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Issn : 2469-1100 ISSN : 2469-1100 diferencia(s) revista de teoría social contemporánea TIEMPO EDITOR INVITADO: GUSTAVO E. ROMERO Nº4 - AÑO 3 - MAYO 2017 - ARGENTINA 4 ISSN : 2469-1100 DIRECTOR VERÓNICA GAGO - Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad SERGIO TONKONOFF - Conicet/IIGG, Facultad de de Buenos Aires, Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. EMILIO GARCÍA WEHBI - Artista, Argentina. MARIANA GÓMEZ - Facultad de Psicolo- EDITOR RESPONSABLE gía, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. PABLO GABRIEL LUZZA RODRIGUEZ - CEDINCI - EZEQUIEL IPAR - Facultad de Ciencias So- Universidad Nacional de San Martín. ciales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. SANDRO MEZZADRA - Departamento de Ciencias EDITOR INVITADO Políticas y Sociales, Universidad de Bolonia, Italia. GUSTAVO E. ROMERO – Conicet/UNLP SUSANA MURILLO - Facultad de Ciencias So- ciales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. JEAN-LUC NANCY - Universidad Marc Bloch, Francia. COMITÉ EDITORIAL DANIEL ALVARO - Conicet/IIGG, Facultad de Cien- DANIEL SANTORO - Artista Plástico. cias Sociales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. JAVIER SIMONOVICH - Facultad de Cien- TOMÁS RAMOS MEJÍA - IIGG, Facultad de Cien- cias Sociales Hazafon, Israel. cias Sociales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. YANNIS STAVRAKAKIS - School of Political Scien- MARÍA SOLEDAD SÁNCHEZ - Conicet/IIGG, Facultad ces, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Grecia. de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. EDUARDO VIVEIROS DE CASTRO - Museo Nacional, SERENA SANTOS - IIGG, Facultad de Cien- Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. cias Sociales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. EDUARDO VIANA VARGAS - Universida- DAVID TARABORRELLI - IIGG, Facultad de Cien- de Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil. cias Sociales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. LUCIA CAVALLERO - IIGG, Facultad de Cien- IMÁGENES cias Sociales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. ROBERTO AIZENBERG - Gentileza, Familia Aizenberg SEBASTIÁN STAVISKY - Conicet/IIGG, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. DISEÑO ANA BELÉN BLANCO - IIGG, Facultad de Cien- JUAN CRUZ ARAMBURU BLANCH - Diseñador cias Sociales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. en comunicación visual y maquetador web. EMAIL [email protected] COMITÉ ACADÉMICO WEB http://selfstudio.com.ar/ JORGE ALEMÁN - Universidad Complutense de Ma- drid, Asociación Mundial de Psicoanálisis. Esta revista es una iniciativa del “Grupo de estu- DORA BARRANCOS - Conicet/Facultad de Cien- dios sobre estructuralismo y postestructuralismo” del cias Sociales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani - Facultad de EMMANUEL BISET - Facultad de Humanida- Ciencias Sociales - Universidad de Buenos Aires. des, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. GRUPO DE ESTUDIOS SOBRE ESTRUCTURALIS- GISELA CATANZARO - Facultad de Ciencias So- MO Y POSESTRUCTURALISMO - EDITORA. ciales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Presidente Uriburu 950, 6to piso, C.P. 1114, MARIE CUILLERAI - Departamento de Fi- Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina losofía, Université Paris VIII. TEL: 011-45083815 OSVALDO L. DELGADO - Facultad de Psicología, Facultad WEB: http://www.revista.diferencias.com.ar/ de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Buenos Aires EMAIL: [email protected] CHRISTIAN DE RONDE - Instituto de Ingeniería y Agro- nomía, Universidad Nacional Arturo Jauretche. Publicado por CLACSO ROQUE FARRÁN - Facultad de Humanida- des, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. ANA MARÍA FERNÁNDEZ - Facultad de Psi- cología, Universidad de Buenos Aires. 5 diferencia(s) es una Revista de Teoría Social Contemporánea que nace como inicia- tiva del Grupo de Estudios sobre Estructuralismo y Posestructuralismo del Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad de Buenos Aires. Se propone como un foro abierto y plural dedicado a la publicación de trabajos de investiga- ción situados en el espacio de la teoría social. Espacio entendido como el campo dinámico y multiforme que se crea cuando distintas formas de pensamiento se encuentran ante la pre- gunta por los conjuntos sociales, sus modos de producción, reproducción y transformación. Ello implica afirmar que no sólo la filosofía y las ciencias humanas son capaces de un saber sobre lo social. La arquitectura, las artes plásticas, la música, la literatura y el cine, pero también las ciencias exactas y naturales, tienen mucho que decirnos al respecto. diferencia(s) se ofrece como un punto de encuentro para investigaciones que, prove- nientes de éstas y otras disciplinas, acepten el desafío de promover la convergencia de lenguajes y perspectivas diversas, avanzando en la exploración –y aún en la creación– de sus articulaciones. diferencia(s) se