, extends to floor Describe the stratification and mixing processes in dimictic and warm monomictic lakes. Oxygen Depletion in Eutrophic Lakes: Hypolimnion How might seasonal hypoxia might develop in the bottom layer of eutrophic lakes?

Spring Summer Fall Winter

oligotrophic ⇒

eutrophic ⇒

So remind me: why install aerators in Westhampton Lake? Nutrient Pollution and Eutrophication 16 / 19 Oxygen Depletion in Lakes Oxygen Depletion in Lake Michigan Can I see some real data showing seasonal hypoxia in a lake?

Contours give DO in mg/L Completely anoxic from mid-summer until the fall overturn; hypoxia in winter too

Nutrient Pollution and Eutrophication 17 / 19 Oxygen Depletion in Lakes Oxygen Depletion in Eutrophic Lakes: Epilimnion Is there any way hypoxia can develop in the top layer of lakes? How?

Day-night (diurnal) switch of algae between photosynthesis and respiration Conditions may lead to particularly low DO by morning Also: algae mats may interfere with

O2 dissolution

Nutrient Pollution and Eutrophication 18 / 19 Oxygen Depletion in Lakes Effect of Hypoxia on Chemical Composition How does oxygen depletion affect the chemical composition of natural waters?

Reduced forms of chemicals are favored: – HCO3 CH4(g) – + NO3 NH3(g) or NH4 (aq) 2 – – SO4 H2S(g) or HS (aq) 2+ Fe(OH)3(s) Fe (aq) Reduced form of many chemicals are more mobile than their oxidized form

When hypolimnion is completely depleted of O2, it will release nutrients into the water, specifically N and P. During mixing (eg fall overturn) can lead to further algae blooms Ecosystems recycle nutrients...nutrient pollution is the gift that keeps giving

Nutrient Pollution and Eutrophication 19 / 19 Oxygen Depletion in Lakes