propone entonces como un espacio intertextual donde la pregunta por lo social dé lugar a prácticas de producción de conexiones, que no por audaces dejen de ser rigurosas. Es decir, a prácticas características tanto del espíritu científico como artístico. Se trata de provocar intersecciones, zonas de comunicación, entre disciplinas, tradiciones y estilos diversos, pero orientados por la misma vocación heurística y transformadora. EDITADA POR: GRUPO DE ESTUDIO SOBRE ESTRUCTURALISMO Y POSTESTRUCTURALISMO INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES GINO GERMANI FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES. UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES 7 CONTENIDOS INTRODUCCIÓN PÁGINA 13 El Problema del Tiempo GUSTAVO E. ROMERO TEXTOS PÁGINA 19 El tiempo en la cosmología HÉCTOR VUCETICH PÁGINA 48 El Tiempo en la teoría de la relatividad DANIELA PEREZ PÁGINA 65 El tiempo en el mesianismo judío: ley, negación y rememoración EMMANUEL TAUB PÁGINA 83 El tiempo y la historia en el neoplatonismo y San Agustín FRANCISCO GARCÍA BAZAN PÁGINA 99 When is ‘now’? GUSTAVO ROMERO PÁGINA 108 El tiempo y el cine NICOLÁS PEREZ PÁGINA 130 El Arte y su Evolución FEDERICO LANGER IMÁGENES PÁGINA 148 ROBERTO AIZENBERG 8 CONVERSACIONES PÁGINA 161 El tiempo y la ciencia moderna. Entrevista a Christian Wüthrich. GUSTAVO ROMERO PÁGINA 170 Time and modern science. Interview to Christian Wüthrich. GUSTAVO ROMERO CONTEXTOS PÁGINA 180 El debate Einstein - Bergson JIMENA CANALES RESEÑAS PÁGINA 202 La geometrización de la física. Reseña de Maudlin, Tim (2014). Filosofía de la física i. México: Fondo de cultura económica. PP. 282 páginas. Traducción de Mariano Sánchez-Ventura. NICOLÁS PÉREZ PÁGINA 208 Las muchas facetas de Albert Einstein. Reseña de Janssen, M ; Lehner, C. (2014).The Cambridge Companion to Einstein. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. GUSTAVO ROMERO PÁGINA 213 Sacarse las máscaras: el tiempo en la encrucijada entre naturaleza y sociedad. Reseña de Elias, N. (1989): Sobre el tiempo. Madrid: Fondo de Cultura Económica JUAN PABLO TAGLIAFICO PÁGINA 227 El saber histórico en movimiento, o de cómo la historia del arte está siem- pre por recomenzar. Reseña de Ante El Tiempo de Didi Huberman MARÍA LAGOS- introducción 13 EL PROBLEMA DEL TIEMPO EDITOR INVITADO: GUSTAVO E. ROMERO En Historia de la Eternidad Borges señala: “El tiempo es un problema para nosotros, un tembloroso y exigente problema, acaso el más vital de la metafísica”. Leí esa frase casi de niño, y aún recuerdo cuán profundamente asentí. El tiempo siempre fue mi problema. Lo he sufrido, he tratado de entenderlo, he fracasado en olvidarlo. De una forma u otra, siempre el problema del tiempo ha estado ahí en mi vida: en lo que he estudiado, en lo que escribí, en mis investigaciones, en mi nostalgia, en mis tristezas, en mi historia. Y también está, sospecho, en Usted. ¿Cómo no preguntar- nos qué es el tiempo? ¿Cómo no desesperar de entenderlo? Todo lo que hacemos o vemos es dinámico, depende del tiempo, pero si el tiempo mismo se nos escapa, todo se va con él. En cierta forma los griegos pre-socráticos comprendieron esto, y para ellos el primer gran problema metafísico fue la naturaleza del cambio. ¿Cómo es posible el cambio? ¿Cómo algo puede ser diferente de sí mismo? La respuesta parece ser que algo sólo puede ser diferente de sí mismo en diferentes momentos. El que fui sin dudas es diferente del que soy, pero jamás nadie fue diferente de lo que es. El cambio, pues, requiere del tiempo. Entender cómo, es uno de los gran- des objetivos de la metafísica y de la ciencia. En un libro famoso por negar la metafísica James Ladyman y Don Ross1 identifican los siguientes grandes problemas asociados al tiempo (todos ellos metafísicos, por cierto): 1. ¿Son todos los sucesos – pasados, presentes y futuros – reales? 2. ¿Existe un “paso” o “fluir” del tiempo en algún sentido objetivo? 3. ¿Son las condiciones de verdad de los enunciados de nuestros lenguajes siempre atemporales? 4. ¿Tiene el tiempo una dirección privilegiada? A estas preguntas yo agregaría otras, que me han perseguido por años: ¿Es el tiem- po una dimensión? ¿Es una entidad o parte de una entidad? ¿El tiempo emerge de algo más básico? ¿Es posible viajar en el tiempo? ¿Cuál es la relación entre nuestra percepción del tiempo y el tiempo mismo? ¿Hay algún ámbito de la realidad en el cuál no haya tiempo? Seguramente Usted podrá agregar otras muchas preguntas. 1 Ladyman, James y Ross, Don (2007). Every Thing Must Go: Metaphysics Naturalized. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 14 Durante muchos siglos, todas estas cuestiones sólo fueron abordadas por la espe- culación filosófica. No podemos extrañarnos, entonces, de la enorme variedad de respuestas ofrecidas ni de la trama de perplejidades acumuladas. Asombrosamente, felizmente, estos temas en tiempos recientes han empezado a ser analizados con las herramientas de la ciencia. La física moderna,
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